anthro links for k affs - ddi 2014 ms

8/9/2019 Anthro Links for K Affs - DDI 2014 MS

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ZongThey fundamentally ignore all other violence that has happened in history anti-blackness

fails to explain the massacres of Messenians by the Spartans, Native Americans by the

Spanish, the Chinese by the apanese, !oma and e"s by the #ermans every one of these

are emblematic of the eternal ontological division bet"een human and animal and thatevery one of these deaths matter and should be mourned$

ohnson (associate professor of sociology at University of Missouri)%%(Victoria, Everyday Rituals of the Master Race, in Critical Theory and Animal i!eration, pg" #$%&')

istory is littered ith episodes of the !rutal e*ploitation and murder of groups that

have !een portrayed as su!human animals and therefore not de& serving of the moral and legal

protections of human !eings" +oing !ac as far as %$$ -CE, .partans turned the nely

con/uered Messenians into a slave& serf class through rituals of su!ordination that

re/uired the Messenians to ear 0dog sins0to dance hile drun to humiliate themselves, and

to !e 1hunted in an annual ar the .partans declared on them" More recent e*am& ples of the

0animali2ation0 of human !eings can !e found throughout the co& lonial period, for

instance in the European characteri2ation of 3ative Ameri& cans as 0ild !easts,0 a vie

early .panish e*plorers adopted as they massacred entire tons, including omen, children,and the elderly40not only sta!!ing and dismem!ering0 (de las Casas later descri!ed) 0!ut

cutting them to pieces #as if dealing ith sheep in the slaughter house"0African human

!eings too ere treated 0lie animals04!randed, mu22led, collared, !red, paced into small

enclosures for transportation, and sold at slave marets modeled after %cattle marets".imilarly, in the East, the 5apanese characteri2ed the Chinese as su!human and 0animal0&

lie to 6ustify the coloni2ation of China and its inha!itants in the early tentiethcentury" Thus the 5apanese soldier ho , later descri!ing ho he felt pushing Chinese

prisoners into a pit and setting them ' on fire, said that it as 0identical to hen he

slaughtered pigs"07erhaps the !est&non episode of the dehumani2ation4hich is to say, animali2ation4of human

populations as the 3a2i e*termination of 5es dur& 8 ing 9orld 9ar To" .cholars seeing to

understand ho engaging in acts of dehumani2ation 0made sense0 to the perpetrators of atrocities have

focused es pecially on the cultural narratives used !y the 3a2is to rationali2e their violence" According to

:enneth -ure, itlers ar rhetoric constructed 5es through a 0devil0 function that unified those hoconstituted a!solute good in opposition to those ho constituted a!solute evil, and ho hence ere

!eyond moral re& ;demption" The more recent or of 3ot surprisingly these forms of

linguistic violence included numerous animal representations" -oth -ure and Rash reveal a dualisminteroven in itlers rhetoric !eteen Aryans and 0su!ordinate0 !eings4specifically the 5es? hose

very nature as seen as !eing so fundamentally different from the 0su& perordinate0 Aryans as to

constitute a separate species" @n Mein :ampf, itler depicts 5es as !eing !iologically inferior as una!le

to produce culture, as lac& ing souls, as !eing less intelligent, and as !eing physically and mentally

eaer than the 0master race"0 The latter term might as easily have !een 0the master Bspecies"0 And infact, itler occasionally used the term 0species0 interchangea!ly ith 0race 0 in Mein

:ampf"

.uch e*amples could !e multiplied" -ut there is another dimension to the 0animali2ation0 of human

personsthat is often overlooed4namely, that the poer of such animal metaphors depends on a

prior cultural understanding of other animals themselves, as !eings ho are !y naturea!6ect, degraded, and hence orthy of e*termination" @n fact, on e*amination e find that 3a2inar& ratives 6ustifying the domination of human su!ordinates are striingly similar to !eliefs a!out


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animals that are idely held to this day, !eliefs that human !eings use to 6ustify the e*ploitation and

illing of nonhuman !eings"


3/24

declined, the num!ers of domesecrated animals e*& ploited for food increased" Tens of millions of

humans and other animals suffered from the deadly influen2a pandemic of 1I1B4a disaster that ould !e

lined to domesecrated animals only decades later" Fver the course of the tentieth century, the num!er

and si2e of !usi& nesses involved in the e*ploitation of domesecrated animals4especially as food4greenormously and coalesced into the animal&industrial com& ple*, hose synergy drove a huge e*pansion of

the domesecrated animal& !ased food industry" 7u!licly su!sidi2ed feed&grain production, emerging fast&

food companies, state agricultural colleges, and related forces gre along ith radio and television

technology, and the pu!lic as e*horted to consume" As mass consumption of fast food and a

diet !ased on do& mesecrated animals gre in the United .tates, so did the level of

structural violence, as people died prematurely from the chronic diseases as& sociated ith eatingother animals" The production of enormous amounts of 0meat0 and related products created other neharms, including through the transformation of ranch& ing processes to intensive and fre/uently confined

operations" As the sheer num!ers of domesecrated animals clim!ed4and as their suffering increased

e*ponentially4enormous supplies of fresh ater and topsoil for feed production ere needed" And in the

tentieth century, profita!le ranching relied not 6ust on ater and land, as it had for thousands of years,!ut no also !ecame e/ually dependent on oil.@n the tentieth century, people in the United .tates sa

little of the direct violence generated !y land e*propriation, such as had facilitated capitalist development

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries" o& ever, U"." policy in atin America generated anenormous level of such violence there" The decision of U"." leaders to promote

capitalist e*pan& sion in the region, in part!y increasing 0!eef e*ports, resulted in large&scale violence and the predicta!le poverty and e*ploitation for the dis& possessed " iecountless others !efore them ho ere displaced !y the e*pansion of ranching operations, many of thedisplaced in atin America !ecame e*ploita!le orers4increasingly for transnational corpora& tions" As

in the past, the e*pansion of ranching in the region and the appropriation of farmland for

pasture caused a decline in the cultivation of mai2e and !eans in the region, hichincreased hunger and malnutri& tion" This decereali2ation also as facilitated !y the increasing useof land for profita!le feed&grain production" Today, hundreds of millions of indigenous and other

devalued people are landless, impoverished, e*ploited, and hungry, and the land theyonce occupied and used to feed themselves is devoted to raising domese& crated animals

and producing feed grain"The multiple environmental and pu!lic health conse/uences of groing

num!ers of CA


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food and resources is on course to create a scarcity of resources that ill lead to

international arfare" @n #$$B, the director&general of the 9orld ealth Frgani2ation stated that the

most serious threats to international security ere food shortages, climate change, andan influen2a pandemic"To !e thorough, the director&general should have included in that list thedepletion of orld supplies of fresh ater, topsoil, and fossil fuel" The trauma and loss of life that

ould !e produced !y scarcity&driven conflict and arfare hardly can !e calculated"And it seems certain that indige& nous peoples, the poor, and the devalued ill suffer the

most"eeply entangled ith the violence, disease, and deprivation currently confronting the human

species4and the looming riss of scarcity&driven arfare and an influen2a pandemic4isthe treatment of domesecrated manimals around the orld" Every year, more than fifty&

five !illion sentient !eings4cos, chicens, pigs, and other animals4e*perience enormous

levels of deprivation and pain !efore they are cruelly transported and illed" @n addition tothe terri!le treatment of domesecrated animals, countless num!ers of free&living animals are displaced

and illed !ecause of the destruction of rainforests and any other area into hich profita!le gra2ing, feed&grain, and fodder production can !e e*panded" @n addition to the distress and trauma each individual

endures under the 0e*ploitative 1'Gforces of capital,0 more than 1;,$$$ entire species of otheranimals are threatened ith e*tinction, and 1,8#B are critically endangered" 148This impact on

free&living animals is greatly e*acer!ated !y the effects of glo!al arming" As a result of climate change,a team of international scientists predicts 18 to %G percent of all the species on the earth could !ecome e*&

1'I tinct !y #$8$" Tens of thousands of other animals also are illed each year !ecause they are seen as

interfering ith the ma*imi2ation of ranching profits" @n 6ust the United .tates, for e*ample, in 1IIG thegovernment transferred control of the U"." Animal amage Control 7rogram, created in 1I%1 to

e*terminate other animals considered to !e in6urious to estern ranch& ing enterprises, from the

epartment of the @nterior to the agri!usiness& promoting epartment of Agriculture? the program as

renamed "Wild-life .ervices"0 espite its slogan 0iving ith Wildlife" in #$$B alone the agency usedmethods such as trapping, snaring, poisoning, and aerial gunning to ill more than five million other

animals4including prairie dogs, !o!cats, !ears, cougars, olves, !adgers, coyotes, fo*es, mountain

lions, opossums, raccoons, suns, !eavers, porcupines, !lac!irds, and 18$starlings"9hile dreadful,

domesecration&related outcomes for humanity are fore& seen sometime in the not&too&distant future, for

the rest of the inha!itants of the earth4especially domesecrated animals4the orst scenario is

already here" omesecrated and free&living animals ere inha!itants of the earth for millions of years!efore their enslavement and e*termination !e& came deeply intertined ith human violence and

repression 6ust ten thousand years ago" Even if all of the harm done to the other inha!itants of the earthere not ine*trica!ly entangled ith other critical glo!al issues, the enslavement and illing of the other

inha!itants of the earth is morally unaccepta!le" Ten thousand years of such violence and harm is enough"

The alt shatters civil society as "e understand it and opens the possibility for a

fundamentally ne" "ay of understanding being in the "orld

ohnson (associate professor of sociology at University of Missouri)%%(Victoria, Everyday Rituals of the Master Race, in Critical Theory and Animal i!eration, pg" #1#)

To summari2e, speciesist !eliefs emerged after human !eings first too to organi2ing their

material culture around animal agriculture, some 11,$$$ years ago" @ have argued that this

shift in the mode of production resulted in the construction of a caste system that6ustified the placement of animals andsu!ordinate human groups (classified as slaves) in

service to superordinate human groups" Today, hoever, no that technological innovationprovides the potential for alternatives to the use of animal !odies for survival, our emo& tional connection

to animal su!6ectivity can come to the fore of societyHs consciousness in ays that ere not formerly

possi!le" Reorgani2ing the mode of production from one of animal e*ploitation to the use

of non&sentient alternatives provides the ontological potential for a radically ne humansu!6ectivity and relationship to the orld"


5/24

opportunity through technological innovation to eliminate the humanJ animal caste

system, together ith its ritualsof 0natural0 superiority and infe& riority that continue to

underpin se*ist, racist, classist, and other forms of stratification in the present$@n Mar*Hs thought, human freedom can only !e reali2ed once society is a!le to overcome the realm of

physical necessity" To flourish ontologically4to thin, to create, to live in harmony ith others, and

so forth4one must first !e a!le to eat"That is, communism could only emerge historically hen themode of production of society as sufficiently technologically developed to provide an e/uita!ledistri!ution of resources for all mem!ers of society" @ronically, the historical pathay to this level of

technological production, hence to li!eration, led through capitalism itself" After centuries of !rutality and

e*ploitation, capitalism ould eventually lay the groundor for radical societal transformation and

universal emancipation"Adapting Mar*, e might similarly argue that hereas the historical e*ploitation of animals !y humans4

once a necessity due to resource scarcity in different geographical environments4!ecame the eventual

pathay for hu& man physiological, intellectual, and technological development, today e no longer need

to dominate and ill other animals e have the technological potential to reorgani2e our

mode of production in such a ay that e can eliminate our violence against other

sentient creatures" @f this is indeed the case, hoever, it can also !e argued that !y foundingour societies on systemic violence against other animals, e distorted our on 0species

!eing0 in the process4in particular,!y deforming our 0human0 capacity for empathy forthe suffering of others ho have !een 0animali2ed"0

Our alt solves the af- only looking at the Zong in the context

o speciesism allows us to truly understand slavery!oberts (epartmentof 7hilosophy at .uffol County Community College)*(Mar, The Mar of the -east animality and human oppression, pg" ;;&G)

These atrocities have, as one may sense, distinct comparisons to the ship& ping of livestoc4a point

made !y Mar6orie .piegel" er overall statement is /uite simple .laves ere treated lie animals,

!oth on their passage to the Americas and during the full course of their enforced visit"er 0dreaded com& parison0 ith regard to human slaves and animals is most effective hen she contrasts

the shipping of livestoc and that of slaves" ivestoc4steers, cattle, pigs, and so on4is shipped greatdistances from auction, to feeding yards, to another auction, and finally to the slaughterhouse"Typically,

livestoc may travel as much as #,$$$ miles, in cramped and a!ysmal conditions"The animals gener& ally

lose a great deal of !ody eight4as much as I percent4and are su!6ect to hat is commonly called

0shipping fever,0 of hich hundreds of thousands die 1;annually"!etter" Their living conditions ere, asnoted earlier, similarly deplora!le" The tight pacing, stress, and lac of nutritious food caused

considera!le eaen& ing and eight loss during the crossings" Most slaves ere fattened up again !efore

the auctions in hat ere usually referred to as slave&yards, hich is, of 1Gcourse, precisely hat

happens to feed cattle" 9ith no incentive to properly feed the cattle on the ay to slaughter, the process offattening is restricted to the feedlots attached to the slaughter facilities" Moreover, many slaves in transit

The 0livestoc0 cramped into the Atlantic slavers did not fare much died, like todays livestock, of

contagious diseases exacerbated by poor nutrition, unsanitary conditions, and, perhaps above all, dire

overcrowding.


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of chains, leg irons, stacing, handcuffs, cramped spaces, and penlie enclosures "To !e sure, this egregious a!use and e*ploitation of humans has spaned numerous and often disparate

e*planations and entreaties, including ones from such eminent figures as Mar*, -entham, and Mill" Most

e*planations of slavery, hoever, fail to fully account for the staggering disregard for human life

in the initial stages of American slavery" Even given the incentive to deliver as many hole slavesas possi!le, there ere still certain conditions created !y humans for other humans that made torture,

pain, disease, suffering, and in many cases the loss of life inevita!le and, orse, accepta!le" Theseconditions and acts, @ suggest, can !e fully understood only !y considering the devaluation of

the appropriated African slave to sheer animality" Theaforementioned Aristotelian

reduction of the slave to human property, and the su!se/uent e/uating of humans anddomesticated animals, figure significantly in this notion" @f the slave ere naturally

su!ordinate, lie the animal fated to serve its master, then hatever improved his or her

use&value ould !e seen as productive and nec& essary, regardless of the treatment anyindividual slave received" After all, as is the case ith the domestic animal, the !est results are notalays achieved !y indness" As a!solute su!ordinates, the African slaves could !e treated in

any ay necessary to provide the !est practical results, ith economic interests (i"e",!ringing in live rather than dead slaves) !eing the only mitigating concern"To ship cattle, pigs, chicens,

or any other domestic animals in comforta!le, spa& cious conditions, or to eep them in individual, ell&ventilated pens ould !e patently a!surd, as there is in this vie a!solutely no moral o!ligation to do so,

All of these ere, of course, the principal positions in hich slaves and it would be economically

impracticalwhat Aristotle, in his day, would probably have termed "unnatural."


7/24

Red AtlanticAlso Weaver 1 card talks a!out the lack o humanity or

"ative Americans which is a link- idk i you want to use it in

the !lock or 1nc

#ooking !ack at oppression o "ative Americans makes us

orget that we are currently invading and oppressing the non-

human animal

$use!ismo "o %ate (THE CONQUEST OF AMERICA? An Invasion THAT ISNOT OVER, http!!"""#$%s$&is'o#o)!$n!*a"!th$+on-%$st+o.+a'$ia+an+invasion+

that+is+not+ov$/

0$ 1o not $2$t $no%)h on th$ '$anin) an1 p%pos$ o. th$ "o1s 1$3n$ th$

E%op$an o*oni4ation o. th$ A'$ian ontin$nt as a on-%$st 'a5$s it a

.asinatin) .at, no&*$, $voativ$ o. va*%$s an1 po)$ss, "hi*$ a**in) it invasion

"o%*1 1$piv$ th$ '6th, han)in) it in 1$p*oa&*$ pa)$ o. h%'an histo6# In an%tsh$**, "h$n th$ E%op$ans a'$ into ontat "ith th$ n$" ontin$nt, a*$a16

pop%*at$1 $v$6"h$$, th$6 at$1 $7at*6 as in th$i ho'$*an1s, ov$po"$in) th$

"$a5 (Nativ$ A'$ians/, $*$)atin) th$' to th$ si1$*in$s, 1$pivin) th$' o.

$so%$s, ha&itats an1 in th$ $n1, a.t$ havin) $7t$'inat$1 o%nt*$ss, on3nin)

th$' in $s$v$s# So'$ti'$s th$6 sti** &oa1ast so'$ o. thos$ &!" 'ovi$s that t$**

o. &av$ A'$ian so*1i$s "ho .o%)ht a)ainst vio*$nt an1 sava)$ nativ$s this is

&$a%s$, si'p*6, 6$t in $$nt ti'$s it "as %s%a* %*t%a* h$ita)$ o. th$ "inn$

pa*$ .a$ that 1is$1it$1 th$ 1$.$at$1 $n$'6# Th$ 1i8$$n$ o'pa$1 to th$

'ost $$nt 'ovi$s is o&vio%s th$ 1iss$'ination o. in.o'ation, a *itt*$ han)$ in

th$ o**$tiv$ s$nsi&i*it6 an1 a s*i)ht 1op o. h6pois6 *$1 3na**6 to pota6 as &a1

th$ at%a* inva1$s an1 not th$ nativ$s# To1a6, A'$ian In1ians a$ no *on)$s%h, &%t 9 in th$ na'$ o. po*itia* o$tn$ss 9 hav$ &$o'$ th$ Nativ$

A'$ians an1 is no *on)$ .ashiona&*$ ins%*tin) th$i %sto's an1 histo6, &%t

ath$ is an on)oin) po$ss $stoativ$ si'i*a to "hat a$ $7p$i$nin) oth$

'inoiti$s in th$ U#S#, a*$a16 pass$1 tho%)h th$ sta)$s o. $7p*oitation,

1isi'ination an1, 3na**6, int$)ation# O. o%s$, th$ %*t%a* $+$va*%ation 1o$s not

*$a1 to an6 $.%n1 o. .at th$ 1$s$n1ants o. E%op$ans hav$ not a&an1on$1 an6

o. th$ *an1s o%pi$1 &6 th$i an$stos an1 In1ian $s$v$s a$ 'o$ *i5$ s'a**

)o%p o. nativ$s, $v$n in aavans, s$**in) )a1)$ts o.t$n i1i%*$1 to &$ (at%a**6 o

h6poth$tia**6/ 'an%.at%$1 in China# Th$ $p$ssion o. thos$ p$op*$s in h%'ans

is a *in$ o. ontin%it6 "ith that $thia* pinip*$ that h%'an &$in) n$v$ 1$ni$1 th$

*a" o. th$ ston)$st# :$s, that ($a* o i'a)ina6/ *$7 nat%a*is that th$ *a"sint$n1$1 to ov$%*$# 0hi*$ "$ "$$ inva1in) th$ A'$ian ontin$nt 1i1 not hav$

in 'in1 o in th$ h$at an6 hat$1 o. th$ nativ$s, o &ison o .o$sts o )ass*an1s

that "$nt -%i5*6 1$sto6$1 "hi*$ "$ "$$ %sin) to o% a1vanta)$ on th$ onta6,

"$ "$$ si'p*6 a&%sin) a** at th$ sa'$ so that th$6 "$$ p*ant, ani'a* o h%'an

&$in)s# To1a6 "$ an sp$a5 o. ais', sp$i$sis', s$7is' an1 1$p$at$ a** th$s$

ph$no'$na, p$haps $v$n &6 appoahin) $7t$'inat$1 (as sp$io%s/

ps6ho*o)ia* (o ps$%1o/ sp$%*ation, &%t th$ o*1 t%th is that th$6 a$ on*6


8/24

s6'pto's o. a '%h 1$$p$ po&*$', "hih is $p$s$nt$1 &6 o% inh$$nt s$ns$ o.

s%p$ioit6 an1 in1i8$$n$ to"a1s $v$6thin) that is 1i8$$nt .o' %s# Th$

invasion o. A'$ia is n$v$ 3nish$1, &%t '$$*6 $7pan1$1 on a )*o&a* sa*$ an6

h%'an &$in) "ho ta5$s 'ost o. "hat 6o% n$$1 to *iv$ is an inva1$, o'pa$1 to

th$ p$$s, an1 to non+h%'an ani'a*s ; $nvion'$nt# 0$ onsi1$ o%s$*v$s 'ast$s

o. a** that an not oppos$ to o% "i**, &$a%s$ in o% *i'itations "$ hav$ not 6$t%n1$stoo1 that th$$ is nothin) a&so*%t$ an1 i''%ta&*$ as th$ on$pt o. pop$t6

that "$ hav$ ati3ia**6 $at$1 "ith th$ *a"s, an1 "ho vain*6 p%s%$ a 1ai*6 &asis#

On*6 a *itt*$ "hi*$ a)o o% %*t%$ "as sti** paisin) th$ 1$st%tion an1 $7p*oitation

as a s6'&o* o. po"$ an1 1$v$*op'$nt# To1a6 "$ &$)in to s%))$st to 'ana)$

"is$*6 in o1$ to &$tt$ $7p*oit# Unti* "$ *$an to $sp$t &$a%s$ it is i)ht

(inst$a1 o. "h6 it 'a5$s s$ns$ / th$ "ho*$ "o*1 "i** &$ on$, h%)$, A'$ia, an1

"$ its inva1$s#

The &mpact is 'andemic, colonialism, structural violence, international "ar, environmental

collapse and the unimaginable slaughter of (( billion sentient beings every years

Nibert (professor of .ociology at 9itten!erg University)%)

(avid A", A3@MA F77RE..@F3 A3 UMA3 V@FE3CE, pg" #8%&G)

This comparative historical analysis shos that the e*ploitation of large num!ers ofdomesecrated animals, a practice initially developed in Eurasia, ena!led and promoted large&

scale violencein many regions of the orld" The use of domesecrated animals as instruments of ar,as la!orers, and as rations and other resources facilitated arfare that as much more e*tensive than it

could have !een in the a!sence of animal e*ploi& tation" And, as a result of croding other animals

closely together, infectious 2oonotic diseases mutated, spread, and eventually caused the

deaths of countless humans and other animalshile also eaening the resistance of

populations ho ere !eing invaded, in many cases for the e*& pansion of ranching operations" 9hilethis enormous level of violence and death as enabled!y domesecration, it also as

driven!y this process, as the possession of large num!ers of horses, cos, pigs, sheep,

goats, and other animals !ecame desira!le as an important source of ealth"


9/24

disproportionately controlled !y the most affluent and poerful4as made possi!le !y elitesH control of

the state and !y ideological legitimation" The ideology supporting the large&scale violence generated !y

domesecration included .ocial arinist theory and religious and philosophically !aced specie& sism,

ideas promoted at the time !y such scholars as 3athaniel .outhgate .haler and


10/24

@n the tenty&first century, the destruction caused !y the e*ploitation of domesecrated

animals as food does not tae the form of plundering and !urning cities, as in the days

ofChinggis :han or the con/uistadors" oever, the relentless /uest for the land, ater, and energynecessary to maintain enormous num!ers of oppressed other ani& mals plunders the environment and

these life&sustaining resources" The unsustaina!le and destructive4not to mention horrifically

violent4 e*ploitation of groing num!ers of domesecrated animals as food andresources is on course to create a scarcity of resources that ill lead to international

arfare" @n #$$B, the director&general of the 9orld ealth Frgani2ation stated that the most serious

threats to international security ere food shortages, climate change, and an influen2apandemic"To !e thorough, the director&general should have included in that list the depletion of orldsupplies of fresh ater, topsoil, and fossil fuel" The trauma and loss of life that ould !e

produced !y scarcity&driven conflict and arfare hardly can !e calculated" And it seems

certain that indige& nous peoples, the poor, and the devalued ill suffer the most" eeply

entangled ith the violence, disease, and deprivation currently confronting the human species4and the

looming riss of scarcity&driven arfare and an influen2a pandemic4is the treatment of

domesecrated manimals around the orld" Every year, more than fifty&five !illionsentient !eings4cos, chicens, pigs, and other animals4e*perience enormous levels of

deprivation and pain !efore they are cruelly transported and illed " @n addition to the terri!letreatment of domesecrated animals, countless num!ers of free&living animals are displaced and illed

!ecause of the destruction of rainforests and any other area into hich profita!le gra2ing, feed&grain, andfodder production can !e e*panded" @n addition to the distress and trauma each individual endures under

the 0e*ploitative 1'Gforces of capital,0 more than 1;,$$$ entire species of other animals are

threatened ith e*tinction, and 1,8#B are critically endangered" 148This impact on free&livinganimals is greatly e*acer!ated !y the effects of glo!al arming" As a result of climate change, a team ofinternational scientists predicts 18 to %G percent of all the species on the earth could !ecome e*& 1'I tinct

!y #$8$" Tens of thousands of other animals also are illed each year !ecause they are seen as interfering

ith the ma*imi2ation of ranching profits" @n 6ust the United .tates, for e*ample, in 1IIG the government

transferred control of the U"." Animal amage Control 7rogram, created in 1I%1 to e*terminate otheranimals considered to !e in6urious to estern ranch& ing enterprises, from the epartment of the @nterior

to the agri!usiness& promoting epartment of Agriculture? the program as renamed "Wild-life.ervices"0 espite its slogan 0iving ith Wildlife" in #$$B alone the agency used methods such as

trapping, snaring, poisoning, and aerial gunning to ill more than five million other animals4includingprairie dogs, !o!cats, !ears, cougars, olves, !adgers, coyotes, fo*es, mountain lions, opossums,

raccoons, suns, !eavers, porcupines, !lac!irds, and 18$starlings"9hile dreadful, domesecration&

related outcomes for humanity are fore& seen sometime in the not&too&distant future, for the rest of the

inha!itants of the earth4especially domesecrated animals4the orst scenario is already here"omesecrated and free&living animals ere inha!itants of the earth for millions of years !efore their

enslavement and e*termination !e& came deeply intertined ith human violence and repression 6ust ten

thousand years ago" Even if all of the harm done to the other inha!itants of the earth ere not ine*trica!ly

entangled ith other critical glo!al issues, the enslavement and illing of the other inha!itants of the earthis morally unaccepta!le" Ten thousand years of such violence and harm is enough"


fundamentally ne" "ay of understanding being in the "orldohnson (associate professor of sociology at University of Missouri)%%(Victoria, Everyday Rituals of the Master Race, in Critical Theory and Animal i!eration, pg" #1#)



shift in the mode of production resulted in the construction of a caste system that6ustified the placement of animals andsu!ordinate human groups (classified as slaves) in


11/24




of non&sentient alternatives provides the ontological potential for a radically ne human

su!6ectivity and relationship to the orld" ain n%tition sp$ia*ist Cao* Si'ontahi "ot$ in

DDD, ao1in) to th$ Mona*1=s N%tition Fats, th$ hi*1=s so.t+1in5 potion is

t"$*v$ o%n$s, an1 th$ s'a** si4$ is si7t$$n o%n$s# Th$ hi*1=s s$vin) o. Coa+Co*a


12/24

C*assi ontains n$a*6 t$n t$aspoons o. s%)a# O% %n'in1.%* ons%'ption is not

on*6 ha'in) o% o"n h$a*th in th$ U#S#< "$ a$ s%ppotin) th$ pain, s%8$in), an1

%*t%a* )$noi1$ o. thos$ "hos$ *an1 an1 p$op*$ "$ hav$ $ns*av$1 an1!o

$7p*oit$1 .o '$at as "$** as s%os$, o8$$, &*a5 t$a, an1 hoo*at$, too# Un*$ss

6o% a11itiv$ s%&stan$s a$ *a&$*$1 .ai ta1$ an1 $ti3$1 o)ani, th$6 a$

'ost *i5$*6 s%ppotin) a o'pan6 that pa6s p$op*$ *$ss than th$6 n$$1 to *iv$ o8,to "o5 on p*antations that %s$ to7i p$stii1$s an1!o pohi&it th$ i)ht to o)ani4$

.o th$i o"n h%'an i)hts# Ta5$ a *oo5 at 6o% 1i$t an1 th$ in)$1i$nts o.

$v$6thin) 6o% p%t in 6o% 'o%th# Is 6o% h$a*th s%8$in) &$a%s$ o. 6o% a11ition

to s%)a? Is 6o% a11ition a%sin) s%8$in) an1 $7p*oitation tho%san1s o. 'i*$s

a"a6 on a s%)a+an$ p*antation, n$a a to"n that s%8$s .o' hi)h at$s o. pov$t6

an1 %n1$no%ish'$nt si'p*6 &$a%s$ that *an1 )o"s o% 1op$ inst$a1 o. *oa*

)ains an1 po1%$ .o th$'? I "on1$, has A'$ia on.%s$1 o% a11itiv$

ons%'ption ha&its "ith &$in) ivi*i4$1? Th$ >itish "ho sipp$1 th$i s%)a6 t$as

onsi1+ $$1 th$'s$*v$s ivi*i4$1, 1$spit$ th$ tot%$ an1 s*av$6 it too5 to )$t that

"hit$ s%)a into th$i t$a %ps, a*on) "ith th$ otton an1 to&ao th$6 %s$1#

Co**$tiv$*6, 'a6&$ "$ in th$ U#S a$ too a11it$1 to s$$ *$a*6, to s$$ past th$

n$7t 37# This a11itiv$ &$havio has o%$1 .o $nt%i$s# Sa1*6, thos$ "ho "$$

oi)ina**6 $ns*av$1 to hav$st s%)a an$ (A.ians an1 in1i)$no%s A'$ians/ a$

no" $ns*av$1 in '%*tip*$ "a6s as ons%'$s o. s%os$, ho'on$+in$t$1

po$ss$1 '$at an1 1ai6 po1%ts, an1 %n5 .oo1# This $ns*av$1 pa*at$Ba*on) "ith

oth$ n%titiona**6 1$a1 .oo1s s%h as &*$ah$1 "hit$ 2o% an1 patia**6

h61o)$nat$1 oi*Bhas h$*p$1 to .ost$ an astono'ia* is$ in h$a*th 1ispaiti$s

(o&$sit6, h$at 1is$as$, 1ia&$t$s/ in A.ian+A'$ian o''%niti$s that .a $7$$1

th$ h$a*th statistis o. "hit$ A'$ia# Statistia**6, >*a5 .o*5 a$ .a si5$ than

"hit$ A'$ians# Un.ot%nat$*6, instit%+ tiona*i4$1 ais' an1 th$ s*av$ h$a*th+

1$3it, "hih a$ 'ani.$stations o. th$ in$-%iti$s o. >*a5 s*av$6 in A'$ia, a$

5$6 $asons "h6 so 'an6 >*a5 p$op*$ st%))*$ 1ai*6 to )$t a$ss to pop$ h$a*th

in.o'ation, .oo1, an1 $so%$s to 'aintain opti'a* "$**n$ss# H$a*th 1ispaiti$s

&$t"$$n >*a5 an1 "hit$ A'$ians a$ on$ o. th$ "ost *$)ai$s o. s*av$6 an1

o*onia*is'# This is "h6 o'passionat$ an1 $nvion'$nta**6 s%staina&*$ h$a*th an1

n%titiona* pati$s '%st &$ pat o. o% antiaist an1 antipov$t6 pa7is in o% o"n

3)ht a)ainst th$ ontin%$1 o*oni4ation o. o% >*a5 an1 &o"n &o1i$s an1 th$

$os6st$'# I. in >*a5 A'$ia, h$a*th an1 n%tition a$ sti** s%8$in) &$a%s$ o.

instit%tiona* ais' an1 o*onia*is', "$ sho%*1 &$ th$ 3st p$op*$ to "ant to

p$v$nt this .o' happ$nin) to an6on$ $*s$ "ho is no" on th$ $$ivin) $n1 o.

A'$ian a11ition an1 'at$ia*is'+in1%$1 n$oo*onia*+ is', n$o+s*av$6, an1

n$o+i'p$ia*is' in th$ 1$v$*opin) "o*1# This '$ans s%ppotin) o% in1i)$no%s

o%sins in th$ topia* .o$st, Coa+Co*a .ato6 "o5$s in atin A'$ia, an1

$7p*oit$1 an1 a&%s$1 an$ s%)a hav$st$s in th$ o'inian R$p%&*i, &$a%s$,

6$s, "$ >*a5, &o"n, an1 "o5in) poo A'$ian .o*5 "$$ in si'i*a positions

"h$n "$ "$$ $ns*av$1 .o E%op$an s%)a, spi$, an1 otton a11itions, as th$6

a$ no"# I as5 6o% to $nvision that 6o% a$ a s*av$ in th$ GDDs, on an A'$ian

p*antation# Ho" "o%*1 6o% .$$*, a.t$ 6o% "i.$ o son ha1 %st &$$n so*1 an1 6o%=$

s%8$in) .o' $'otiona* an1 ph6sia* ta%'a, "h$n thos$ "ho &$n$3t .o' 6o%

s*av$ *a&o t$** 6o% that th$6 1on=t a$ a&o%t 6o% pain an1 a)on6 &$a%s$ th$i

a11ition to s%)a, h$ap otton, an1 to&ao is "oth 'o$ than 6o%? This is a


13/24

s$io%s -%$stion, &$a%s$ th$ sa'$ an &$ app*i$1 to1a6, $7$pt no" 6o% "o%*1 &$

as5$1 th$ sa'$ -%$stion &6 a p*antation "o5$ in th$ )*o&a* So%th hav$stin)

s%)a, ooa, o8$$, o otton .o 6o%# Th$ ti'$ is no"# 0$ '%st $7t$n1 o%

antiaist an1 antipov$t6 &$*i$.s to a** p$op*$, non+ h%'an ani'a*s, an1 Moth$

aia# :$s, %n*$ss th$ an$ s%)a 6o% a$ ons%'in) is *a&$*$1 o)ani (as "$** as

.ai ta1$/, o% o**$tiv$ ov$ons%'ption o. an1 a11ition to an$ s%)a a*soh$*ps 1$sto6Bnot n%t%$BMoth$ aia=s $os6st$'# Jhospho%s+*a1$n .$ti*+ i4$s

that %n o8 th$ s%)a 3$*1s 1$sto6 th$ *an1 an1 "at$#

A& no!le savage( &he no!le savage idea is a complete myth

)ec*kis ++(Kan, A'$ian a%tho o. NoahLs A5 A .$asi&i*it6 st%16 an1 a%tho.o th$ Instit%t$ .o C$ation R$s$ah, >#A# in $o*o)6, !!G, Fo th$ Jo*itia**6

Ino$t Th$ Anti+>i&*ia* No&*$ Sava)$ H6poth$sis R$.%t$1,

http!!"""#a$#o)!p1.!sava)$#p1./

Mo$ .%n1a'$nta**6, ho"$v$, $nvion'$nta*ist a%sations a)ainst th$ >i&*$ an

&$ ans"$$1 &6 at%a**6 $7a'inin) th$ *iv$s o. pi'itiv$ p$op*$s# Sin$ s%h

p$op*$s hav$ %s%a**6 not &$$n in2%$n$1 &6 th$ >i&*$, on$ 'i)ht s%ppos$ that

th$6 *iv$ in a nat%a* stat$ o. p$a$.%* o$7ist$n$ an1 ha'on6 "ith th$i

$nvion'$nt# A $$nt st%16 (A*va1 GP/ asts 1o%&t on this vi$"# A.t$ itin) a

n%'&$ o. $a*i$ st%1i$s "hih 1$'onstat$ that a&oi)ina* p$op*$s 1o not

.%ntion "ith an attit%1$ to"a1s th$ ons$vation o. nat%$, A*va1 $7a'in$1 th$

Jio In1ians o. A'a4onian J$%# H$ .o%n1 that th$i h%ntin) is )%i1$1, not &6 an6

p$+Chistian $v$$n$ .o nat%$, &%t on*6 &6 th$i i''$1iat$ patia* n$$1s#

F%th$'o$, A*va1 "ans a)ainst on.%sin) on$=s $*ativ$ ina&i*it6 to ha' th$

$nvion'$nt (&$a%s$ o. pi'itiv$ t$hno*o)6/ "ith a 1$*i&$at$ hoi$ to avoi1

ha'in) it That th$s$ )o%ps *iv$ "ithin th$ *i'its o. th$i $nvion'$nt is $vi1$n$

that so'$ sot o. appa$nt $-%i*i&i%' has &$$n ahi$v$1# Ho"$v$, as 1is%ss$1

a&ov$, s%h a i%'stan$ 1o$s not at$ th$ h%nt$s th$ *a&$* o.

ons$vationists# # # # Th$ app$aan$ o. &a*an$ &$t"$$n ta1itiona* nativ$

)o%ps an1 th$i $nvion'$nt has 'o$ to 1o "ith *o" pop%*ation 1$nsiti$s, *a5

o. 'a5$ts, an1 *i'it$1 t$hno*o)6 than it 1o$s "ith an6 nat%a* ha'onio%s

$*ationship "ith nat%$# (p# P/#
http://www.rae.org/pdf/savage.pdfhttp://www.rae.org/pdf/savage.pdf


14/24

%rexciyansSubordinating history subordinates the historical oppression of animals

'ugliese (an Associate 7rofessor of Cultural .tudies at Mac/uarie University, .ydney) %)(5oseph, .tate Violence and the E*ecution of a, pg" ##;)

I *os$ this &oo5 on a not$ o. t$n%o%s hop$ pinn$1 to th$ on$pt o. th$ $%o+

anthopo$nti 3)%$ o. ;th$ h%'anL as a tansito6 post%*at$# As I $'a5$1

a&ov$, a post%*at$ is insi&$1 "ith th$ .o$ o. th$ a7io', as that a pioi that

aspi$s to 1$t$'in$ "hat is to o'$# A post%*at$, ho"$v$, a*so si)ni3$s a *ai' o

ass$tion that has &$$n ass%'$1 "itho%t poo.# ;Th$ h%'an,L as $%o+

anthopo$nti onst%t, $'$)$s as that &$in) that has o)ani4$1 th$ $ath an1

its *i.$ .o's on th$ %n.o%n1$1 pinip*$ o. an ass%'$1 s%p$ioit6, vio*$nt*6

s$%$1 tho%)h th$ $as$*$ss 1$p*o6'$nt o. &iopo*itia* a$s%a$# I ontast this

"ith a n%'&$ o. In1i)$no%s %*t%$s that ha**$n)$ th$ anthopo$nti 1isti&%+

tion o. *i.$ aoss sp$i$sist hi$ahi$s an1 that $.%s$ th$ vio*$n$ o. &iopo*itia*

1ivisions &6 on$pt%a*i4in) $*ations &$t"$$n h%'ans an1 $v$6thin) in nat%$ in

int$onstit%tiv$ an1 int$s%&$tiv$ "a6s#GD Th$ v$6 sp$i$sist appaat%s 9

1is%siv$, %i1ia* an1 phi*osophia* 9 that has "o5$1 to onstit%t$ th$ $%o+

anthopo$nti 3)%$ o. ;th$ h%'anL has &$$n inst%'$nta* in po1%in) an1

1$'aatin) a** thos$ oth$ sava)$+ani'a* s%&$ts!o&$ts that ontin%$ to 3)%$

as its inv$s$# Un'as5$1 as a tansito6 post%*at$, "itho%t 1%$ poo. o. its ass%'$1

s%p$ioit6 )iv$n th$ $7o&itan$ o. its %n$thia* 1$'an1s an1 th$ $no'it6 o. th$

vio*$n$ it visits %pon th$ *i.$ o. th$ p*an$t, th$ $%o+anthopo$nti 3)%$ o. ;th$

h%'anL $'$)$s as a 3)%$ )$n$at$1 &6 th$ ontin)$n6 o. )$opo*itia*, histoia*

an1 1is%siv$ 1$t$'inations# Con$pt%a*i4in) ;th$ h%'anL as a tansito6

post%*at$ $sta&*ish$s th$ possi&i*it6 o. &$)innin) th$ 1i%*t "o5 o. $n1$in) this

$%o+anthopo$nti 3)%$ p$1iat$1 on th$ vio*$n$ o. &iopo*itia* a$s%a$

inop$ativ$# It op$ns th$ possi&i*it6 to $sta&*ish $thia* $*ations "ith thos$ v$6s%&$ts an1 $ntiti$s that hav$ &$$n o%t*a"$1 .o' th$ )o%n1 o. th$ $thia*#

The impact is 'andemic, colonialism, structural violence, international "ar, environmental

collapse and the unimaginable slaughter of (( billion sentient beings every years

Nibert (professor of .ociology at 9itten!erg University)%)(avid A", A3@MA F77RE..@F3 A3 UMA3 V@FE3CE, pg" #8%&G)

This comparative historical analysis shos that the e*ploitation of large num!ers of

domesecrated animals, a practice initially developed in Eurasia, ena!led and promoted large&

scale violencein many regions of the orld" The use of domesecrated animals as instruments of ar,as la!orers, and as rations and other resources facilitated arfare that as much more e*tensive than it

could have !een in the a!sence of animal e*ploi& tation" And, as a result of croding other animals

closely together, infectious 2oonotic diseases mutated, spread, and eventually caused the

deaths of countless humans and other animalshile also eaening the resistance of

populations ho ere !eing invaded, in many cases for the e*& pansion of ranching operations" 9hile

this enormous level of violence and death as enabled!y domesecration, it also as

driven!y this process, as the possession of large num!ers of horses, cos, pigs, sheep,

goats, and other animals !ecame desira!le as an important source of ealth"


15/24

groups of other animals? over time, pastoralism devel& oped into ranching, as many domesecrated animals

came to !e raised primarily for sale" The violent and oppressive use of domesecrated ani& mals

as deeply entangled ith the e*periences of people ho ere con& /uered and hadtheir land e*propriated for pasture" This entanglement also included the free&living animals hoere displaced or illed so they ould not threaten or interfere ith pastoralist or ranching operations"

Fver the course of history, it as mainly the social and economic elites ho possessed large num!ers of

domesecrated animals, as such territorial holdings re/uired a great deal of military poer to gain andeep and to stave off raiders" The violence and carnage that domesecration produced un/uestiona!ly

played a role in the development of militaristic, elite& dominated, patriarchal cultures and states"

omesecration, ith its accompanying violence and culture of oppression, as forced on theAmericas, ith devastating conse/uences" The !loodshed and plunder in atin America

made possi!le !y domesecration and the eventually resulting enclosure of the commons

in Europe for sheep ranching ere essential for the rise of the capitalist system and the

ensuing imperialist policies and practices" Much of the violence perpe& trated !y leaders ofindustriali2ing capitalist nations in the nineteenth century thus as either caused !y the e*propriation of

land for ranching or ena!led !y the e*ploitation of ranched animals" @ndigenous people throughout

the orld suffered death, displacement, e*ploitation, and hunger" @n the nineteenth century,as in earlier times, the material gain gener& ated from dornesecration&related violence4ealth

disproportionately controlled !y the most affluent and poerful4as made possi!le !y elitesH control ofthe state and !y ideological legitimation" The ideology supporting the large&scale violence generated !y

domesecration included .ocial arinist theory and religious and philosophically !aced specie& sism,

ideas promoted at the time !y such scholars as 3athaniel .outhgate .haler and


16/24

of land for profita!le feed&grain production" Today, hundreds of millions of indigenous and otherdevalued people are landless, impoverished, exploited, and hungry, and the land they once occupied

and used to feed themselves is devoted to raising domesecrated animals and producing feed grain $

The multiple environmental and pu!lic health conse/uences of groing num!ers of CA


17/24

prairie dogs, !o!cats, !ears, cougars, olves, !adgers, coyotes, fo*es, mountain lions, opossums,




enslavement and e*termination !e& came deeply intertined ith human violence and repression 6ust ten

thousand years ago" Even if all of the harm done to the other inha!itants of the earth ere not ine*trica!lyentangled ith other critical glo!al issues, the enslavement and illing of the other inha!itants of the earthis morally unaccepta!le" Ten thousand years of such violence and harm is enough"






shift in the mode of production resulted in the construction of a caste system that

6ustified the placement of animals andsu!ordinate human groups (classified as slaves) in





su!6ectivity and relationship to the orld"


18/24


made !y Mar6orie .piegel" er overall statement is /uite simple .laves ere treated lie animals,

!oth on their passage to the Americas and during the full course of their enforced visit"er 0dreaded com& parison0 ith regard to human slaves and animals is most effective hen she contraststhe shipping of livestoc and that of slaves" ivestoc4steers, cattle, pigs, and so on4is shipped great

distances from auction, to feeding yards, to another auction, and finally to the slaughterhouse"Typically,

livestoc may travel as much as #,$$$ miles, in cramped and a!ysmal conditions"The animals gener& allylose a great deal of !ody eight4as much as I percent4and are su!6ect to hat is commonly called0shipping fever,0 of hich hundreds of thousands die 1;annually"!etter" Their living conditions ere, as

noted earlier, similarly deplora!le" The tight pacing, stress, and lac of nutritious food caused

considera!le eaen& ing and eight loss during the crossings" Most slaves ere fattened up again !efore

the auctions in hat ere usually referred to as slave&yards, hich is, of 1Gcourse, precisely hathappens to feed cattle" 9ith no incentive to properly feed the cattle on the ay to slaughter, the process of

fattening is restricted to the feedlots attached to the slaughter facilities" Moreover, many slaves in transit

The 0livestoc0 cramped into the Atlantic slavers did not fare much died, like todays livestock, of


overcrowding.


19/24

ounter-memorialismThey fundamentally ignore all other violence that has happened in history anti-blackness

fails to explain the massacres of Messenians by the Spartans, Native Americans by the

Spanish, the Chinese by the apanese, !oma and e"s by the #ermans every one of these

are emblematic of the eternal ontological division bet"een human and animal and thatevery one of these deaths matter and should be mourned$

ohnson (associate professor of sociology at University of Missouri)%%(Victoria, Everyday Rituals of the Master Race, in Critical Theory and Animal i!eration, pg" #$%&')

istory is littered ith episodes of the !rutal e*ploitation and murder of groups that

have !een portrayed as su!human animals and therefore not de& serving of the moral and legal

protections of human !eings" +oing !ac as far as %$$ -CE, .partans turned the nely

con/uered Messenians into a slave& serf class through rituals of su!ordination that

re/uired the Messenians to ear 0dog sins0to dance hile drun to humiliate themselves, and

to !e 1hunted in an annual ar the .partans declared on them" More recent e*am& ples of the

0animali2ation0 of human !eings can !e found throughout the co& lonial period, for

instance in the European characteri2ation of 3ative Ameri& cans as 0ild !easts,0 a vie

early .panish e*plorers adopted as they massacred entire tons, including omen, children,and the elderly40not only sta!!ing and dismem!ering0 (de las Casas later descri!ed) 0!ut

cutting them to pieces #as if dealing ith sheep in the slaughter house"0African human

!eings too ere treated 0lie animals04!randed, mu22led, collared, !red, paced into small

enclosures for transportation, and sold at slave marets modeled after %cattle marets".imilarly, in the East, the 5apanese characteri2ed the Chinese as su!human and 0animal0&

lie to 6ustify the coloni2ation of China and its inha!itants in the early tentiethcentury" Thus the 5apanese soldier ho , later descri!ing ho he felt pushing Chinese

prisoners into a pit and setting them ' on fire, said that it as 0identical to hen he

slaughtered pigs"07erhaps the !est&non episode of the dehumani2ation4hich is to say, animali2ation4of human

populations as the 3a2i e*termination of 5es dur& 8 ing 9orld 9ar To" .cholars seeing to

understand ho engaging in acts of dehumani2ation 0made sense0 to the perpetrators of atrocities have

focused es pecially on the cultural narratives used !y the 3a2is to rationali2e their violence" According to

:enneth -ure, itlers ar rhetoric constructed 5es through a 0devil0 function that unified those hoconstituted a!solute good in opposition to those ho constituted a!solute evil, and ho hence ere

!eyond moral re& ;demption" The more recent or of 3ot surprisingly these forms of

linguistic violence included numerous animal representations" -oth -ure and Rash reveal a dualisminteroven in itlers rhetoric !eteen Aryans and 0su!ordinate0 !eings4specifically the 5es? hose

very nature as seen as !eing so fundamentally different from the 0su& perordinate0 Aryans as to

constitute a separate species" @n Mein :ampf, itler depicts 5es as !eing !iologically inferior as una!le

to produce culture, as lac& ing souls, as !eing less intelligent, and as !eing physically and mentally

eaer than the 0master race"0 The latter term might as easily have !een 0the master Bspecies"0 And infact, itler occasionally used the term 0species0 interchangea!ly ith 0race 0 in Mein

:ampf"

.uch e*amples could !e multiplied" -ut there is another dimension to the 0animali2ation0 of human

personsthat is often overlooed4namely, that the poer of such animal metaphors depends on a

prior cultural understanding of other animals themselves, as !eings ho are !y naturea!6ect, degraded, and hence orthy of e*termination" @n fact, on e*amination e find that 3a2inar& ratives 6ustifying the domination of human su!ordinates are striingly similar to !eliefs a!out


20/24

animals that are idely held to this day, !eliefs that human !eings use to 6ustify the e*ploitation and

illing of nonhuman !eings"


21/24

declined, the num!ers of domesecrated animals e*& ploited for food increased" Tens of millions of

humans and other animals suffered from the deadly influen2a pandemic of 1I1B4a disaster that ould !e

lined to domesecrated animals only decades later" Fver the course of the tentieth century, the num!er

and si2e of !usi& nesses involved in the e*ploitation of domesecrated animals4especially as food4greenormously and coalesced into the animal&industrial com& ple*, hose synergy drove a huge e*pansion of

the domesecrated animal& !ased food industry" 7u!licly su!sidi2ed feed&grain production, emerging fast&

food companies, state agricultural colleges, and related forces gre along ith radio and television

technology, and the pu!lic as e*horted to consume" As mass consumption of fast food and a

diet !ased on do& mesecrated animals gre in the United .tates, so did the level of

structural violence, as people died prematurely from the chronic diseases as& sociated ith eatingother animals" The production of enormous amounts of 0meat0 and related products created other neharms, including through the transformation of ranch& ing processes to intensive and fre/uently confined

operations" As the sheer num!ers of domesecrated animals clim!ed4and as their suffering increased

e*ponentially4enormous supplies of fresh ater and topsoil for feed production ere needed" And in the

tentieth century, profita!le ranching relied not 6ust on ater and land, as it had for thousands of years,!ut no also !ecame e/ually dependent on oil.@n the tentieth century, people in the United .tates sa

little of the direct violence generated !y land e*propriation, such as had facilitated capitalist development

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries" o& ever, U"." policy in atin America generated anenormous level of such violence there" The decision of U"." leaders to promote

capitalist e*pan& sion in the region, in part!y increasing 0!eef e*ports, resulted in large&scale violence and the predicta!le poverty and e*ploitation for the dis& possessed " iecountless others !efore them ho ere displaced !y the e*pansion of ranching operations, many of thedisplaced in atin America !ecame e*ploita!le orers4increasingly for transnational corpora& tions" As

in the past, the e*pansion of ranching in the region and the appropriation of farmland for

pasture caused a decline in the cultivation of mai2e and !eans in the region, hichincreased hunger and malnutri& tion" This decereali2ation also as facilitated !y the increasing useof land for profita!le feed&grain production" Today, hundreds of millions of indigenous and otherdevalued people are landless, impoverished, exploited, and hungry, and the land they once occupied

and used to feed themselves is devoted to raising domesecrated animals and producing feed grain $

The multiple environmental and pu!lic health conse/uences of groing num!ers of CA


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arfare" @n #$$B, the director&general of the 9orld ealth Frgani2ation stated that the most serious

threats to international security ere food shortages, climate change, and an influen2a

pandemic"To !e thorough, the director&general should have included in that list the depletion of orld

supplies of fresh ater, topsoil, and fossil fuel" The trauma and loss of life that ould !e

produced !y scarcity&driven conflict and arfare hardly can !e calculated" And it seems

certain that indige& nous peoples, the poor, and the devalued ill suffer the most" eeplyentangled ith the violence, disease, and deprivation currently confronting the human species4and the

looming riss of scarcity&driven arfare and an influen2a pandemic4is the treatment of

domesecrated manimals around the orld" Every year, more than fifty&five !illionsentient !eings4cos, chicens, pigs, and other animals4e*perience enormous levels of

deprivation and pain !efore they are cruelly transported and illed " @n addition to the terri!letreatment of domesecrated animals, countless num!ers of free&living animals are displaced and illed

!ecause of the destruction of rainforests and any other area into hich profita!le gra2ing, feed&grain, and

fodder production can !e e*panded" @n addition to the distress and trauma each individual endures under

the 0e*ploitative 1'Gforces of capital,0 more than 1;,$$$ entire species of other animals are

threatened ith e*tinction, and 1,8#B are critically endangered" 148This impact on free&livinganimals is greatly e*acer!ated !y the effects of glo!al arming" As a result of climate change, a team of

international scientists predicts 18 to %G percent of all the species on the earth could !ecome e*& 1'I tinct!y #$8$" Tens of thousands of other animals also are illed each year !ecause they are seen as interfering

ith the ma*imi2ation of ranching profits" @n 6ust the United .tates, for e*ample, in 1IIG the government

transferred control of the U"." Animal amage Control 7rogram, created in 1I%1 to e*terminate otheranimals considered to !e in6urious to estern ranch& ing enterprises, from the epartment of the @nterior

to the agri!usiness& promoting epartment of Agriculture? the program as renamed "Wild-life

.ervices"0 espite its slogan 0iving ith Wildlife" in #$$B alone the agency used methods such as

trapping, snaring, poisoning, and aerial gunning to ill more than five million other animals4includingprairie dogs, !o!cats, !ears, cougars, olves, !adgers, coyotes, fo*es, mountain lions, opossums,




enslavement and e*termination !e& came deeply intertined ith human violence and repression 6ust tenthousand years ago" Even if all of the harm done to the other inha!itants of the earth ere not ine*trica!ly

entangled ith other critical glo!al issues, the enslavement and illing of the other inha!itants of the earthis morally unaccepta!le" Ten thousand years of such violence and harm is enough"






shift in the mode of production resulted in the construction of a caste system that

6ustified the placement of animals andsu!ordinate human groups (classified as slaves) inservice to superordinate human groups" Today, hoever, no that technological innovation

provides the potential for alternatives to the use of animal !odies for survival, our emo& tional connection




su!6ectivity and relationship to the orld"


23/24

system, together ith its ritualsof 0natural0 superiority and infe& riority that continue to

underpin se*ist, racist, classist, and other forms of stratification in the present$@n Mar*Hs thought, human freedom can only !e reali2ed once society is a!le to overcome the realm of

physical necessity" To flourish ontologically4to thin, to create, to live in harmony ith others, andso forth4one must first !e a!le to eat"That is, communism could only emerge historically hen themode of production of society as sufficiently technologically developed to provide an e/uita!le

distri!ution of resources for all mem!ers of society" @ronically, the historical pathay to this level oftechnological production, hence to li!eration, led through capitalism itself" After centuries of !rutality and

e*ploitation, capitalism ould eventually lay the groundor for radical societal transformation and

universal emancipation"

Adapting Mar*, e might similarly argue that hereas the historical e*ploitation of animals !y humans4once a necessity due to resource scarcity in different geographical environments4!ecame the eventual

pathay for hu& man physiological, intellectual, and technological development, today e no longer need

to dominate and ill other animals e have the technological potential to reorgani2e ourmode of production in such a ay that e can eliminate our violence against other

sentient creatures" @f this is indeed the case, hoever, it can also !e argued that !y founding

our societies on systemic violence against other animals, e distorted our on 0species!eing0 in the process4in particular,!y deforming our 0human0 capacity for empathy for

the suffering of others ho have !een 0animali2ed"0Our alt solves the af- only looking at the Zong in the context

o speciesism allows us to truly understand slavery!oberts (epartmentof 7hilosophy at .uffol County Community College)*(Mar, The Mar of the -east animality and human oppression, pg" ;;&G)


made !y Mar6orie .piegel" er overall statement is /uite simple .laves ere treated lie animals,!oth on their passage to the Americas and during the full course of their enforced visit"er 0dreaded com& parison0 ith regard to human slaves and animals is most effective hen she contrasts

the shipping of livestoc and that of slaves" ivestoc4steers, cattle, pigs, and so on4is shipped great

distances from auction, to feeding yards, to another auction, and finally to the slaughterhouse"Typically,livestoc may travel as much as #,$$$ miles, in cramped and a!ysmal conditions"The animals gener& ally

lose a great deal of !ody eight4as much as I percent4and are su!6ect to hat is commonly called

0shipping fever,0 of hich hundreds of thousands die 1;annually"!etter" Their living conditions ere, as

noted earlier, similarly deplora!le" The tight pacing, stress, and lac of nutritious food causedconsidera!le eaen& ing and eight loss during the crossings" Most slaves ere fattened up again !efore

the auctions in hat ere usually referred to as slave&yards, hich is, of 1Gcourse, precisely hat

happens to feed cattle" 9ith no incentive to properly feed the cattle on the ay to slaughter, the process of

fattening is restricted to the feedlots attached to the slaughter facilities" Moreover, many slaves in transitThe 0livestoc0 cramped into the Atlantic slavers did not fare much died, like todays livestock, of


overcrowding.


24/24

e*planations and entreaties, including ones from such eminent figures as Mar*, -entham, and Mill" Most

e*planations of slavery, hoever, fail to fully account for the staggering disregard for human life

in the initial stages of American slavery" Even given the incentive to deliver as many hole slavesas possi!le, there ere still certain conditions created !y humans for other humans that made torture,

pain, disease, suffering, and in many cases the loss of life inevita!le and, orse, accepta!le" These

conditions and acts, @ suggest, can !e fully understood only !y considering the devaluation of

the appropriated African slave to sheer animality" Theaforementioned Aristotelianreduction of the slave to human property, and the su!se/uent e/uating of humans and

domesticated animals, figure significantly in this notion" @f the slave ere naturally

su!ordinate, lie the animal fated to serve its master, then hatever improved his or heruse&value ould !e seen as productive and nec& essary, regardless of the treatment any

individual slave received" After all, as is the case ith the domestic animal, the !est results are not

alays achieved !y indness" As a!solute su!ordinates, the African slaves could !e treated inany ay necessary to provide the !est practical results, ith economic interests (i"e",

!ringing in live rather than dead slaves) !eing the only mitigating concern"To ship cattle, pigs, chicens,

or any other domestic animals in comforta!le, spa& cious conditions, or to eep them in individual, ell&

ventilated pens ould !e patently a!surd, as there is in this vie a!solutely no moral o!ligation to do so,

All of these ere, of course, the principal positions in hich slaves and it would be economically

impracticalwhat Aristotle, in his day, would probably have termed "unnatural."

anthro links for k affs - ddi 2014 ms

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