anti-asthmatic and cardioprotective efficacy of curcumin-a review

International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(5), pp. 215-223, 2014

Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk

ISSN: 2322-4541; 2014 IJSRPUB

http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2014-p0215-0223

215

Review Paper

Anti-Asthmatic and Cardioprotective Efficacy of Curcumin-A Review

Muhammad Tahman Shahid1, Syeda Khair-ul-Bariyah

2*

1Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan 2Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan

*Corresponding authors E-mail: [email protected]

Received 24 February 2014; Accepted 7 April 2014

Abstract. Curcumin is a natural yellow pigment of turmeric. It is used for the treatment of diseases like Alzheimer's disease,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, neuropathic pain, psoriasis, cancer and atherosclerosis. The present review

aims to encompass the studies of curcumin as anti-asthmatic and cardioprotective. It has shown antiallergic properties by

inhibiting histamine release from mast cells. It has been evidenced to have anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of

the NF-B pathway. By its good radical scavenging activity, it has proved to be potent in treating cardiovascular diseases. However, its combination with other asthma and cardio medicines needs to be evaluated, especially; combination of herbal

medicines or curcumin along with synthetic drugs can lead to positive outcomes. Moreover, derivatives of the drug can also

show some promising results and more derivatives, like CNB001, must be synthesized and investigated to control airway

epithelial cell function and asthma. Only little work has been done so far showing its effects on the pulmonary functions of

smokers, so this area needs to be explored by further clinical trials.

Keywords: Curcumin, antiallergic, asthma, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Asthma

Asthma is a disease of the airways which is chronic in

nature. The inflammation of the airways results in

increased contractability of the smooth muscles which

are surrounding the airways. As a result of this, the

airways are narrowed and finally it results in

wheezing. Lamina reticularis thickens and eosinophils

increase. Moreover, mucous glands increase and the

smooth muscles surrounding the airways also

increase. Other cell types and components of the

immune system involved are T-lymphocytes,

macrophages, neutrophils and chemokines, cytokines

and histamines, respectively (Murray and Nadel,

2010).

The causes of asthma are both environmental and

genetic (Martinez, 2007). Epigenetics as well as the

changes occurring in the environment cause asthma

(Dietert, 2011). Allergens, air pollution, high ozone

levels, traffic pollution, cockroaches, dust mites,

animal dander, mold and smoking during and after

pregnancy are the factors that result in asthma

(Arshad, 2010; Custovic et al., 2012; Gold et al., 2005

and Kelly et al., 2011). Volatile organic compounds

like formaldehyde and phthalates in PVC are also

linked with asthma causes (McGwin et al., 2010,

Jaakkola et al., 2008 and Bomehag et al., 2010). Some

respiratory diseases like rhinovirus and respiratory

syncytial virus can lead to asthma (Murray and Nadel,

2010). Family histories as well as genetic variations

enhanced by environmental exposures are found to be

linked to asthma (Martinez, 2007). Twenty five genes

were found to be the cause of asthma and over 100

genes according to one study in 2006 (Ober et al.,

2006 and Halapi et al., 2009). In patients with history

of atopic disease, asthma occurs at a much greater rate

(Rapini et al., 2007). The patients with any type of

urticaria also face asthma symptoms (Rapini et al.,

2007). In obese individuals, buildup of fat leads to

decreased respiratory function (Wood et al., 2009).

Beta blockers, ASA, NSAIDs and angiotensin-

converting enzyme inhibitors are also responsible to

trigger the disease in susceptible patients (ORourke, 2007; Salpeter et al., 2001; Covar et al., 2005). The

exacerbating agents of asthma are animal dander,

molds, perfumes, infections of the upper respiratory

tract, bacterial and viral infections and psychological

stress (Gold et al., 2005; Baxi et al., 2010 and Chen et

al., 2007).

The medication for asthma is divided into two

classes. First class is quick-relief medication which is

for treating severe cases. Second class is for long-term

Shahid and Khair-ul-Bariyah

Anti-Asthmatic and Cardioprotective Efficacy of Curcumin -A Review

216

control which controls recurrence of the disease and

its intensity prevention (NHLBI Guideline, 2007).

First class includes beta2-adrenoceptor agonists

(SABA), anticholinergic medications and adrenergic

agonists (Parsons et al., 2013; Rodrigo et al., 2006 and

Schiffman et al., 2009). Second class includes

corticosteroids, long-acting beta-adrenoceptor

agonists, leukotriene antagonists and mast cell

stabilizers (NHLBI Guideline, 2007; Ducharme et al.,

2010; Fanta, 2009; Cates et al., 2012; GINA, 2011,

Watts et al., 2012; Chauhan et al., 2013, British

Guideline, 2009).

1.2. Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are the diseases of the heart

and related vessels (Maton et al., 1993). There are

many reasons for cardiovascular diseases but the most

common are atherosclerosis and hypertension. With

increase of age, many physical and morphological

changes occur that cause risk of the disease. The types

of cardiovascular diseases include cardiomyopathy,

hypertensive heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias,

endocarditis, corpulmonale, myocarditis, peripheral

arterial disease, congenital heart disease,

cerebrovascular disease and rheumatic heart disease.

The factors which increase the risk of heart diseases

are gender, age, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia,

diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol and sugar

consumption, smoking, air pollution, psychosocial

factors, lack of physical activity, obesity and family

history (Howard et al., 2002;Finks et al., 2012;Bridget

et al., 2010). Intake of low fat and high fiber content

food, avoiding tobacco smoking, limiting alcohol

consumption, decreasing body fat and daily exercise

can lessen the danger (Ignarro et al., 2007; World

Heart Federation, 2011, The National Heart, Lung and

Blood Institute, 2011;Klatsky, 2009;McTigue et al.,

2006). Mineral and vitamin supplements have not

shown any positive results in decreasing the risk of

the disease but niacin is a type of vitamin B3 which

has shown to reduce the risk factors to some extent.

Taking magnesium as a diet supplement reduces high

blood pressure (Bhupathiraju et al., 2011; Jee et al.,

2002). In those patients who have low risk of heart

disease, aspirin has proved to be beneficial. In people

having history of cardiovascular disease statins are

effective (Berger et al., 2011, Gutierrez et al., 2012).

Some of the medicines used to treat cardiovascular

diseases are Zocor, Verapamil, Xarelto (rivaroxaban),

Tricor (fenofibrate), Tektuma (aliskiren), Soliris

(eculizumab), Rythmol, ReoPro, Posicor, Plavix

(clopidogrel bisulfate), Normiflo, Natrecor

(nesiritide), Micardis (telmisartan), Lescol (fluvaststin

sodium), Kynamro (mipomersen sodium), Inspra

(eplerenone tablets), Fenofibrate, Diovan (valsartan),

Corlopam, Benicar, Azor (amlodipine besylate),

Adcirca (tadalafil), Angiomax (bivalirudin) and many

others (Murray and Nadel, 2010).

Curcumin is mostly known for its anti-cancer

activities but some work has also been done showing

its anti-asthmatic and cardioprotective potential. The

present review aims to cover the research done on

curcumin disclosing its role in asthma and

cardiovascular diseases investigated so far.

2. CURCUMIN

Curcumin is a diarylheptanoid and a natural phenol

giving colour to turmeric (Dorland, 2011). It exists in

tautomeric forms which can be seen in fig. 1 and fig.

2.

Fig. 1:Enol Form

Fig. 2: Keto Form

It is considered to interact with the molecules

involved in inflammation by down-regulating

cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase and nitric oxide

synthase activity (Gupta, 2011; Abe et al., 1999; Goel

et al., 2008). Curcumin has proved to be effective in

pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, psoriasis, arthritis,

Alzheimers disease and multiple myeloma (Hatcher

et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012). In

colon cancer, it serves as vitamin D receptor ligand

(Bartik et al., 2010).


217

3. CURCUMIN AND RESPIRATORY

DISORDERS

Curcumin has been reported to treat Acute

Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a model of female

rats by alteration of inflammation and myofibroblast

differentiation (Avasarala et al., 2013). Some of the

lung injuries are induced by aspirating gastrointestinal

decontamination agents. Curcumin has also been

evidenced to show preventive effect against these

injuries because of its anti-inflammatory potential

(Gunaydin et al., 2012). Congenital Central

Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) has been reported

to be due to duplications of the PHOX2B gene. It is

suggested that 17-AAG and curcumin are effective in

vitro in rescuing the nuclear localization and

transactivation activity of PHOX2B carrying the

largest expansion of polyAla and promoting the

clearance of aggregates of these mutant proteins (Di

Zanni et al., 2012). In acute lung injury, curcumin was

evidenced to be a good therapeutic agent (Guzel et al.,

2009). Curcumin has been found to be an alternative

therapy for injury of lung transplantation. It is due to

suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated

expression (Sun et al., 2008). Curcumin can be used

successfully in the hyperactive states of the gut and

airways (Gilani et al., 2005). Curcumin has been

reported to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine

production by lung inflammatory cells ex vivo (Literat

et al., 2001). In paraquat lung injury, curcumin has

been found to have protective effect (Venkatesan,

2000).

4. ANTI-ASTHMATIC POTENCY OF

CURCUMIN

Curcumin is not water-soluble. In one study, its dry

emulsion (DE-CUR) was prepared to deliver it orally

and checked its anti-asthmatic efficacy by using

murine asthma model. Levels of T-helper cytokines

(interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-13)and

airway hyperresponsiveness was evidenced to

suppress showing effectiveness of DE-CUR as a

component of functional foods and asthma medicines

(Jang et al., 2014). Intestinal absorption as well as

anti-asthmatic potential of curcumin was found to

increase by fabricating solid dispersion granules

containing curcumin(SDG-CUR), hence, proving it to

be a potent oral formulation (Jang et al., 2014). The

nasal epithelium serves as a defense during respiratory

infections like those caused by respiratory syncytial

virus (RSV). Curcumin inhibited the replication and

budding of RSV as well as the epithelial responses to

it. Moreover, the upregulation of the epithelial barrier

function was enhanced. It showed inhibition of NF-

kB, eIF-2 dephosphorylation, proteasome and

COX2. Without cytotoxicity, it proved to treat lower

respiratory tract diseases in young children and infants

(Obata et al., 2013).

The evaluation of intranasal curcumin in mouse

blood plasma and lung tissue was carried out by

HPLC. Detection of the drug was done after every 15

min-3h at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. This dosage showed

potency against asthma by bronchoconstriction

inhibition and recruitment of inflammatory cells in the

lungs. By HPLC, retainment of curcumin absorption

was reported for up to 3 h. This study evidenced the

possibility of curcumin to be used in nasal drops.

Curcumin serves to retain breathing after asthma

attack (Glickman et al., 2013). In vitro and in vivo

experiments were performed to explore the effects of

curcumin in asthma on the proliferation of airway

smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). As compared to model

group, reduction of the airway wall thickness, the

number of ASMCs and the expression of extracellular

signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were reported in the

curcumin treated group. Platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) which causes cell proliferation is inhibited by

curcumin. Moreover, PDGF-induced phosphorylation

of ERK was also found to decrease in rats. Protein

expression of Caveolin-1 and mRNA was also

upregulated by curcumin (Zeng et al., 2013).

The inhibition of the mRNA expression and

production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)

in the human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells was

investigated. The assays used were caspase-1,

luciferase, immunosorbent and reverse transcription-

polymerase chain reaction. The expression and

production of TSLP was evidenced to decrease with

the maximum inhibition rate to be 59.16+4.20% at

50M of curcumin. The luciferase and caspase-1

activity was found to decrease. Hence, the role of

curcumin in the treatment of atopic and inflammatory

diseases was proved (Moon et al., 2013). In a mouse

model of allergic asthma, the mechanism of curcumin

on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation

was investigated. Eosinophil count was noted to be

increased and OVA-induced eosinophilia in lung

tissue was inhibited. Inhibition of Th 17 cells and

increase of Treg cells was expressed by flow

cytometry (FCM). The use of curcumin in allergic

asthma became clear with this study (Ma et al., 2013).

The potential of curcumin to modulate CD4+

Tcells-mediated autoimmune disease was

investigated. This treatment resulted in the induction

of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling

pathway. Furthermore, increase in the expression of

ER stress associated transcriptional factors XBP-1 and

cleavage of p50ATF6 and C/EBP homologous protein in CD4+ and Jurkat T cells was also

reported(Zheng et al., 2013). The link between curry

intake and pulmonary function among smokers and



218

non-smokers was studied taking 2,478 Chinese older

adults who aged 55 yrs and above in the Singapore

Longitudinal Studies. Curry intake was found to be

significantly linked with better FEV(1) and large

differences in FEV (1) and FEV (1)/FVC% between

curry and non-curry intake were recorded among

current and past smokers. Mean adjusted FEV (1) for

current smokers was 9.2% higher, for past smokers it

was 10.3% higher and for non-smokers 1.5% higher

(Ng et al., 2012).

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are found to be

involved in asthma. The expression and secretion of

various MMPs are reported to be regulated by

curcumin (Kumar et al., 2012). Curcumin-solid lipid

nanoparticles (curcumin-SLNs) were studied in an

ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rat model of

asthma. The tissue concentrations were found to

increase followed by suppression of airway

hyperresponsiveness. The expression of T-helper-2-

type cytokines (interleukin-4 and interleukin-13) were

evidenced to be inhibited, thus, proving curcumin-

SLNs to be positive in asthma treatment. The role of

curcumin in allergic conjunctivitis (AC) in an

experimental AC model was investigated. Curcumin

was found to suppress allergic conjunctival

inflammation (Chung et al., 2012).

A curcumin derivative, CNB001, was checked to

control airway epithelial cell function and asthma.

Synthetic double-stranded RNA stimulated normal

human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. IL-6, TNF-

and GM-CSF production by NHBE cells was suppressed by the derivative of curcumin more

effectively than curcumin. It also significantly

inhibited the decrease of E-cadherin and vimentin

mRNA expression was reported to increase. Overall,

the derivative CNB001, treated neurophilic airway

inflammation in asthma (Narumoto et al., 2012).In

another study, curcumin was found to alleviate the

pathological changes of chronic asthma (Karaman et

al., 2012).

The inhibitory effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and

curcumin on the biological changes linked with

asthma were studied. Inflammatory cells aggregation was inhibited more by thymoquinone (TQ) in

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues.

More significant decrease of serum IgE was seen by

TQ along with greater inhibitory effects on iNOS and

TGF-1. Inhibition of mRNA expression of TNF- was greater by curcumin (Ammar et al., 2011). Oral

administration of curcumin on lung histopathology,

serum nitric oxide levels and fungal burden in a

murine model of asthma and oropharyngeal

candidiasis (OPC) was reported. Improvement of all

histological parameters was seen in curcumin treated

group and curcumin along with its combination with

dexamethasone decreased nitric oxide levels.

Decrease in fungal burden was also noted. Hence,

treatment of chronic asthma with curcumin was

evidenced to be effective along with decrease in OPC

frequency (Karaman et al., 2011).

The treatment of stable, persistent atopic asthma

with oral curcumin was investigated. Adult patients

were selected for the study and they were given 1000

mg of curcumin twice a day or placebo. For a period

of six months spirometry was performed followed by

asthma control test (ACT) scoring and measurements

for fractional excretion of nitric oxide (NO), serum

eosinophil count, total IgE and leukocyte count. In the

treatment arm, 9 patients were subjected and six were

in the placebo group. The given dosage of curcumin

was not reported to significantly affect

postbronchodilator FEV (1) and ACT scores along

with other parameters studied (Kim et al., 2011).

Curcumin was evidenced to inhibit allergic airway

inflammation and hyperresponsiveness through NF-

kB inhibition with an IC(50) of 21.50+1.25M.

Amelioration of mucus occlusion in lung tissues was

found to be significant (Oh et al., 2011).

The extract of curcumin (60%) inhibited bacterial

infections which result in exacerbation of asthma

(Nilani et al., 2010). Curcumin was found to inhibit

inflammatory genes in inflammatory lung diseases

(Barnes, 2009). Curcumin extract (60%) was reported

to scavenge nitric oxide as an alternate anti-asthmatic

therapy (Nilani et al., 2009). Curcumin has been

evidenced to show anti-inflammatory activity in

murine asthma model and lung epithelial cells A549

by suppressing nitric oxide (NO) and iNOS, thus,

proving itself to be an adjuvant therapy for airway

inflammation (Moon et al., 2008). Curcumin was

found to reverse steroid resistance in asthma patients

(Meja et al., 2008). Curcumin was also reported to

have antiallergic properties as it has inhibitory effects

on histamine from mast cells (Kurup et al., 2008).

The role of curcumin as an immunomodulator was

investigated by using murine model of latex allergy

taking BALB/c mice that were exposed to allergens.

As a result, the mice developed latex allergy with a

Th2 type of immune response. After treatment with

curcumin the allergic responses were controlled

(Kurup et al., 2007). Curcumin was found to enhance

antibody responses at low doses and can also

downregulate the expression of various

proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6,

IL-8, IL-12) and chemokines (Jagetia et al., 2007).

Curcumin was reported to be an inhibitor of JNK

kinase (Wuyts et al., 2003). Features of asthma, like,

airway hyperreactivity to histamine and airway

constriction, were induced in guinea pigs by

sensitizing them with ovalbumin (OVA). The pigs

were treated with curcumin (20 mg/kg body weight)

both before and after sensitization. Specific airway


219

conductance (SGaw) determined airway constriction

and hyperreactivity. Both airway constriction and

hypereactivity were seen to be inhibited significantly,

thus, proving curcumins effectiveness in OVA-sensitized guinea pigs. Curcumin also inhibited

Dermatophagoides farinea (Df)-induced lymphocyte

proliferation and production of IL-2. Hence, by

inhibition of cytokines production, curcumin controls allergic diseases.

5. CARDIOPROTECTIVE POTENCY OF

CURCUMIN

Curcumin has been reported to induce autophagy in

human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)

which serves as a therapeutic avenue for the treatment

of oxidative stress-related cardiovascular diseases

(Han et al., 2012). Curcumin was evidenced to induce

cardioprotective effect against catecholamine-induced

cardiotoxicity via preservation of mitochondrial

function. Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous

injection of isoprenaline for a period of 2 days

consecutively with or without pretreatment with

curcumin 60 mgkg(-1)day(-1). Isoprenaline induced

apoptosis and cell death which was found to be

protected by curcumin. Moreover, mitochondrial

swelling and respiration were prevented by curcumin

and it prevented the ISO-induced increase in mPTP

calcium susceptibility in isolated cardiomyocytes

(Izem-Mezianne et al., 2012). The turmeric extract has

been found to have therapeutic activities that block the

cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicities induced by

doxorubicin. This is due to its free radical scavenging

activity (Mohamad et al., 2009). Curcumin was

reported to decrease serum cholesterol level and hence

it protects against the pathological changes occurring

with atherosclerosis. Curcumin has p300-HAT

inhibitory effects and because of this it prevents the

development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

It also prevents atrial arrhythmias and ventricular

arrhythmias (Wongcharoen et al., 2009). Oral

pretreatment with curcumin (200 mg/kg) on

isoproterenol-induced mycardial injury in rats was

found to increase antioxidant activity of curcumin,

hence, showing cardioprotective property (Nazam et

al., 2007).Curcumin enhances the activities of

detoxifying enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase

and inhibits free-radical generation in myocardial

ischemia in rats (Miriyala et al., 2007).

6. CONCLUSION

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic antioxidant

compound that exerts anti-inflammatory and

immunomodulatory effects influencing the activation

of T cells (immune cells).It can also inhibit pro-

inflammatory cytokines and chemokines expression

by suppressing NF-B signaling pathway. It is due to its immunomodulatory potential that proves its

usefulness in diseases like arthritis, allergy, asthma,

atherosclerosis, diabetes and cancer. The article

covers the anti-asthmatic and cardioprotective

potential of curcumin, yet, its protective role in

pulmonary function of smokers needs to be

investigated further. Moreover, its synergic effect with

other asthma and cardioprotective medicines needs to

be checked. New analogs of curcumin to selectively

inhibit different MMPs can also be designed. So far,

curcumin has shown promising results in asthma and

cardiac treatment and further combinatorial studies

with synthetic and herbal medicines can open new

horizons for research and treatment.

REFERENCES

Abe Y, Hashimoto S, Horie T (1999). Curcumin

inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production

by human peripheral blood monocytes and

alveolar macrophages.Pharmacol Res., 39: 41-

7.

Arshad SH (2010). Does exposure to indoor allergens

contribute to the development of asthma and

allergy?. Current allergy and asthma reports,

10: 49-55.

Ammar el-SM, Gameil NM, Shawky NM

(2011).Comparative evaluation of anti-

inflammatory properties of thymoquinone and

curcumin using an asthmatic murine

model.IntImmunopharmacol. 11: 2232-6.

Avasarala S, Zhang F, Liu G (2013). Curcumin

modulates the inflammatory response and

inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model

of viral-induced acute respiratory distress

syndrome. PloS One. 8: 57285.

Barnes PJ (2009). Histone deacetylase-2 and airway

disease.TherAdvRespir Dis., 3: 235-43.

Bartik L, Whitfield GK, Lowmiller CL (2010).

Curcumin: A novel nutitionally derived ligand

of the vitamin D receptor with implications for

colon cancer chemoprevention.J NutrBiochem,

21: 1153-61.

Baxi SN, Phipatanakul W (2010). The role of allergen

exposure and avoidance in asthma.Adolesc

Med State Art Rev., 21: 57-71.

Berger JS, Lala A, Krantz MJ (2011). Aspirin for the

prevention of cardiovascular events in patients

without clinical cardiovascular disease: a meta-

analysis of randomized trials. American heart

journal, 162: 115-24.

Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL (2011). Coronary heart

disease prevention: nutrients, foods and dietary



220

patterns. Clinicachimicaacta. international

journal of clinical chemistry, 412: 1493-514.

Bomehag CG, Nanberg E (2010). Phthalate exposure

and asthma in children.InternationalJournal of

Andrology, 33: 333-45.

Bridget B, Kelly (2010). Promoting Cardiovascular

Health in the Developing World: A Critical

Challenge to Achieve Global Health.

British Guideline (2009). 43.

Cates CJ, Cates MJ (2012). Regular treatment with

formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse

events. Cochrane Database of Systematic

Reviews. 4.

Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Duchame FM (2013).

Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled

corticosteroids in children with persistent

asthma. The Cochrane database of systematic

reviews, 10.

Chen E, Miller GE (2007). Stress and inflammation in

exacerbations of asthma. Brain BehavImmun,

21: 993-9.

Chung SH, Choi SH, Choi JA (2012).Curcumin

suppresses ovalbumin-induced allergic

conjunctivitis. Mol Vis, 18: 1966-72.

Covar RA, Macomber BA, Szefler SJ (2005).

Medications as asthma trigers. Immunology and

allergy clinics of North America, 25: 169-90.

Custovic A, Simpson A (2012).The role of inhalant

allergens in allergic airways disease. Journal of

investigational allergology and clinical

immunology, 22: 393-401.

Dantas AP, Vila E (2012). Vascular aging: facts and

factors. Frontiers in Vascular Physiology, 3:1-2.

Dietert RR (2011). Maternal and childhood asthma:

risk factors, interactions and ramifications.

Reproductive toxicology, 32: 198-204.

Di Zanni E, Bachetti T, Parodi S (2012). In vitro drug

treatments reduce the deleterious effects of

aggregates containing polyAla expanded

PHOX2B proteins. Neurobiol Dis, 45: 508-18.

Dorland (2011). Dorlands Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 32.

Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M (2010). Addition of

long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled

corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled

corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and

children. Cochrane Database of Systematic

Reviews, 5.

Fanta CH (2009). Asthma. New England Journal of

Medicine, 360: 1002-14.

Finks SW, Airee A, Chow SL (2012). Key articles of

dietary interventions that influence

cardiovascular mortality. Pharmacotherapy, 32:

54-87.

Gilani AH, Shah AJ, Ghayur MN

(2005).Pharmacological basis for the use of

turmeric in gastrointestinal and respiratory

disorders. Life Sci., 76: 3089-105.

GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act)

(2011). 74.

Glickman-Simon R, Lindsay T (2013). Yoga for back

pain, cranberry for cystitis prevention, soy

isoflavones for hot flashes, curcumin for pre-

diabetes and breathing retraining for asthma.

Explore (NY). 9: 10.

Goel A, Aggarwal BB (2008). Curcumin as

Curecumin: from kitchen to clinic. BiochemPharmacol., 75: 787-809.

Gold DR, Wright R (2005).Population disparities in

asthma.Annu Rev Public Health, 26: 89-113.

Gunaydin M, Guzel A, Alacam H (2012). The effect

of curcumin on lung injuries in a rat model

induced by aspirating gastrointestinal

decontamination agents. J Pediatr Surg., 47:

1669-76.

Gupta SC (2011). Multitargeting by curcumin as

revealed by molecular interaction studies. Nat

Prod Rep, 28: 1937-55.

Gutierrez J, Rundek T, Sacco RL (2012). Statin

Therapy in the prevention of recurrent

cardiovascular events: A Sex-Based Meta-

analysis Statin therapy to prevent recurrent CV

events. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172:

909-19.

Guzel A, Kanter M, Aksu B (2009). Preventive effects

of curcumin on different aspiration-induced

lung injury in rats.PediatrSurg Int., 25: 83-92.

Halapi E, Bjomsdottir US (2009). Overview on the

current status of asthma genetics. The

clinicalrespiratory journal, 3: 2-7.

Han J, Pan XY, Xu Y (2012). Curcumin induces

autophagy to protect vascular endothelial cell

survival from oxidative stress. Autophagy, 8:

812-25.

Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J (2008).Curcumin: from

ancient medicine to current clinical trials.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 65: 1631-

52.

Howard BV, Wylie-Rosett J (2002). Sugar and

cardiovascular disease: A statement for

healthcare professionals from the Committee on

Nutrition of the Council on Nutrition, physical

activity and metabolism of the American Heart

Association. Circulation, 106: 523-7.

Ignarro LI, Balestrieri ML, Napoli C (2007).

Nutrition, physical activity and cardiovascular

disease: an update. Cardiovascular research, 73:

326-40.

Izem-Meziane M, Djerdjouri B, Rimbaud S (2012).

Catecholamine-induced cardiac mitochondrial

dysfunction and mPTP opening: protective


221

effect of curcumin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ

Physiol., 302: 665-74.

Jaakkola JJ, Knight TL (2008). The role of exposure

to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products

in the development of asthma and allergies: a

systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ

Health Perspect, 116: 845-53.

Jagetia GC, Aggarwal BB (2007). Spicing up of the immune system by curcumin.J ClinImmunol.

27: 19-35.

Jang DJ, Kim ST, Oh E (2014).Enhanced oral

bioavailability and antiasthmatic efficacy of

curcumin using redispersible dry

emulsion.Biomed Mater Eng., 24: 917-30.

Jang DJ, Kim ST, Lee K, Oh E (2014). Improved

bioavailability and antiasthmatic efficacy of

poorly soluble curcumin-solid dispersion

granules obtained using fluid bed

granulation.Biomed Mater Eng., 24: 413-29.

Jee SH, Guallar E (2002). The effect of magnesium

supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-

analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J

Hypertens, 15: 691-696.

Karaman M, Firinci F, Cilaker S (2012). Anti-

inflammatory effects of curcumin in a murine

model of chronic

asthma.AllergolImmunopathol (Madr), 40: 210-

4.

Karaman M, Kiray M, Yilmaz O (2011). Effects of

curcumin on lung histopathology and fungal

burden in a mouse model of chronic asthma and

oropharyngeal candidiasis. Arch Med Res.42:

79-87.

Kelly FJ, Fussell JC (2011). Air pollution and airway

disease.Clinical and experimental allergy.

Journal of the British Society for allergy and

clinical immunology, 41: 1059-71.

Kim DH, Phillips JF, Lockey RF (2011). Oral

curcumin supplementation in patients with

atopic asthma.Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2:

51-3.

Klatsky AL (2009). Alcohol and cardiovascular

diseases. Expert Rev CardiovascTher. 7: 499-

506.

Kobayashi T, Hashimoto S (1997). Curcumin

inhibition of Dermatophagoidesfarinea-induced

interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte

macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-

CSF) production by lymphocytes from

bronchial asthmatics. BiochemPharmacol., 54:

819-24.

Kumar D, Kumar M, Saravanan C (2012). Curcumin:

a potential candidate for matrix

metalloproteinase inhibitors. Expert OpinTher

Targets., 16: 959-72.

Kurup VP, Barrios CS (2008). Immunomodulatory

effects of curcumin in allergy. MolNutr Food

Res. 52: 1013-9.

Kurup VP, Barrios CS, Raju R (2007). Immune

response modulation by curcumin in a latex

allergy model.ClinMol Allergy.5: 1.

Ma C, Ma Z, Fu Q (2013).Curcumin attenuates

allergic airway inflammation by regulation of

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs)/Th17

balance in ovalbumin sensitized mice. Fitoterapia., 87: 57-64.

Martinez FD (2007). Genes, environments,

development and asthma: a reappraisal.

European Respiratory Journal. 29: 179-84.

Maton, Anthea, Jean H (1993). Human Biology and

Health.

McGwin G, Lienert J, Kennedy JI (2010).

Formaldehyde exposure and asthma in children:

a systematic review. Environmental health

perspectives, 118: 313-7.

McTigue KM, Hess R, Ziouras J (2006). Obesity in

older adults: a systematic review of the

evidence for diagnosis and treatment. Obesity

(Silver Spring), 14: 1485-97.

Meja KK, Adenuga D, Biswas SK (2008). Curcumin

restores corticosteroids function in monocytes

exposed to oxidants by maintaining HDAC2.

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol., 39: 312-23.

Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Rengarajulu P (2007).

Cardioprotective effects of curcumin. AdvExp

Med Biol., 595: 359-77.

Mohamad RH, Zekry ZK, Sharawy SM (2009). The

role of Curcuma longa against doxorubicin

(adriamycin)-induced toxicity in rats. J Med

Food, 12: 394-402.

Moon DO, Kim MO, Lee HJ (2008). Curcumin

attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway

inflammation by regulating nitric oxide.

BiochemBiophys Res Commun., 375: 275-9.

Moon PD, Kim HM (2013). Down-regulation of

thymic stromal lymphopoietin by

curcumin.Pharmacol Rep. 65: 525-31.

Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine

(2010).5.

Narumoto O, Matsuo Y, Sakaguchi M (2012).

Suppressive effects of a pyrazole derivative of

curcumin on airway inflammation and

remodeling.ExpMolPathol., 93: 18-25.

Nazam Ansari M, Bhandari U, Pillai KK (2007).

Protective role of curcumin in myocardial

oxidative damage induced by isoproterenol in

rats. Hum ExpToxicol., 26: 933-8.

Ng TP, Niti M, Yap KB (2012). Curcumins-rich curry

diet and pulmonary function in Asian older

adults. PloS One. 7: 51753.



222

NHLBI (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute)

Guideline (2007). 218.

NHLBI (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute)

Guideline (2007). 213.

Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P (2010). Effect

of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents

against microorganism causing upper

respiratory tract infection.AncSci Life, 29: 30-

2.

Nilani P, Ilango K, Suresh B (2009). Invitro

antioxidant activity of selected antiasthmatic

herbal constituents.AncSci Life, 28: 3-6.

Obata K, Kojima T, Masaki T (2013). Curcumin

prevents replication of respiratory syncytial

virus and the epithelial responses to it in human

nasal epithelial cells. PLoS One., 8: 70225.

Ober C, Hoffjan S (2006).Asthma genetics 2006: the

long and winding road to gene discovery.

Genes Immun., 7: 95-100.

Oh SW, Cha JY, Jung JE (2011). Curcumin attenuates

airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness

in mice through NF-Kb inhibition. I J

Ethnopharmacol, 136: 414-21.

ORourke ST (2007). Antianginal actions of beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.Am J Pharm Educ., 71:

95.

Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS (2013). An official

American Thoracic Society practice guideline:

exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J

RespirCrit Care Med., 187: 1016-27.

Ram A, Das M, Ghosh B (2003). Curcumin attenuates

allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in

sensitized guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull., 26:

1021-4.

Rapini, Ronald P, Bolognia, Jean L (2007).

Dermatology. 2.

Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ (2006). Comparison between

nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the

treatment of acute asthma.Am J Emerg Med.,

24: 217-22.

Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E (2001).

Cardioselective beta-blocker use in patients

with reversible airway disease.Cochrane

Database of Systematic Reviews, 2.

Schiffman, George (2009). Chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease.MedicineNet.

Subhashini, Chauhan PS, Kumari S (2013). Intranasal

curcumin and its evaluation in murine model of

asthma.IntImmunopharmacol, 17: 733-43.

Sun J, Guo W, Ben Y (2008). Preventive effects of

curcumin and dexamethasone on lung

transplantation-associated lung injury in

rats.Crit Care Med., 36: 1205-13.

The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

(NHLBI) (2011).How to prevent and control

coronary heart disease risk factors-NHLBI,

NIH.

Venkatasan N (2000). Pulmonary protective effects of

curcumin against paraquat toxicity. Life Sci.

66: 21-8.

Wang W, Zhu R, Xie Q (2012). Enhanced

bioavailability and efficiency of curcumin for

the treatment of asthma by its formulation in

solid lipid nanoparticles.Int J Nanomedicine, 7:

3667-77.

Watts K, Chavasse RJ (2012).Leukotriene receptor

antagonists in addition to usual care for acute

asthma in adults and children.Cochrane

Database of Sysrtematic Reviews, 5.

Wongcharoen W, Phrommintikul A (2009). The

protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular

diseases.Int J Cardiol., 133: 145-51.

Wood LG, Gibson PG (2009). Dietary factors lead to

innate immune activation in asthma.

PharmacolTher., 123: 37-53.

World Heart Federation (2011). World Heart

Federation: Cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Wuyts WA, Demedts MG, Dupont LJ (2003).

Involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, p42/p44

ERK and NF-kappaB in IL-1 beta-induced

chemokine release in human airway smooth

muscle cells.Respir Med., 97: 811-7.

Yan, Jiao, Wilkinson, Wang (2009). Red Cells, Iron

and Erythropoiesis Curcumin, a cancer

chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent,

is a biologically active iron chelator.

Blood.,113: 462-469.

Zhao LN, Chiu SW, Benoit J (2012). The effect of

curcumin on the stability of A dimers.J Phys Chem.,116: 7428-35.

Zeng X, Cheng Y, Xu J (2013).Curcumin inhibits the

proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells in

vitro and in vivo.Int J Mol Med.,32: 629-36.

Zheng M, Zhang Q, Joe Y (2013). Curcumin induces

apoptotic cell death of activated human CD4+ T

cells via increasing endoplasmic reticulum

stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

IntImmunopharmacol,15: 517-23.


223

Muhammad TahmanShahid did his BS (Hons) (Biochemistry) from IMBB (Institute of

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan in the year

2010. He did his M.Phil (Biochemistry) from CRIMM (Center for Research in Molecular

Medicine), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan in the year 2014. His areas of research

and interest are chemotherapy, molecular biology, enzymology and pathology. He has

publications in both national and international journals covering areas of nuclear extract

preparation from stem cells, analgesia and cancer medicines. He has expertise in the areas of cell

culturing (stem cells), MTT Assay, PCR, ELISA, PAGE, Western Blotting and all blood tests.

He is working in partnership as a biochemist in Invitro Diagnostic Centre, Lahore since 2008

and is running his own pathology lab in Gujranwala, Pakistan by the name of Al Asmar

Diagnostic Lab.

SyedaKhair-ul-Bariyah did her M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry) from Government College

University, Lahore, Pakistan in the year 2007 and completed her M.Phil (Organic/Biochemistry)

from Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan in the year 2011. She

has publications in both national and international journals covering areas of effect of essential

oils on diabetes and their anti-urease activity, nuclear extract preparation, mineral content,

nutritional value and analysis of physical characteristics of essential oils, analgesia and cancer

medicines and reviews on medicinal plants. Her main areas of research and interest are

medicinal plants, drug discovery and modification. She also has expertise in the areas of stain

removal synthesis and synthesis of perfumes. She is also a graduate in science education and

currently a masters student of science education with main focus on effective teaching

methodologies.

anti-asthmatic and cardioprotective efficacy of curcumin-a review

Documents