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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialismFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In political science and international relations, anti-imperialismis the opposition to colonialism, colonial

empire, Hegemony, and imperialism. As such, anti-imperialism includes opposition to wars of conquest,

especially wars meant to conquer and colonise countries whose territories do not border the imperial powe

and wars meant to subjugate peoples of different cultures; the term also comprises political opposition to

the territorial expansion of a country beyond itsestablishedborders.[1]

Contents

1 Theory

2 Political movement

3 Anti-Imperialist League

4 Marxism, Leninism, and anti-imperialism

5 Feminism and anti-imperialism

6 Right-wing anti-imperialism

7 Criticism

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 Further reading

12 External links

Theory

In the late 1870s, the termImperialismwas introduced to the English language by opponents of the

aggressively imperial policies of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (187480).[2]It was shortly

appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain. For some, imperialism designate

a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest, anda growing number associated it with capitalist greed. John A. Hobson and Lenin added a more theoretical

macroeconomic connotation to the term. Many theoreticians on the left have followed either or both in

emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism." Such writers have expanded the time

period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy, nor a short space of decades in th

late 19th century, but a global system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christophe

Columbus and, in some facts, to the Crusades. As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning ha

shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural, and

the temporal. Those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease, even

squeamishness, with the fact of power, specifically, Western power.[3][4]
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Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of

Britain from 1874 to 1880, expanded the

British Empire.

The relationships among capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism have been discussed and analysed by

theoreticians, historians, political scientists such as John Atkinson Hobson and Thorstein Veblen, Joseph

Schumpeter and Norman Angell.[5]Those intellectuals produced much of their works about imperialism

before the First World War (191418), yet their combined work informed the study of the impact of

imperialism upon Europe, and contributed to the political and ideologic reflections on the rise of the

military-industrial complex in the US from the 1950s onwards.

J.A. Hobson said that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by

removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost

broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order. Conversely, shoul

the state not intervene, rentiers (people who earn income from property or securities) would generate

socially negative wealth that fostered imperialism and protectionism.[6][7]

Political movement

As a self-conscious political movement, anti-imperialism

originated in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in

opposition to the growing European colonial empires and the

US control of the Philippines after 1898.[8]However, it reached

its highest level of popular support in the colonies themselves,

where it formed the basis for a wide variety of national

liberation movements during the mid-20th century and later.

These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, were

instrumental in the decolonization process of the 1950s and

1960s, which saw most European colonies in Asia and Africa

achieving their independence.[9]

Anti-Imperialist League

An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the

United States entered the Spanish-American War in 1898.[10]

Most activists supported the war itself but opposed the

annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines.[11]The

Anti-Imperialist League was founded on June 15, 1898 in

Boston, in opposition of the acquisition of the Philippines,

which happened anyway.The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism

violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed."

Appalled by American imperialism, the Anti-Imperialist League, which included famous citizens such as

Andrew Carnegie and William James, formed a platform which stated

We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward

militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has

become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of

whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We
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To the Latin-American

revolutionary Ch Guevara,

imperialism was a geopolitical

system of control and repression,

which must be understood as such

in order to be defeated.

maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We

insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the

distinctive principles of our Government...

We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the

Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.[12]

Fred Harrington states, "the anti-imperialist's did not oppose expansion because of commercial, religious,

constitutional, or humanitarian reasons but instead because they thought that an imperialist policy ran

counter to the political doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address, and

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address".[13][14][15]

Marxism, Leninism, and anti-imperialism

About the nature of imperialism, and how to oppose and defeat it, the

revolutionary Ch Guevara said:

We must bear in mind that imperialism is a world system,

the last stage of capitalism and it must be defeated in a

world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle

should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the

responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the

world, is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our

oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw

materials, technicians, and cheap labor, and to which theyexport new capitals instruments of domination arms

and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute

dependence.

Che Guevara, Message to the Tricontinental, 1967 [16]

In the mid-19th century, inDas Kapital(186794), Karl Marx

mentioned imperialism to be part of the prehistory of the capitalist

mode of production. Much more important was Lenin, who definedimperialism as the highest stage of capitalism, the economic stage in which monopoly finance capital

becomes the dominant application of capital.[17]As such, said financial and economic circumstances

impelled national governments and private business corporations to world-wide competition for control of

natural resources and human labour by means of colonialism.[18]

The Leninist views of imperialism, and related theories, such as dependency theory, address the economic

dominance and exploitation of a country, rather than the military and the political dominance of a people,

their country, and its natural resources. Hence, the primary purpose of imperialism is economic

exploitation, rather than mere control of either a country or of a region. The Marxist and the Leninist
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To the Russian revolutionary

Lenin, imperialism was the

highest, but degenerate, stage of

capitalism.

denotation thus differs from the usual political-science denotation of imperialism as the direct control

(intervention, occupation, and rule) characteristic of colonial and neo-colonial empires, as used in the realm

of international relations.[19][20]

InImperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism(1917), Lenin outlined the five features of capitalist

development that lead to imperialism:

1. Concentration of production and capital leading to the dominance of national and multinational

monopolies and cartels.

2. Industrial capital as the dominant form of capital has been

replaced by finance capital, with the industrial capitalists

increasingly reliant on capital provided by monopolistic financial

institutions; Again and again, the final word in the development

of banking is monopoly.

3. The export of the aforementioned finance capital is emphasized

over the export of goods;4. The economic division of the world by between multinational

cartels;

5. The political division of the world into colonies by the great

powers, in which the great powers monopolise investment.[21]

Generally, The relationship among Marxists and radical, left-wing

organisations who are anti-war, often involves persuading such

political activists to progress from pacifism to anti-imperialism that

is, to progress from the opposition of war, in general, to thecondemnation of the capitalist economic system, in particular. [1]

(http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/403/pacifism_disarms.html)

In the 20th century, the USSR represented themselves as the foremost enemy of imperialism, and thus

politically and materially supported Third World revolutionary organisations who fought for national

independence; as such the USSR sent military advisors to Ethiopia, Angola, Egypt, and Afghanistan.

Nonetheless, the USSR behaved as an imperialist power, when it asserted sphere-of-influence dominance

upon Afghanistan (197989); and dominated the countries of Eastern Europe, the Baltic States, and the

Caucasus, as accorded in the Yalta Agreement (411 February 1945) during the Second World War (1939

45).

Such imperialist behaviour, ideologically discredited the USSR for not abiding the principles of Marxism;

alternatively anarchists presented such Soviet imperialism as evidence that the philosophy of Marxism

would not resolve and eliminate imperialism. Notably, Mao Zedong developed the theory that the USSR

was a social-imperialist nation, a socialist people with tendencies to imperialism, an important aspect of

Maoist analysis of the history of the USSR.[22]Contemporarily, the termAnti-imperialismis most

commonly applied by Marxists, and political organisations of like ideologic bent, who propose anti-

capitalism, present a class analysis of society, et cetera.[23]
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Feminism and anti-imperialism

Feminist theories of international relations often fall under the category of anti-imperialism. They may dra

a connection between sexism or patriarchy and war and hegemony in any of several ways, for example: a

link between the idea of masculinity and the drive towards war; a theory of the way the self and the other

are constructed which ties allegedly sexist modern Western notions of male and female to allegedly racist,

colonialist modern Western notions of the nation-state and the alien; a location of the cause of the alleged

failure of government officials to attempt seriously to resolve conflicts peacefully or consider others'perspectives in an ideology which derides the supposedly feminine qualities of love, empathy, and

surrender. J. Ann Tickner and Cynthia Enloe are well-known writers in this field. bell hooks also discusses

this philosophy, especially in its relation to the lives and stereotypes of black males.

Right-wing anti-imperialism

There is a fairly strict division between "right-wing" anti-imperialism within powerful countries and that

within their weaker clients or opponents, resulting from the fact that most right-leaning opponents of

imperialism remain ideologically attached to their own nation or people.

Modern lines of thought within allegedly imperialist powers that are arguably both "right-wing" and "anti-

imperialist" tend to divide into two general strains, Libertarianism and Paleoconservatism. The latter,

prominently represented by Andrew Bacevich and Patrick Buchanan, is differentiated from the former,

prominently represented by Justin Raimondo and Ron Paul, by an association with social conservatism.

Both are more influential within the United States than outside it, and both tend to see imperialism as in

neither the best interests nor the real traditions of their country, giving them an ideological continuity with

non-interventionism.

Right-wing nationalists and religious fundamentalist movements that have emerged in reaction to alleged

imperialism might also fall within this category; for example, Khomeinism historically derived much of itspopularity from its appeal to widespread anger at American intervention or influence in Iran and the Middl

East.

The Indian Jamaat-e-Islami Hind launched a 10-day Nation-wide campaign titled Anti-Imperialism

Campaign in December 2009.[24]

Criticism

Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt assert that traditional anti-imperialism is no longer relevant. In the book

Empire,[25]Negri and Hardt argue that imperialism is no longer the practice or domain of any one nation o

state. Rather, they claim, the "Empire" is a conglomeration of all states, nations, corporations, media,

popular and intellectual culture and so forth, and thus, traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies

can no longer be applied against them.

French philosopher and author Bernard-Henri Lvy also argues in his bookLeft in Dark Times[26]that

modern anti-imperialism is nothing more than thinly disguised anti-Americanism and has been too

commonly evoked by Third World dictators and extremist movements to distract their audiences from thei

own crimes and abuses of power.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard-Henri_L%C3%A9vyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interventionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Raimondohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Buchananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bacevichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoconservatismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_hookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Enloehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Ann_Ticknerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist


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See also

Empire-building

Colonialism

National liberation wars

National self-determination

Historiography of the British Empire

Anti-Americanism

Anti-imperialist Camp

League Against Imperialism

Antimilitarism

Christian radicalism

Notes

1. ^Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 18401960(2010), by Richard Koebner and

Helmut Schmidt.

2. ^Richard Koebner and Helmut Schmidt,Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840-19

(2010)

3. ^Mark F. Proudman, "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of 'Imperialism'".Journal of the Historical Society,

September 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p395-433

4. ^D. K. Fieldhouse, "Imperialism": An Historiographical Revision", South African Journal Of Economic Histor

March 1992, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp 45-72

5. ^G.K. Peatling, Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered

History, July 2004, Vol. 89 Issue 295, pp. 38198

6. ^P. J. Cain, "Capitalism, Aristocracy and Empire: Some 'Classical' Theories of Imperialism Revisited",Journ

of Imperial and Commonwealth History, March 2007, Vol. 35 Issue 1, pp 25-47

7. ^G.K. Peatling, "Globalism, Hegemonism and British Power: J. A. Hobson and Alfred Zimmern Reconsidered

History, July 2004, Vol. 89 Issue 295, pp 381-398

8. ^Harrington, 1935

9. ^Richard Koebner and Helmut Schmidt,Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840-19(2010)

10. ^Robert L. Beisner, Twelve against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 18981900(1968)

11. ^Julius Pratt,Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands(1936) pp 26678

12. ^"Platform of the American Antilmperialist League, 1899"

(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.asp). Retrieved 2 February 2013.

13. ^Harrington, 1935, pp 211-12

14. ^Richard E. Welch, Jr.,Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899

1902(1978)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_radicalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimilitarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Against_Imperialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialist_Camphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_self-determinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire-building


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References

Griffiths, Martin, and Terry O'Callaghan, and Steven C. Roach 2008.International Relations: The

Key Concepts. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.

Heywood, C. 2004.Political Theory: An IntroductionNew York: Palgrave MacMillan

Harrington, Fred H. "The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898-1900",Mississippi

Valley Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Sep., 1935), pp. 211230 in JSTOR

(http://www.jstor.org/stable/1898467)

Proudman, Mark F.. "Words for Scholars: The Semantics of 'Imperialism'".Journal of the Historica

Society, September 2008, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p395-433

Further readingAli, Tariq et al.Anti-Imperialism: A Guide for the MovementISBN 1-898876-96-7

Boittin, Jennifer Anne. Colonial Metropolis: The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism

in Interwar Paris(2010)

Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire."History Today, (Oct 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 10

pp 4447, online at EBSCO

Brendon, Piers. The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997(2008) excerpt and text

. . , - , .

16. ^Che Guevara: Message to the Tricontinental (http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1967/04/16.htm) Sprin

of 1967.

17. Împerialism, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations(1998), by Graham Evans and Jeffrey

Newnham. p. 244.

18. ^Colonialism, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations(1998) Graham Evans and Jeffrey

Newnham, p. 79.

19. Împerialism, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations(1998) Graham Evans and Jeffrey Newnhamp. 79.

20. ^Colonialism, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations(1998) Graham Evans and Jeffrey

Newnham, p. 79.

21. ^"Lenin: Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/im

hsc/). Retrieved 2011-02-13.

22. ^Battling Western imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States(1997), by Michael M. Sheng. p.00.

23. ^Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey(1990), by Anthony Brewer. p. 293.

24. ^http://www.zeenews.com/news586298.html

25. Ântonio Negri and Michael Hardt,Empire, Harvard University Press (2001) ISBN 0-674-00671-2

26. ^Bernard Henri Levy,Left in Dark Times, A Stand Against the New Barbarism, Random House; Tra edition.

(2008) ISBN 1-4000-6435-X
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/140006435Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674006712http://www.zeenews.com/news586298.htmlhttp://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1967/04/16.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898876967http://www.jstor.org/stable/1898467


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search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417)

Cain, P. J. and A.G. Hopkins.British Imperialism, 1688-2000(2nd ed. 2001), 739pp, detailed

economic history that presents the new "gentlemanly capitalists" thesis excerpt and text search

(http://www.amazon.com/dp/058220965X)

Castro, Daniel, Walter D.Mignolo, and Irene Silverblatt.Another Face of Empire: Bartolom de Las

Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism(2007) excerpt and text search

(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0822339307), Spanish colonies

Cullinane, Michael Patrick.Liberty and American Anti-Imperialism, 1898-1909.New York: Palgrav

Macmillan, 2012.

Ferguson, Niall.Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Glob

Power(2002), excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0465023290)

Hamilton, Richard.President McKinley, War, and Empire(2006).

Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri.Empire(2001), influential statement from the left

Herman, Arthur. Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged OurAge(2009) [excerpt and text search]

Hobson, J.A.Imperialism: A Study(1905) except and text search 2010 edition

(http://www.amazon.com/dp/1143086198)

James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1997).

Karsh, Efraim.Islamic Imperialism: A History(2007) excerpt and text search

(http://www.amazon.com/dp/0300122632)

Olson, James S. et al., eds.Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism(1991) online edition

(http://www.questia.com/read/23315236?

title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20European%20Imperialism)

Owen, Nicholas. The British Left and India: Metropolitan Anti-Imperialism, 1885-1947(2008)

excerpt and text search (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233012)

Polsgrove, Carol.Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause(2009)

Sagromoso, Domitilla, James Gow, and Rachel Kerr.Russian Imperialism Revisited: Neo-Empire,

State Interests and Hegemonic Power(2010)

Tompkins, E. Berkeley, ed.Anti-Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 18901920.

(1970) excerpts from primary and secondary sources

Wang, Jianwei. "The Chinese interpretation of the concept of imperialism in the anti-imperialist

context of the 1920s.,"Journal of Modern Chinese History(2012) 6#2 pp 164181.

External links

The Anti-Imperialists, A Web based guide to American Anti-Imperialism

(http://www.antiimperialist.com)
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417http://www.antiimperialist.com/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233012http://www.questia.com/read/23315236?title=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20European%20Imperialismhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0300122632http://www.amazon.com/dp/1143086198http://www.amazon.com/dp/0465023290http://www.amazon.com/dp/0822339307http://www.amazon.com/dp/058220965Xhttp://www.amazon.com/dp/0307388417


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http://en wikipedia org/wiki/Anti imperialism

CWIHP at the Wilson Center for Scholars: Primary Document Collection on Anti-Imperialism in the

Cold War (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?

topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Anti-

Colonialism%20in%20the%20Cold%20War)

Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project (http://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/),

multimedia collection of photographs, video, oral histories and essays.

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism by V.I. Lenin

(http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/) Full text at marxists.org

How Imperialist 'Aid' Blocks Development in Africa

(http://www.themilitant.com/2009/7314/731449.html) by Thomas Sankara, The Militant, April 13,

2009

Daniel Jakopovich,In the Belly of the Beast: Challenging US Imperialism and the Politics of the

Offensive (http://www.cc-ds.org/discussion/CONFRONTING_US_IMPERIALISM.pdf)

The M and S Collection (http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/MS.html) at the Library of Congresscontains materials on anti-imperialism.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-imperialism&oldid=642379513"

Categories: Anti-imperialism Anti-globalization History of social movements

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