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Anthropometry – the study of human body dimensionsImagine you are positioning an emergency "rip cord" on a train. How high up should you put it? So people can reach it! is the obvious (and correct) response. One way to arrive at an answer is to ask your friends to give it a try. But to get values that are in any way robust (especially if the product is to be used by different nationalities), it is necessary to turn to the science of anthropometrics.

Example: I’ m 68 inches tallIn USA/UK, I’ d be in the 35-40th percentileIn Japan, I’ d be in the 75-80th percentile

Links to look at:Anthropometry Resource Center People with Disabilities

Dates back to ancient EgyptCubit (~52 cm) – based on human dimensions (distance from elbow to tip of longest finger)Large scale anthropometrical surveys are expensive and time consuming

Typically do specialized surveys on key dimensions

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CAESAR: A 3-D anthropometric research project that will generate technologically advanced data on the size and shape of the modern human body.

The companies supporting this $6 million project include: Boeing, Caterpillar, GM, John Deere, Levi Strauss, Magna Interior Systems Engineering, Navistar, Sears, Transport Canada, Visteon, Case Corp. Ford, Jantzen, Johnson Controls, Lee Company, Lockheed Martin Aeronautical, Mitsubishi Motors, Nissan Motors, Sara Lee Knit Products, and Vanity Fair, Inc.

Collecting the measurements of 10,000 people, ages 18 to 65, at eight sites in the U.S. and in Europe.

Expected to be completed Fall 2000.

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The tests will use equipment from Cyberware, (Monterey, Calif.) that was originally developed for a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base program called Computerized Anthropometric Research and Design (CARD).

The Air Force used it to develop a means of determining if its clothing and tools were the most effective size and shape, and that pilot stations within aircraft were the most efficient possible.

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Other sites:http://www.industry.net/discussions/Features/caesar_measure.htm

http://www.af.mil/news/May1998/n19980520_980697.html

Whole Body Scanner

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DesignClothingWorkspaceEnvironmentEquipment, tools, & machineryConsumer product design

Design IdeaAccommodate the body characteristics of the population Universal operability is 90-95% of the populationBuild in adjustment to meet objectivesSome dimensions only require one set of dimensions

Example: 95% reach

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Calipers – spreading and sliding

Anthropometer – rods with one fixed

Tapes – measure circumferences and contours

Simple scales – weightCones and boards with holes – grip circumference and finger sizePhotographicElectronic scanners

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Is there a Average Human?Humans vary in dimensions based on

GenderEthnic groupsNationalitiesEtc.

Over 300 anthropometric measurements on the bodyIt is hard to say that any one person is 50%-tile on all measurements

Factors affecting Anthropometric dataAge – body dimensions begin to increase with age and then decrease around 40Gender – men are generally larger than women at any given percentile and body dimensions except hips and thighs

Ethnic differences cause further differences

Body PositionPosture affect size

Clothing – clothing adds to body size plus restricts movement

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Design for the Extreme -- An attempt to accommodate all (or nearly all) of the population

Design for the maximum – if maximum value accommodates all (e.g., height of door, escape hatch in airplane)

Design for the minimum – if minimum value determines if all are accomodated (e.g., distance to control button from the operator (reach); amount of force to press a button)

Design for Adjustable Range – design to accommodate all (e.g., office chairs, desk height, key board height)

Range typically is 5th percentile of females to the 95th percenti le of males in relevant characteristics

Design for the Average – there is no average humanThere are times when the average may be acceptable (e.g., counter height at grocery store)

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Design Principles DiscussionSetting limits to 5th and 95th percentiles can eliminate a fairly high percentage of population

Bittner (1974) – looked at 5th and 95th percentiles on 13 dimensionsWould have excluded 52% of population instead of 10% implied by percentiles

Why? – body measurements are not perfectly correlatedShort arms ≠ short legs

To derive composite measures taking into account imperfect correlations requires regression analysis

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General approach1. Determine body dimensions important in the design

Example: chairpopliteal height (lower leg length), seat depth (buttock to popliteal length) hip breadth, midshoulder sitting height (back height), elbow height, lumbar height lumbar depth

2. Define population (e.g., adult - male, adult - female, children)3. Determine what principle should be applied4. Select % of population to be accommodated5. Locate anthropometric tables appropriate for the population6. If special clothing worn – add allowances7. Build prototype and test using representative tasks

Anthropometric dataStructural dimensions – taken in standard & still positionsFunctional dimensions – obtained in various work postures

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Herman Miller found that chairs theoretically designed to fit the 5th-percentile female to the 95th-percentile male actually fit far fewer people (Dowell, 1995a).

Source: Herman Miller Workplace Researchhttp://www.hermanmiller.com/research/essays/aeronessay2/essay2.html

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Source: OSHA Draft Ergonomics Standard (Appendix D)

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Source: OSHA Draft Ergonomics Standard (Appendix D)

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Modeling Reach Distance

Source: NASA

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Source: NASA

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Mannequin (Humancad, Melville, NY) and Jack (Center for Human Modeling and Simulation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA) enable designers to determine the best digitalreach zoneExample from JACK

Source: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~hms/jack.html