antimicrobial activity of alo e v e ra (l.) burm. f. against pathogenic microorganisms

Thiruppathi et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES RESEARCH 1(4):251-258 251

J. B io s c i. Re s ., 2010. Vol. 1(4):251-258

Antimicrobial activity of Alo e v e ra (L.) Burm. f. against pathogenic

microorganisms

THIRUPPATHI, S1. RAMASUBRAMANIAN , V1*, SIVAKUMAR, T2. AND

THIRUMALAI ARASU, V2 1Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology

2Department of Microbiology

Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi

Abstract

Plants play a major role in all the traditional system of medicine. Plants contain the

rich source of natural products like vitamins, minerals and other immune-modulators. Most

of which have been used for human welfare especially to cure disease caused by pathogenic

microorganisms without any side effects. The present study was conducted to determine

the antimicrobial activity of Aloe Vera juice with different solvents viz; hexane, ethyl

acetate, petroleum ether and ethanol against Gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus),

Gram negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa). The disc diffusion method was

used to test the antimicrobial activity. The result showed that more antimicrobial activity in

ethyl acetate (1 – 9 mm) and ethanol extract (7 – 12 mm). The least inhibitory effect on

petroleum ether extracts was 2 mm. This study was also estimate the amount of minerals

present in fresh Aloe Vera juice by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. This is important to

use of Aloe Vera for medications, cosmetics and food purpose.

Key words: Antimicrobial, pathogens, Aloe vera, medicinal plants

*For correspondence: [email protected]

Introduction

Traditional medicine is in practice

for many centuries by a substantial

proportion of the population of many

centuries. It is recognized that in some

developing countries, plants are the main

medicinal source to treat various infectious

diseases. Plant extracts represent a

continuous effort to find new compound

against pathogens. Approximately 20% of

the plants are found in the world have been

submitted to pharmacological or biological

test, and a substantial number of new

antibiotics introduced on the market are

obtained from natural or semisynthetic

resources (Mothana and Linclequist, 2005).

The use of plant product for

pharmaceutical purpose has been gradually

increased. According to World Health

Organisation, medicinal plants would be the

best source for obtaining a variety of drugs

(Santos et al., 1995).

The use of plant extracts, with

known antimicrobial properties, can be of

great significance in the treatment of various

microbial infections. In the last decade,

numerous studies have been conducted in

different countries to prove such efficiency

in number of medicinal plants. Most of the

studies are restricted with crude extracts

(Reddy et al., 2006; Erdo Urul, 2002; Atefl et

al., 2003).

ISSN 0976-2272

Thiruppathi et al.


Aloe vera is a perennial, drought

resisting, succulent plant. It has stiff green,

lance-shaped leaves containing clear gel in a

central mucilaginous pulp. Its thick leaves

contain the water supply for the plant to

survive long periods of drought (Foster,

1999). The leaves have a high capacity of

retaining water also in very warm dry

climates and it can survive very harsh

circumstances. When a leaf in cut, an

orange-yellow sap drips from the open end.

When the green skin of a leaf is removed a

clear mucilaginous substances appears that

contains fibres, water and the ingredient to

retain the water in the leaf. The gel contains

99.3% of water, the remaining 0.7% is made

up of solids with carbohydrates constituting

for a large components (Foster, 1999).

Concentrated extracts of Aloe leaves are

used as laxative and as a haemorrhoid

treatment. Aloe gel can help to stimulate the

body’s immune system (Davis, 1997). The

aloe plant contains different nutrient

contents including vitamins, minerals,

enzyme, sugars, phenolic compounds,

lignin, saponins, sterol and aminoacid. Aloe

vera contains many vitamins excluding

vitamin D but including the important

antioxidant vitamin A, C and F. Vitamin B

(thiamine) B3 (Niacin), B2 (Riboflavin),

choline and folic acid are also present. A

trace of vitamin B12 also present (Coats,

1979). Vitamin B complex and C are to

play an important role in reducing stress and

inflammation. Aloe contains the enzymes

such as amylase, lipase and

carboxypeptidase. Lipase can digestion by

breaking down fats and sugars. Amylase

hydrolyse starch to liberate dextrin. The

activity of serum amylase is increased in

acute pancreatitis. The peak value of

amylase is observed within 8 – 12 hours

after the onset of disease which returns to

normal by 3rd or 4th day. The pancreatic

carboxypeptidase is metalloenzymes that are

dependent on Zn+ for their catalytic activity

i.e., also called Zn proteases. It inactivates

bradykinins and produces an anti-

inflammatory effect. During the

inflammatory process, bradykinin produces

pain associated with vasodilation and its

hydrolysis to produce an analgesic effect

(Obata, 1993; Shelton, 1991).Aloe plant

contains 25 per cent of solid fraction that

contain sugars. The sugars are found in the

mucilage layer of the plant surrounding the

inner gel. It comprises both

monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Sugar acts as immuno-modulators capable

of enhancing and retarding the immune

response (Green, 1996; Kahlon et al., 1991;

Sheets, 1991). Anthroquinone is a phenolic

compound found in the sap. The bitter

Aloe consists of free anthraquinones and

their derivatives like Barbaloin-IO-aloe-

emodin-9-anthrone, Isobarbaloin,

Anthrone-C-glycosides and chromones.

These compounds exert a powerful

purgative effect, which are potent

antimicrobial agents and possess powerful

analgesic effects (Lorenzetti et al., 1964;

Sims et al., 1971). Aloe contain saponins

which are soapy substances form 3 per cent

of the gel and are general cleansers, having

antiseptic and anticarcinogen properties

(Hirat and Suga, 1983). Aloe contains

Campesterol, F2 Sitosterol and Lupeol

(Coats, 1979). It is an aspirin like compound

present in Aloe plant possessing anti-

inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties.

Topically, it has a ketolytic effect which

helps to debride a wound of necrotic tissue.

Aloe vera gel provides 20 of the 22 necessary

amino acids required by the human body.

There are 7 of the 8, non-essential amino

acids are Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine,

Methionine, Phenylalanine, Theronine and

Valine. The 12 essential amino acids are

Alamine, Arginine, Asparagine, Cystenine,

Glycine, Glutamic Acid, Histidine, Proline,

Serine, Tyrosine, Glutamine and Aspartic

Acid. Minerals are defined as natural

Thiruppathi et al.


components formed through geological

processes needed in small amounts to

regulate body functions. Minerals found in

Aleo vera are calcium, zinc, chromium,

potassium, etc. Magnesium lactate inhibits

histidine decarboxylase and prevents the

formation of histamine from the amino acid

histidine (Shelton, 1991).

Materials and Methods

Sam p le c o lle c tio n

The plants were collected in

Pavalamalaipatti near M. Pudupatti,

Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu

(INDIA). The area of investigation lies

approximately between 77o 30’ and 78o 20’

longitude and 10o 05’ – 10o 09’ latitude. The

elevation of the area of investigation range

is 106m asl. Variations in the altitude and

rainfall have a bearing on the vegetation in

general. The floristic divisions of the area

of investigation consists of dry deciduous

forest, deciduous thorn forest.

Co lle c tio n o f Plan t Mate rial

The collected plant gel was freeze

dried and then grinds to get crude extract.

The crude extract is filtered through

Whatmann filter paper. The plant extracts

were prepared according to the method

described by Ahmad et al., (1998) with

minor modifications. Briefly 1 gm gel

extract was mixed in 5 ml of ethanol and

mixed well and kept it under shaker for

overnight (Lin et al., 1999). After overnight

incubation the mixture was filtered through

Whatmann No. 1 paper and it was

evaporated at room temperature. After

evaporation, pellet was resuspended with

0.5 ml of Di Methyl Sulpho Oxide (DMSO)

using micro syringe and recollect it for

further use. Plant powder residue left after

ethanol extraction was sequentially extracted

with ethyl acetate, hexane and petroleum

ether and obtained the extract by above

mentioned method.

Se le c tio n o f So lv e n t

Various solvents from polar to non-

polar were chosen for the plant extraction.

Non-polar solvents such as hexane (Sundar

et al., 2008), ethyl acetate (Sankaranarayanan

et al., 2008), petroleum ether, polar solvents

such as ethanol (Gulluce et al., 2008) were

taken for this study.

Bac te rial Strain s

Bacterial strains were obtained from

the Department of Microbiology, Ayya

Nadar Janaki Ammal College

(Autonomous), Sivakasi. The bacterial

strains such as E. coli, Bacillus, Klebsiella,

Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus were used for

antimicrobial assay. All the strains were

grown in LB medium contains beef extract,

peptone, sodium, yeast, distilled water at pH

7.2 and incubated at 37o C for overnight. 1

OD culture of overnight grown cultures was

used for antimicrobial assay.

Dis c Pre p aratio n

The disc was used for evaluating the

antimicrobial activity. The disc was

prepared from the Whatmann No. 1 filter

paper and it was stored at 4o C in dark place

for further use. The size of the disc was 5

mm. The absorption capacity of the disc is

0.008 µl per dip in distilled water. This

absorption capacity will vary according to

the solvent density, dissolving capacity of

extracts and compounds involved in it.

Te s tin g o f An tim ic ro b ial Ac tiv ity

The antimicrobial activity of Aloe

vera extracted with different organic solvents

was determined by disc diffusion method.

0.5 ml of each 0.1 OD overnight grown

evaluated against Aloe vera plant extract by

pour plate method. Briefly, 1% test culture

was mixed with 100 ml nutrient agar at 40

to 45o C and dispensed into the sterile

petriplates in aseptic conditions. The

medium was allowed to solidify. Then the

bacterial cultures were spread on the

nutrient agar medium.

Thiruppathi et al.


The disc was in the respective

organic solvents for 1 or 2 seconds and

evaporated in the air. Another disc was

dipped in the plant extract of different

solvent and allowed to evaporate in the air

and then placed the petriplate.

The plates were incubated at 37o C

for 24 hours and the clear zone

developments were closely monitored.

After incubation, the antibacterial activity of

the Aloe vera extracts with different solvents

against the microbes to be assessed by the

diameter of the growth inhibition zone

formed.

Es tim atio n o f Min e ral Co n te n t

Take an Aloe plant and remove the

outer green layer and get the central clear

gel. Grind the gel very well. The

homogenate was centrifuge at 5000 rpm for

15 minutes. Collect the supernatant and

filtered through Whatmann filter paper.

Get the purified sample without dust or

turbidity and estimate the amount of

mineral content by Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer (AAS).

Results and Discussion

After standardization of various

solvent extracts against Aloe vera the

antibacterial activity of the Aloe vera extract

with Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Petroleum

ether, Ethanol was tested against E. coli,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis. The level

of inhibition was observed ranges from 2

mm to 12 mm in radius were given in the

Table 1.

Table.1. Antibacterial activity of the Alo e

v e ra against bacterial pathogens by disc

diffusion method

S.

No. Test organisms Hexane

Ethyl

acetate

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

E. coli

K.pneumoniae

P. aeruginosa

B. subtilis

S. aureus

-

5 mm

6 mm

-

8 mm

1 mm

9 mm

4 mm

2 mm

5 mm

Num e ric al v alu e in d ic ate s th e s ize o f

c le ar zo n e .

The extracts exhibited the

significant zone of inhibition on five

microorganisms viz., E. coli, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus

subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. All the

extracts of Aloe vera showed considerable

antibacterial activity of all the various

solvents such as Hexane, Ethyl acetate,

Petroleum ether, Ethanol.

Table- 2 Antibacterial activity of the Alo e

v e ra against bacterial pathogens by disc

diffusion method

S.

No.

Test

organisms Petroleum

ether Ethanol

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

E.coli

K.pneumoniae

P.aeruginosa

B.subtilis

S.aureus

-

2 mm

-

-

-

-

8 mm

7 mm

11 mm

12 mm

Maxim um In h ib itio n

Among the two extracts of Aloe vera

such as Ethyl acetate, Ethanol exhibited

maximum antibacterial activity against the

gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

The maximum inhibition was observed

against Klebsiella pneumoniae in all the four

solvents (2 mm – 9 mm).

Min im um In h ib itio n

The minimum activity was exhibited

by petroleum ether. All the organisms were

resistant to petroleum ether extract except

Klebsiella. Mostly all solvents exhibited

negligible activity against E. coli.

The antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera with

different solvent extracts against pathogenic

microorganisms being discussed below:

The present study was undertaken

to assay the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera,

the medicinally important plant growing as a

weed. It was used against some human

pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis,

Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae

Thiruppathi et al.


using four different solvents viz., Ethyl

acetate, Ethanol, Hexane, Petroleum ether.

Of the four solvents, Ethyl acetate and

Ethanol extract give the best result against

all bacterial pathogens except E. coli.

Ethanol shows the maximum inhibition

(7 – 12 mm) and Ethyl acetate (1 – 9 mm).

Similarly antimicrobial assay of the

three selected medicinally important plants,

viz., E. prostraar, Indigofera aspalathoides and I.

tinctoria were preformed against two Gram

positive and three Gram negative bacterial

pathogens. Acetone and water were used as

solvents for further antibacterial assay. Of

the two solvents used, water extract of both

mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants

expressed more activity than acetone,

against all the bacterial pathogens (Sundar

et al., 2008).

An another experiment conducted

with petroleum ether extract exhibited

significant antibacterial activity against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris,

Escherichia coli and moderate activity against

Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The

chloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts

exhibited moderate antibacterial activity

against all the seven types of bacteria. The

aqueous extract exhibited least antibacterial

activity against all the seven types of

bacteria (Gavimath et al., 2008).

Table 3. Estimation of Mineral content

present in Alo e v e ra extract by Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)

Minerals Concentration

(ppm)

Potassium

Calcium

Copper

Zinc

Manganese

Chromium

Iron

640.5071

118.7740

1.2822

0.4498

0.3605

0.2754

0.2292

In the present study, ethanol extract

exhibited significant antibacterial activity

against B. subtilis, S. aureus and moderate

activity against K. pneumoniae, P.

aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate and hexane

extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial

activity against all bacteria, and ethyl acetate

showed least activity against E. coli (1 mm)

and B. subtilis. Petroleum ether exhibited

least antibacterial activity against only in K.

pneumoniae (2 mm). In the titled study, the

alcoholic extracts of Aloe vera gel possess

significant inhibitory effect against the

tested pathogens. A. excelsa leaf

material appeared to contain some of the

following either one of or a combination of

very helpful enzymes, saponins, hormones

and amino acids which can be absorbed into

the human skin. One of these constituents

is acemannan which has been isolated and

tested for in Aloe vera. Acemannan is a

complex carbohydrate and has immune

stimulating and antiviral properties

(Cappasso et al., 1998). Certain lectins

which are found in the Aloe pith, are

assumed to help in the stimulation of

immune response by increasing the

production of lymphocytes that are known

to kill bacteria and some tumour cells

(Imanishi et. al., 1981).

The antimicrobial activity of the

extracts and their potency was quantitatively

assessed by the presence or absence of

inhibition zone and zone diameter. Only

alcoholic extract was found to be a better

solvent for extraction of antimicrobially

active substances compared to water and

hexane (Ahmad et al., 1998).

Agarry et al., (2005) compared the

antimicrobial activities of the gel and leaf of

Aloe vera against Staphylococcus aureus,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton

mentagraphytes, T. schoeleinii, Microsporium canis

and Candida albicans. The result showed that

both the gel and the leaf inhibited the

growth of S. aureus (18.0 & 4.0 mm). Only

Thiruppathi et al.


the gel inhibited the growth of I.

mentagrophytes (20.0 mm), while the leaf

possesses inhibitory effects on both P.

aeruginosa and C. albicans.

Similarly, the antimicrobial activity

of the Aloe vera juice against Gram-positive

bacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus

faecalis, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus sphericus),

Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli and

Salmonella typhimurium) and Candida albicans

were also studied. The study showed that

Aloe vera juice has antimicrobial activity

against M. smegmatis, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis,

M. luteus, C. albicans and B. sphericus, but no

inhibitory effect against the other bacterial

strains. The least inhibitory effect was

found against M. luteus, while C. albicans was

detected to be the most sensitive strain

(Suleyman Alemdar et al., 2009). Thus in the

present study the antibacterial susceptibility

test showed that, it was a growth inhibition

on K. pneumoniae in all the solvent extract

whereas in P. aeruginosa, S. aureus the

inhibitory activity was observed in hexane,

ethyl acetate and ethanol extract but not in

petroleum ether. However, B. subtilis

showed the inhibitory activity on ethyl

acetate and ethanol, but has no response on

petroleum ether and hexane. E. coli has

least inhibitory activity (1 mm) on ethyl

acetate but has no activity on other solvent

extract. Regarding the elements analysed,

the role of elements to the health of human

is discussed here under.

Potassium

It regulates water balance, levels of

acidity, blood pressure, controlling the

activity of heart, muscles and the nervous

system.

Calcium

It is important to bone growth and

formation, blood clotting, nerve and the

muscle functioning, regulate lower blood

pressure, kidney function, reduce blood

cholesterol level.

Copper

Copper is involved in the

absorption, storage and metabolism of iron,

formation of red blood cells and keeps

bones, blood vessels, nerve and immune

system healthy.

Zinc

It is vital to immune resistance,

wound healing, digestion, reproduction,

physical growth, diabetes control,

maintaining normal vitamin A level.

Manganese

It is necessary for the metabolism of

proteins and fat. It also supports the

immune system, blood sugar balance and is

involved in the production of cellular

energy, reproduction and bone growth.

Iron

Its major function is to combine

with protein and copper in making

haemoglobin, the component of the blood

that carries oxygen from the lungs to the

tissues. It may result in weakness, fatigue,

paleness of the skin, constipation and

anemia.

Chromium

It supports the immune system,

carcinogenic.

References

Agarry, O.O., Olaleye, M.T. and Bello-

Michael, C.O. 2005. Comparative

antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera gel

and leaf. African Journal of Biotechnology.

4(12): 1413-1414.

Ahmad, J., Mehmood, Z. and Mohammad,

F., 1998. Screening of some Indian

medicinal plants for their antimicrobial

properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

62: 183-193.

Atefl, D.A. and Erdo Urul, O.T., 2003.

Antimicrobial activities of various

medicinal and commercial plant extracts.

Turk Biol. 27: 157-162.

Cappasso, F., Borrelli, F, Cappasso, R., Di

Carioa, Izzo AA, Pintol, L, Mascolo, N,

Castaldo, S. and Longo, R. 1998. Aloe

Thiruppathi et al.


and its therapeutic use. Phytother. Res. 12:

124-127.

Coats, B.C. 1979. The Silent Healer, A

modern study of Aloe vera. Texas,

Garland.

Davis, H.R. 1997. Aloe vera: A Scientific

Approach, Published by Vantage Press

(New York, SA)

<http://www.aloevera.co.uk/rhdavis.ht

m>

Edro Urul, O.T. 2002. Antibacterial

activities of some plant extracts used in

folk medicine. Pharm. Biol. 40: 269-273.

Foster, S. 1999. Aloe vera: The succulent

with skin soothing cell protecting

properties, Herbs for Health Magazine.

Health World Online. <http://

www.healthy.net/library/articles/

hfh/aloe.htm>

Gavimath, C.C., Ramachandra, Y.L.,

Padmalatha Rai, S., Sudeep, H.V., Sujan,

P.S., Ganapathy and Kavitha, B.T. 2008.

Antibacterial activity of Aegle marmeles

Correa leaves extract, Asian Journal of

Bioscience. 3(2): 333-336.

Green, P. 1996. Aloe vera extracts in equine

clinical practice. Veterinary Times, 26: 9.

Gulluce, M., M. Sokmen, D. Daferam G.

Agar, H. Ozkan, N. Kartal, M. Polission,

A. Sokmen and F. Sahin. 2003. In vitro

Antibacterial, Antifungal, and

Antioxidant Activities of the essential oil

and methanol Extracts of herbal parts

and callus cultures of Satureja hortensis.

C.J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 3958-3965.

Hirat, T. and Suga, T., 1983. The efficiency

of aloe plants, chemical constituents and

biological activities. Cosmetics and toiletries.

98: 105-108.

Imanishi, K., Ishigura, T., Saito, H. and

Suzuki, I. 1981. Pharmacological studies

on plant lectin, Aloctin A.I. Growth

inhibition of mouse methlcholanthrene-

induced fibrosarcoma (Meth. A). In

ascites form by Aloctina. Experientia, 37:

1186-1187.

Kahlon, J.B. 1991. Inhibition of Aids Virus

replication by Ale Mannan in vitro.

Molecular Biothermy. 3: 127-135.

Lin, J., Opaku, A.R., Geheeb-Keller, M.,

Hutchings, A.D., Terblanche, S.E., Jager,

A.K. and Van Staden, J. 1999.

Preliminary screening of some traditional

zulu medicinal plants for anti-

inflammatory and anti-microbial

activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 68:

267-274.

Lorenzetti, L.J., R. Salisburry, J.L. Beal and

J.N. Baldwin. 1964. Bacteriostatic

property of Aloe vera. J. of the Pharm. Sci.,

53: 1287-1290. DOI: 10. 1002/jps.

2600531049.

http://www.desertharvest.com/physicia

ns/documents/376-4.pdf.

Mothana, R.A. and Linclequist, V. 2005.

Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal

plants of the island Soqotra. (J-Ethno-

pharmacei., 96: 1-2): 177-181. (doi: 10-

1016/j.jep 2004.09.006).

Obata, M. 1993. Mechanisms of anti-

inflammatory and anti thermal burn

action of carboxypeptidase from aloe

aborescens miller. Natalensis berger in

rats and mice physiotherapy research, 7,

Special issues. 530-533.

Reddy, P.S., Jamilk., Madhusudhan, P. 2006.

Antimicrobial activity of isolates from

Piper longum and Taxus baccatr. Pharm. Biol.

39: 236-238.

Sankaranarayana, S., P.Bama, M.,

Deccaraman, M., Vijayalakshmi, K.,

Murugesan, P.T. Kalaichelvan and P.

Arumugam. 2008. Isolation and

characterization of bioactive and

antibacterial compound from Helianthus

annus Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental

Biology. 46: 831-835.

Santos, P.R.V., Oliveria, A.C.X. and

Tomassini, T.C.B. 1995. Controls

microbiological products fitoterapices.

Rev. Farm Bioquim. 31: 35-38.

Thiruppathi et al.


Sheets, M.A. 1991. Studies of the effect of

ace Mannon on retrovirus infections,

clinical stabilization of feline leukemia

virus infected eats. Molecular Biothermy. 3:

41-45.

Shelton, M.S. 1991. Aloe vera, its chemical

and therapeutic properties. International

Journal of dermatology. 30: 679-683.

Sims, P., Ruth, M. and Zimmerman, E.R.

1971a. Effect of Aloe vera on Herpes

simplex and herpes vurus (Strain Zoster).

Aloe vera of American Archives, 1: 239-240.

Sims, P., Ruth, M. and Zimmeran, E.R.

1971b. The effects of Aloe vera on

Mycotic organism (fungi). Aloe vera of

American archives. 1: 237-238.

Suleyman Alemdar and Sema Agaoglu.

2009. Investigation of In vitro

Antimicrobial Activity of Aloe vera juice.

Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.

8(1): 99-102.

Sundar, S.K., A, Palavesam and B.

Parthipan. 2008. Antimicrobial and

Phytochemical studies of AM Fungal

Treated Selected Medicinal Plants of

Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu.

Bloomers of Research, Vol.1.

antimicrobial activity of alo e v e ra (l.) burm. f. against pathogenic microorganisms

Documents