ANTIOXIDANTSDr.Harkaranpreet singh pandher

• Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress.• Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease infection, inflammation and aging.

ANTIOXIDANTS

DEFINITION OF ANTIOXIDANTS Chemical definition: A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides.Biological definition: Synthetic or natural substances that prevent or delay deterioration of a product or are capable of counteracting the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

FREE RADICALS

An atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired election. Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecular in the cell. Generally, these are unstable and try to become stable either by accepting or donating an electron.

REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

- Superoxide- Hydroxyl radicals- Peroxyl radicalsThey form as result of stress, inflammation and human body's natural defenses. These can cause cellular damage, aging and death.Free radicals formed by metabolism, irradiation and toxic agents.

• Are highly reactive free radicals

ANTIOXIDANTS

Substances that are able to neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damage.

TYPE OF ANTIOXIDANTS

1. AntioxidantVitamins -Vit A-Vit C-Vit E-Vit K

2. AntioxidantMinerals -Copper- Manganese - Iodide- Zinc

3. Antioxidant proteins -Alpha Lipoic Acid- Glutathione

4. Antioxidant enzymes - DHEA- Coenzyme Q10- Melatonin - Catalase- Superoxide dimutase

5. Antioxidant phytonutrients - Carotenoids - Flavanoids

6. Antioxidant hormones - Melatonin

7. Another is H2 (Hydrogen)

ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION1 . Water soluble - work on blood plasma surrounding the cells

2. Fat soluble - work on cell membrane which is made of mainly fats and lipids on surrounding lipids

3. Both - work on fats and lipids inside the cells

SOURCES OF ANTIOXIDANT

(1) Food Spices herb Dried fruits Red wine

Clove sage pears

Cinnamon basil applechili powder

(2) Vitamins- Vit A- sweet potato, broccoli, Mangoes

Vit C- greet pepper, green leafy vegetables, oranges

Vit E- Nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables

(3) Vitamin Cofactors and Minerals – Mangoes and Iodide

MECHANISM OF ANTIOXIDANTSMost Antioxidant function by providing function or labile H+ which will be accepted by any free radical to terminate the chain reaction.

 

ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS

• Salivary Antioxidant - saliva is rich in Antioxidants. These include uric acid, albumin, ascorbic acid, glutathione

- ability to neutralize free radicals.

• Periodontal diseases - interaction b/w bacterial attack and host inflammatory response. Free radicals and ROS responsible for host inflammatory response. Low Antioxidant diet can cause periodontal disease. B2, B6, copper, zinc, selenium are needed to maintain systemic glutathione and selenium dependent GSH enzymes for Antioxidant defenses immune regulation and neutralization of inflammation process.Vit C, A, E and beta carotene are needed.

Antioxidant and Dental Caries

Imbalance in levels of free radicals, ROS, Antioxidant in saliva can cause dental caries. salivary peroxides system is major Antioxidant to control bacteria that form plaque.

Antioxidant and oral cancerRole of Antioxidants in cancer chemo

prevention is by inhibiting oral carcinogenesis by reversing premalignant lesions like leukoplakia.

Lycopene is used to prevent carcinoegenesis by protecting critical cellular biomolecules, including lipids, lipoproteins, proteins and DNA.

Carotenoids in green yellow leafy vegetables

Beta Carotene helps in immunomodulation, increase in T-helper and NK cells. Inhibits mutagenesis and cancer cell growth.

Vit. C Important free radical scavenger in plasma.

Vit. E Lipid soluble antioxidant of cell membrane selenium, flavanoids are also used.

-Reversal of oral leukoplakia with Antioxidant during prevention of cancer.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS- Too many supplements of antioxidants could lead to an increased risk of death and disease instead of having a positive effect.- Beta carotene raised risk of mortality and increase risk of cardiovascular disease.- Beta-carotene increases risk of lung cancer.- High dosage of Vit A showed have embryotoxic and teratogenic effects- Large doses of Vit C can associated with inhibition of ovarian steroidogenesis and increase probability of abortion.

USES- Provide s good health and preventing diseases - Counteract the action of free radical and their damaging effects-Beta-carotene is very beneficial to eye health, benefit different parts of body.-Helping to protect the skin (with combinations)- enhance both non-specific and specific immune system and to protect cell membranes and cellular DNA from mutation-Protection against - Heart problems

- eye problems- Memory problems- Mood disorders- Immune system problems

- Used in treatment of1. Tobacco pouch keratosis2. Smoker's palate3. Leukoplakia4. OSMF5. Erythroplakia

LYCOPENEBrand name - Plevit, Lyco-O Pen, Profluss Main two supplements Lyc-O-Mato and Lyco Red Other is tomatoAs an Antioxidant, lycopene has taken by mouth in doses 6.5, 15 and 30 mg daily for 8 weeks.Lyco-O-Mato capsules - taken by mouth once daily for 4 months and 26 days or twice daily for 4 months.2 capsules of lyco Red by Mouth once daily for 21 days.

- To treat gum disease, Lyco Red has been taken by mouth daily in divided doses for 2 weeks.- To treat mouth sores, Lyco Red containing 4-8 mgs of Lycopene taken daily for 3 months in 2 divided doses.- For inflammation of mouth, 16 mgs daily in divided doses for 2 months.-For OSMF, 8 mg Lyco Red TM/day in 2 divided doses 4 mg each.

Contraindications1. Avoid in allergic people to tomatoes.2. In stomach problems (ulcers)3. in low blood pressure patients4. not used in patients on hormone therapy (estrogen)5. In prostate cancer6. Avoid in children, pregnant/lactating women.

Disadvantages- Can cause anorexia- Chest pain- Diarrhea- Fat build up under skin- Heart attack- vomiting

-When taken with anticougulants, aspirin, antiplatalet drugs, NSAIDS can cause -Increase in bleeding- Can cause decrease in BP so caution in low BP patients

Interactions

-Interact with agents that binds to bile acid that can affect immune system-interact with antiasthmatic, herbs, anti cancer herbs.- Not used with Actretamine, Cisplatin, Levodopa.Uses-Eye disease-HPV-Asthma-Lung cancer-Gingivitis-Mouth sore-OSMF-Leukoplakia

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