antenna positioning analysis and dual-frequency antenna...
TRANSCRIPT
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Antenna Positioning Analysis and
Dual-Frequency Antenna Design of High Frequency Ratio for
Advanced Electronic Code Responding Labels
Kin Seong LeongAuto-ID Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, The University of Adelaide.
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Something about Myself
• Bachelor in Engineering (Electrical and Electronic) (2003)
• Research Assistant (2004)
• Ph.D. in Engineering (2005 – 2007)
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Research Supervisors
• Prof. Peter H. Cole (Supervisor)
• Prof. Bevan D. Bates (Co-Supervisor)
• Dr. Samuel P. Mickan (Previous Co-Supervisor)
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Special Notes
• Research carried out during the candidature period.
• Technical depth adjusted to fit in the allocated time.
• All discussion welcome after this presentation.
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Organisation of Presentation
• Research Background
• Antenna Positioning Analysis
• RFID Tag Antenna Design
• Dual-frequency RFID Tag Antenna Design
• Conclusion and Future Work.
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Background of Research
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)– Enable supply chain automation.– Pallet level tagging.
• Item level tagging– Each and every item has its own tag with
unique ID.– Tag is usually passive.
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Background of RFID
• A simple RFID system:
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Frequency Bands in RFID
• LF (<135 kHz)
• HF (13.56 MHz)
• UHF (860 – 960 MHz)
• Microwave (2.45 GHz)
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Areas of Interest
• Areas of interest:– Antenna design for Item level tagging.– EMC regulation.– RFID system deployment.
• Engineering discipline (IEEE):– Antennas and Propagation– Electromagnetic Compatibility– Microwave Theory and Techniques
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Antenna Positioning Analysis
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Challenges
• Dense reader environment.
• Reader collision problem.
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Modeling
• Simple path loss
• More complex model
• MATLAB simulator
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Simulation
• Input: – Position of antenna(s)– Elevation of antenna(s)– Radiation pattern – Transmitted power– Solution space
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Simulation
• Output:6dBi
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Multi-Channel Simulation
• Antennas operating certain channels away from channel of interest.
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Experiments
• Determine n:
• Locations:
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Contributions
Simulation Software
Second Carrier Sensing
Development of Reader Synchronisation
Sources of Error in Simulation
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Sources of Simulation ErrorSources of Simulation Error
Simulation Model
Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
Radiation Pattern of Antenna
Simulation Result Interpretation and Analysis
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Reader Synchronisation
• European EN 302 208– “Listen Before Talk” Provision.
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Listen Before Talk (LBT)
• ETSI EN 302 208– 865 to 868 MHz– 200 kHz channels– 2W ERP – only 10 channels– LBT
• Listen for 5 ms– Various thresholds
– 2W ERP, threshold is -96 dBm
• Use sub-band for 4s
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Listen Before Talk (LBT)
• Limited deployment of reader antenna.
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Reader Synchronisation
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Fine-tuning Methods
• Reducing the overall time for talking. • Reducing the power output. • Use of external sensors.• The use of RF opaque or RF absorbing
materials• Dynamic Channel Assignments
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Sub-band 2
Sub-band 4
Sub-band 6
Sub-band 8
Sub-band 10
Case Study
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Case Study
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R F A b s o r b i n g M a t e r i a l s
2 8 4 1 0 6 2 8 4 1 0 6 2 8
Case Study
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C h a n n e l
8 2 6 1 0 4 8 2 6 1 0 4 8 2 C h a n n e l
2 8 4 1 0 6 2 8 4 1 0 6 2 8
Case Study
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Second Carrier Sensing
• RFID Tags– Passive– Low Cost
• “Confused” when more than one reader attempts to interrogate.
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Second Carrier Sensing
Reader ready to transmit
First Carrier Sensing
Choose a channel
Channel Occupied?
Random wait
Yes No
Second Carrier Sensing
Lower than
Threshold?
YesNo
Reader Transmits
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Second Carrier Sensing
• Investigate suitable threshold values for common antenna positions:
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Half Way Review
• First part: Antenna Positioning Analysis– Development of Simulation Software– Investigation on
• Sources of simulation errors
• RFID Regulations• RFID Deployment• Reader Synchronisation• Threshold of Second Carrier Sensing
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Design of RFID Tag Antenna
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Design Steps
• HF tag:– 13.56MHz– Inductive coil to resonate with chip input
capacitance at 13.56 MHz.
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Design Steps
• UHF Tag:– Within 860 – 960 MHz.– Impedance match with chip impedance.
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Design Steps
• Simulation– Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator
(HFSS)• 3D Full-wave Electromagnetic Field Simulation
• Finite Element Method (FEM)
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Design Steps
• HFSS Scripting
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Design Steps
• Prototyping– HFSS export: dxf format– ISO-Pro milling software
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Design Steps
• Measurement– Impedance measurement
• Use of BALUN• Direct measurement
• Cable shielding
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Design Steps
• Tag Fabrication– Antenna combined with RFID chip.
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Design Steps
• Deployment
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HF Tag Antenna Design
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An RFID Tag for Pig
• A circular tag with holes in middle.
• Encapsulated in plastic casing.
• Attached to the ears of pigs.
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HF Pig Tag
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HF Pig Tag
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HF Wine Closure Tag
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UHF Tag Antenna Design
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Joint Research
• UHF RFID tag antenna design.– Beer Keg Tag Antenna– Wine Closure Tag Antenna– Animal Tag Antenna
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UHF Beer Keg Tag
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UHF Wine Closure Tag
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UHF Animal Tag
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Design of Dual-Frequency RFID Tag Antenna
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Frequency Bands in RFID
• LF (<135 kHz)
• HF (13.56 MHz)
• UHF (860 – 960 MHz)
• Microwave (2.45 GHz)
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HF vs UHF
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Proposal Formulation
Merge HF and UHF
Dual Frequency Antenna
(With frequency ratio ≈ 70)
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Current Technology
• Microstrip patch antenna– Too low frequency ratio (< 5).
• Common aperture antenna– Dual feed point
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Brain Storming
• 3 Methodologies:– Making a HF antenna operates in UHF.– Making an UHF antenna operates in HF.– Merging a HF antenna and an UHF
antenna.
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Design Aim (1)
• Antenna impedance equals to the complement of the input impedance of the RFID chip at UHF operation– Design frequency: 960 MHz– Chip impedance: 17 - j150Ω – Design aim: 17 + j150Ω
• A resonance point at HF.– Parallel resonance.– Zero reactance and infinite resistance.
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Design Aim (2)
• A single feed antenna.– Avoid modification on existing chip
• Reasonable antenna size and cost.
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Merging
• Merging a HF antenna and an UHF antenna.
• Idea:– A HF multi-turn coil antenna.– A UHF planar dipole.– A transmission line to separate both the
above antennas.
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A Simple HF RFID Antenna
• A multi-turn planar spiral antenna.
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A Simple UHF RFID Antenna
• A dipole with matching network.– RFID chip is usually capacitive. The matching
network is to transform the antenna into inductive to enable conjugate matching.
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Final Design
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Chip
Final Design (1)
• Transmission line to transfer the HF coil antenna impedance to very high value (ideally open circuit).
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Final Design (2)
• Overlapping loops to provide high capacitance.
Chip
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Final Design (3)
• A gap to prevent the UHF antenna shorting the HF antenna. A patch on the bottom provides path for UHF operation.
Chip
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Final Design (4)
• DC path for rectifier circuit (some type as specified by IC designer).
Chip
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Simulation
• Using Ansoft HFSS
• Simulated impedance (at 960 MHz):– 24 + j143Ω– Very near to the target of 17 + j150Ω
• Resonance near 13.56 MHz
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Fabrication
• On double-sided FR4
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Measurement Setup
SMA Connector(At the chip location)
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HF Testing
• Transmission measurement: Resonance at HF.
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UHF Testing (1)
• Impedance measurement: Matching impedance with respect to RFID chip.
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UHF Testing (2)
• At 960 MHz:– 50 + j135Ω
• Balance to unbalance problem– BALUN needed.
• Pattern in good agreement
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Miniaturisation
• Similar idea.
• Key characteristics retained:
• Merge a HF and a UHF antennas.
• Transmission line to separate both antennas.
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Final Design
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New Features (1)
• Relocation of UHF dipole.• Inside the HF coil.
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New Features (2)
• Miniaturisation of HF coil.• The new HF coil is reduced from 98 mm
by 65 mm to 81 mm by 58 mm, gap is 0.5 mm and track width is 1 mm.
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New Features (3)
• Miniaturisation of UHF dipole• To fit in the smaller HF coil antenna.
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New Features (4)
• HF not affecting UHF over a broader bandwidth.• The HF antenna is not exactly a short
circuit for the entire band of UHF.
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New Features (4)
• HF not affecting UHF over a broader bandwidth.• Uses high characteristic impedance
coplanar strips (CPS).
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New Features (4)
• HF not affecting UHF over a broader bandwidth.
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New Features (5)
• The coupling effect between UHF and HF antenna.• The coupling between antennas
becomes more serious.
• Fine-tuning required.
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New Features (6)
• Structure optimised• HF coil tilted.
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Testing
• HF: Maximum read range.
• UHF: Up to 2m.
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UHF in HF
• HF chip requires high inductance which is not possibly provided by a small UHF antenna.
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HF in UHF
• HF antenna resonates at HF and impedance match at UHF.
• Problem: Extremely lossy.– Peak directivity of 3.5. (Simulation)– Peak gain of only 0.0004. (Simulation)
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Alternative Methods
• Stacking HF and UHF coil antenna.
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Review
• Second part:Design of dual-frequency tag antenna– Design of HF and UHF tag antennas.– Investigation on measuring technique.– Design of dual-frequency tag antennas.
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Possible Research Extension
• Dual-frequency RFID protocol.
• Dual-frequency chip design.
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Conclusion
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Acknowledgement
• My supervisors (Prof. Peter H. Cole, Prof. Bevan D. Bates, Dr. Samuel P. Mickan)
• Mun Leng Ng
• Geoff, Rob and Pavel.
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Questions?