Deleuze- Antihesebelieve that they were worthless and blamed themselvesfor the position they were in, he believed that childrenmay do the same. He believed that the children enterinto a world of their own in order to avoid facingthe fact that they are the reason their parents areneglectful toward them. Bettelheims approach wasoften interpreted to mean that parents were directlyto blame for their childrens autistic behavior. AlthoughBettelheim seemed to support this interpretation, henoted that the cause of autistic behavior might also befound in a clash of temperamental styles between parentand child. In this case, neither parent nor childcould be blamed for the poor fit.Apart from his work with emotionally disturbedchildren, Bettelheim also wrote a very popular book,The Uses of Enchantment (Bettelheim 1976), in whichhe discussed the role that fairy tales play in the life ofchildren. Using psychoanalytic explanations, Bettelheimtried to show that fairy tales actually helpedchildren to cope with their fears and assist in theirgrowing up. The book was well-received and won severalawards (Zimmerman 1997).ReferencesBettelheim, B. (1967). The empty fortress: Infantile autism and thebirth of the self. New York: The Free Press.Bettelheim, B. (1976). The uses of enchantment: The meaning andimportance of fairy tales. New York: Knopf.Pollack, R. (1997). The creation of Dr. B: A biography of BrunoBettelheim. New York: Simon & Schuster.Sutton, N. (1995). Bruno Bettelheim: The other side of madness.London: Duckworth Press.Zimmerman, D. P. (1997). Bettelheim: A life and legacy Onsuccumbing to the temptations of celebrity biography. Chicago:Lawrence Erlbaum.Binswanger, LudwigDAVID D. LEEAmsterdam, The NetherlandsBasic Biographical InformationLudwig Binswanger was born April 13, 1881, inKreuzlingen (Switzerland)and died on February 5,1966, in Kreuzlingen (Switzerland). He studiedmedicine in Lausanne, Zurich, and Heidelberg, earninghis MD from the University of Zurich in 1907. Heworked for a year at Zurichs Burgholzli clinic run byEugen Bleuler where C.G. Jung supervised his medicaldissertation. From 1908 he worked at the Bellevuesanatorium in Kreuzlingen founded by his grandfatherand then run by his father which he subsequentlydirected from 1911 (to 1956), transforming it intoone of Europes most modern private psychiatricclinics. His work with Sigmund Freud was crucial tohis intellectual development, specifically his combinationof phenomenological and psychoanalytic thoughtinto Daseinsanalyse (existential analysis).Major Accomplishments/ContributionsMajor Accomplishments: Binswanger became closefriends with Sigmund Freud in 1907 and remainedfriends for the rest of Freuds life despite their theoreticaldifferences (see Correspondence (Fichtner 1992)).Freudian psychoanalysis and phenomenological philosophywere the two main sources of Binswangerspsychology: existential analysis (Seidman 1984). Incontrast to theories in the natural sciences which aredesigned to explain a phenomenon, Binswanger (followingMartin Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, andMartin Buber) believed phenomena to be the beginningand end of scientific and philosophical inquiry.The Freudian approach, which focuses on aggressionand sexuality, was combined with (a largely Heideggerian)existentialism. In Binswangers day, scientific theorywas designed to regulate the perception andexperience of phenomena in order to help comprehendothers experiences. Existential analysis refutes the psychologicalview of mans being as solely a natural object.Binswanger insisted on comprehending his patientsillnesses within the full context of their lives, includingthe patients mode of being in time (Eigenwelt), hisorientation in space (Umwelt), his relation to hisbody, and to others (Mitwelt), how he thinks as wellas his fears and anxieties. He also borrowed Freudsfocus on language believing that the content of existencewas best expressed in and could be best analyzedvia language (Binswanger 1922). This naturally focusesattention on consciousness in a new way, for all scientificdata are no longer objective and out there, butinterpersonal and mediated by consciousness. How thisBinswanger, Ludwig B 121Bdiffered in practice is that unlike most scientific psychologicaland psychiatric theories in which eachsymptom presented by a patient is compared andcontrasted to previous patients symptoms and thuscategorized, in existential analysis, all behavior andeach symptom is understood firstly within the contextof the patients experience. Moreover, existential analytictherapeutic encounters consist of the genuineopening up of one individuals presence (Dasein) tothe other. Thus, unlike Freudian or Jungian analysis inwhich there are (relatively) set meanings for commondream phenomenon, for example, in existential analysiseven obvious symptoms (slips of the tongue,dreams, etc.) have no meaning until interpreted withinthe framework of the patients being-in-the-world(Binswanger and Needleman 1963). On account ofits focus, Binswanger had initially called his theoryphenomenological anthropology only later adoptingthe term Daseinsanalyse (existential analysis). His ideasinfluenced many social sciences, particularly psychology,in the years immediately after the Second WorldWar. His was the first application of existential ideasin a therapeutic setting (see Binswanger (1942)). Hismost famous case history is that of Ellen West, adeeply troubled anorexic whose diaries and poemsBinswanger employed in his (ultimately unsuccessful)attempt to treat her. Unlike Freud and Jung who createdschools to perpetuate their ideas and provide anorganization for their followers, Binswanger shunneduniversity life and the creation of his own school infavor of managing his sanitarium and explicating hisideas in print.Nonetheless, Binswangers work has beeninfluential on subsequent psychologists such as RolloMay and Viktor Frankl.See Also?Bleuler, EugenReferencesBinswanger, L. (1922). Einfuhrung in die Probleme der allgemeinenPsychologie [introduction to the problems of general psychology]Berlin: Julius Springer (Nabu, 2010, print on demand).Binswanger, L. (1942). Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichenDaseins [foundations and cognition of human existence] Zurich:Max Niehans.Binswanger, L., Needleman, J. (1963). Being-in the-World: Selectedpapers of Ludwig Binswanger (trans). New York: Basic Books.Fichtner, G. (Ed.). (1992). Sigmund Freud Ludwig Binswanger:Briefwechsel 1908-1938 Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. In Englishas Sigmund Freud Ludwig Binswanger: Correspondence,19081938. New York: Other Press, 2002.Seidman, B. (1984). Absent at the creation: The existential psychiatryof Ludwig Binswanger. Roslyn Heights, NY: Libra.Bleuler, EugenDAVID D. LEEAmsterdam, The NetherlandsBasic Biographical InformationBleuler was born April 30, 1857, in Zollikon (Switzerland)and died July 15, 1939, in Zollikon (Switzerland).He studiedmedicine in Zurich (and later Paris, London,andMunich), earning his license to practice in 1881 andhisMD degree in 1883. He worked as assistant physicianinWaldau (near Bern) from 1881 to 1884, then in 18851886 as an intern at Zurichs psychiatric state hospital,the Burgholzli, under Auguste Forel. After directing theHeil- und Pflegeanstalt (psychiatric nursing home) atRheinau (near Zurich) from 1886 to 1898, he wasappointed Director of the Burgholzli and Professor ofPsychiatry at the University of Zurich in 1898, a post heheld until his retirement in 1927. He is best known forcoining the terms schizophrenia, ambivalence, andautism, as well as for supporting Sigmund Freud andthe psychoanalytic movement in its earliest years.Major Accomplishments/ContributionsOne of the most influential psychologists of his age,Eugen Bleuler