anthropology as a science

7/31/2019 Anthropology as a Science

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Anthropology Defined Greek word anthrope which means MAN and

logy which means SCIENCE.

Simply , the study of mankind.

Is science that deals with the origins, physical andcultural development, social characteristics, socialcustoms and beliefs of mankind.

Other defines it as the science of Man and hisworks, the scientific study of the physical, socialeconomic, cultural development and behaviour ofhuman beings in a particular society.


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Difference between man and

animals A. Biological

Man walks erect on twofeet.

Man has two free handsused for handling things.

Man has a more complexbrain than animals.


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B. Behaviourally

Man is rational.

Man has complex techniques of producing, procuring,and preparing and cooking food.

Man has social, educational, economic, andgovernmental organizations.

Man has a system of religious beliefs and practices.

Man communicate by means of a complex language, oralor written.

Man makes tools, weapons, and other gadgets andartifacts, constructs strong and comfortable shelters,and has fast means of land, sea, and air transportationand communication.


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Branches of Anthropology 1. Physical Anthropology

Deals with the origin andevolutionary process of man.

Deals with man as a productof evolution.

2. Cultural Anthropology Deals with the study of mans

behaviour and how he carriesout and adopts to the variousactivities of everyday life; hishabits, practices and beliefs.


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Subdivisions of Cultural

Anthropology


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Archaeology this deals with the study

and analysis of ancientculture pertaining to

prehistoric people, theirdwelling, artifacts,inscriptions andmovements.

Documents Paintings

Stone cravings


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Eras established by Archaeology Archeozoic Period or rock system

The period when early life forms of life appeared.

Protozoic Period The period when early life forms increased

Paleozoic Period The period when fish, insects, reptiles and other marine

forms appeared.

Mesozoic Period The period when flowering plants occurred and extinction of

the dinosaurs.

Cenozoic Period The period when more advanced forms of animals appeared.


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Ethnology The study of the subdivision of mankind, their origins,

practices and relations, institutions, etc.

Analyzes cultures, especially in regard to theirhistorical development and the similarities anddissimilarities between them.

Mankind is divided into five races:

White, black, brown, yellow and red


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Linguistics This concerns mans language and his manner of

communication.

As a science includes phonetics, phonology,morphology, and syntax.

2 sub-divisions: Descriptive Linguistics deals with the classification,

arrangement and analysis of the various features of the

language. Comparative or Historical Linguistics studies the

changes in language, language variation, andcomparison of existing languages.


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Meaning of Culture Derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus

which means care or cultivation.

Culture is that complex whole which includes

knowledge, belief, art, morals law, custom, and anyother capabilities and habits acquired by man as amember of society.

Sociologist: culture really affects a person from womb

to tomb.A group of people who share a common culture or one

that is made up of people who are interacting on thebasis of shared beliefs, customs, values and activities.


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Functions of Culture No society can exist without culture. Through culture, every person is provided with

establishment and time tested ways by which these

needs can be met. Livelihood

Medicative practices in curing diseases

Making tools and implements for personal andhome use

Defense strategies against enemies

Process of reproduction


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Specific Functions of Culture It provides behavioral patterns.

It maintains the biological functioning ofthe group.

It gives meaning and direction to onesexistence

It offers ready made solutions to mansmaterial and immaterial problems.

It develops mans attitude and values andgives him a conscience.


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Elements of Culture Universals

Are forms of

behavior uniformlydone by themembers of asociety.


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Alternatives Are forms of

behavior that allowrange of choice in

the individuals asmembers of asociety.


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Specialties Forms of behavior

manifested bymembers of certain

socially organizedgroup ofindividuals, but

which are notshared by the totalpopulation.


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The Mechanisms of Culture

Folkways A social group exhibits a customary behavior patterns

Example: education diplomas and pictures

Mores Are the must folkways since they are necessary and essential to the

welfare of the group. Example: people need to dress up - - decently.

Laws Are formally enacted by the proper authorities so people would act

accordingly. Institutions

Are the most stable, uniform, formal and highly structured. Examples: Family, Government, Church

Fashions, fads, and crazes Social mechanisms that are short-lived and not practiced by the whole

group; temporary. Examples: youth their manner of dressing; gadgets; music and movies


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Modes of Acquiring Culture

Throughimitation or by

example Example; a child

putting make-up

on


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Indoctrination orFormal Teachingand Informal

Teaching Example; a childwearing a shoe orholding a spoon

and fork for thefirst time


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Conditioningthrough rewardsand punishments

Example; a childsteals something


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Communication It is derived from the

Latin verb communicarewhich means to share orto impart that which is

common. Communication is not

limited to spokenlanguage.

E.g.; facial expression

Body language

Gesture

Tone of voice


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Language Its Nature and Meaning

Language is asystem of sharedsymbols.

It is the foundationof every culture.

It has an important

role in unifyingmembers of society.


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Importance and Functions of

LanguageLanguage is important because

knowledge and information areaccumulated and maintained.

Language is also a way of bringing

people close to one anotherFoster the feelings of acceptance and

belongingness


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Elements of Language(Phonology , Grammar , Vocabulary)


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Phonology(phonemics, phonetics)This is the system

consisting of

sounds in humanspeech conveyingsignificant

meanings.


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Grammar(morphology) The study of the

formal features oflanguage, as the

sounds ormorphemes, wordsand sentencesaccording to definiterules so that acomplete thought isexpressed.


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Vocabulary(lexicon)Stock of words

used by or

known to aparticularperson with theimportantmeanings.


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Arts: Their Nature and Meaning

The artsconstitute one of

the oldest andmost importantmeans of

expressionsdeveloped byman.


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The Functions of Arts Provides satisfaction to artists, performers, viewers,

and the participants.

Serves as vehicle and medium for thecommunication of ideas, aspirations, attitudes,

values, and feelings

Strengthens beliefs, attitudes, values, customs andtraditions

Effective devise for instructional or propagandapurposes

Establishes and reveals relationships with people in asociety


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Music and its FunctionArt of combining andregulating sounds ofvarying pitch to produce

compositions expressiveof various ideas andemotions that arepleasing.

One important functionof music is that it has away of expressing ouremotions.


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SculptureArt of craving,

molding,

welding orproducingworks of art inthreedimensions.


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Interior Design

The oldest artever developedsince the birthof mans

civilization


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TheatreAn art form in which theperformers act a story tothe audience, a

combination of differentarts


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Drama OperaUses movements

(words in drama-play)

When there is alot of music, andthe actors mostlysing instead oftalk.


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The End