Another School Year—Another School Year—What For?What For?

John Ciardi

Book 2Book 2Lesson 1

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Contents

Part One: Warm-up

Part Two: Background Information

Part Three: Text Appreciation

Part Four: Language Study

Part Five: Extension

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Warm-upWarm-up

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Topic discussion:

1. What do you think is your most impressive experience in the last semester?

2. What do you expect from a new semester? Do you think you can fulfil that?

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3. What are the purposes of higher education?  

Suggested answers:

1. To give Ss sufficient training for a career.2. To expose Ss to the essence of human civilization3. To cultivate the qualities of being a human4. To gather useful information and knowledge5. To encourage intellectual curiosity and cultural appreciation 

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Memorable Quote

In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life. ---- William White

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Background InformationBackground Information

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“The day will happen whether or not you get up.”

“You do not have to suffer to be a poet. Adolescence is enough suffering for anyone.”

“A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students.”

Author Author ’’s s quotesquotes

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Do you know anything about the famous historic figures below?

AristotleAristotle ChaucerChaucer BachBach DanteDante HomerHomer La RochefoucauldLa Rochefoucauld VirgilVirgil ShakespeareShakespeare

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Aristotle （前 384— 前 322 年） One of the greatest thinkers of all time,

an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in

the natural and social sciences greatly

influenced virtually every area of modern thinking.

Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s

pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling

him the “mind of the school”. In later years he

renounced some of Plato’s theories and went far

beyond him in breadth of knowledge.

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In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in

Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They

became the basis of one of the three subjects of the

medieval trivium ( 三学科 )—logic, grammar, and rhetoric.

Early in the 13th century other books reached the West.

Some came from Constantinople; others were brought by

the Arabs to Spain. Medieval scholars translated them

into Latin.

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The best known of Aristotle’s writings that have been

preserved are Organon ( 工具论 ) (treatises on logic),

Rhetoric, Poetics, History of Animals, Metaphysics ( 玄学 ), De Anima (on psychology), Nicomachean Ethics,

Politics and Constitution of Athens.

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Shakespeare （ 1564 ～ 1616 ）莎士比亚的代表作有：

四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》 (Hamlet) 、《奥赛罗》（ Othello) 、《李尔王》（ King Lear ）、《麦克白》（ Macbeth ）。四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》历史剧：《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》、《查理二世》等。还写过 154 首十四行诗，二首长诗。

本 ·琼生称他为“时代的灵魂”，马克思称他和古希腊的埃斯库罗斯为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。虽然莎士比亚只用英文写作，但他却是世界著名作家。他的大部分作品都已被译成多种文字，其剧作也在许多国家上演。 Hong Dan

一般来说，莎士比亚的戏剧创作可分以下 3 个时期：

第一时期（ 1590 ～ 1600 年）　　以写作历史剧、喜剧为主，有 9 部历史剧、 10 部喜剧和 2 部悲剧。

第二时期（ 1601 ～ 1607 年）　　以悲剧为主 ，写了 3 部罗马剧、 5 部悲剧和 3 部“阴暗

的喜剧”或“问题剧”。

第三时期（ 1608 ～ 1613 ）　倾向于妥协和幻想的传奇剧。

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Bach （巴赫）（ 1685~1750 ），最伟大的德国

作曲家之一

《 g弦上的咏叹调》

《马太受难曲》

《勃兰登堡协奏曲》

《 b 小调弥撒曲 》

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The Iliad

The Odyssey

Homer （荷马）

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The Father of the English Language

Playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression. His masterpiece was the Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer （乔叟）

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La Rochefoucauld（拉罗什富科）

These moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature—a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest.

Maxims

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“We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us.”

“The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others.”

“We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire.”

“Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea.”

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Language StudyLanguage Study

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faculty (p2)

n. a. any of the powers of the body or mind b. department or group of related departments in a university c. the whole teaching staff in one of the departments or in the whole university

Examples:

mental faculties

the Faculty of Law

The entire faculty of the university will attend the meeting.

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New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things.

concessive clauseconcessive clauseGrammarGrammar

More examples:More examples:

Young Young asas I was, I already know what career I want I was, I already know what career I want

to follow.to follow.

RidiculousRidiculous as as it seems, the tale is true.it seems, the tale is true.

Concessive clause, inverted sentence,

meaning “though…”

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cf. staff n. 全体职员 ; 教职员 ; 管理人员，行政人员

Examples:

• a head teacher and her staff 校长及全体教工• The school staff are expected to supervise school

meals.

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enroll in (P2)

to place one’s name on a roll or register; to sign up

注册登记、选课、参加Example:

He is enrolled in a two-month course for IELTS.

They do not have Thai citizenship or language skills -

making it difficult for them to enroll in Thai schools.

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specialize in (P2)

to concentrate on a particular activity or product 从事专门活动或销售专业产品 , 专攻

Example:

The shop specializes in mountain-climbing gear.

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Word building Suffix: –izeto cause to be, to maketo becomeTo put into a stated place

capital (a.)

central (a.)

final (a.)

hospital (n.)

ideal (a.)

natural (a.)

social (a.)

capitalize centralize finalize hospitalize idealize naturalize socialize

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apologetic (a.)

civil (a.) fertile (a.) industrial (a.) real (a.) special (a.) western (a.)

apologize

civilize

fertilize

industrialize

realize

specialize

westernize

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certify (P2)

The accounts were The accounts were certifiedcertified (as) correct. (as) correct.

He He certifiedcertified that it was his wife’s handwriting. that it was his wife’s handwriting.

n. certification

certificate (BEC)

a. certified 有书面证明的，已证实的

Word formation

certifiedcertified public accountant public accountant

注册会计师注册会计师Hong Dan

Suffix –fy to cause to become; to make

clear (a.)

class (n.)

intense (a.)

just (a.)

note (n.)

clarify 澄清

classify 分类

intensify 加强

justify 使正当

notify 通知Hong Dan

pure (a.) quality

(n.) simple (a.) unity (n.) terror (n.)

purify 净化

qualify 使具有资格

simplify 简化

unify 统一

terrify 使恐惧

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v. a. to subject or allow to be subjected to an action or an influence 使受影响 b. to subject (a photographic film, for example) to the action of light 使曝光 c. to make known (sth. discreditable);to reveal (the guilt or wrongdoing of) 揭发（有损信誉的事）；揭露（罪恶或错误的行为）

Examples

The parents exposed their children to classical music. Unfortunately, the film has been exposed to light, so the

photograph cannot be developed.

The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any

reserve.

expose (P2)

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generate (P2)

v. to produce or create sth.

to generate electricity/heat/power/interest/prejudice/idea

Translate

They have a large body of young people who are capable of generating new ideas.

他们有一大批善于提出新思想（点子）的年轻人。

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Here the word ‘education’ is used in a broad sense, which involves not only the process of acquiring knowledge and developing skills, but also that of improving the mind.

That is to say, he had not entered a technical training school but a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education. (Para. 2)

Training is preparation for a job, or a career, such as the training in a certain skill. Education, on the other hand, is learning to develop one’s mental and moral powers.

training VS. education?

The meaning of education

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put it…(P4)

to express; to state 表达；陈述

Examples:

to put it another way 换句话说

to put it mildly 说得婉转些

to put it strong 说得刻薄

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to come to an average or ordinary level or standard, esp.

after being higher or lower

Examples:

Meals at the university average out to about 15 yuan per day. The restaurant’s monthly profits averaged out to 30% last year.

“For the rest of your life,” I said, “your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.” (Para. 4)

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assume (P5)

Scientists assume that there is no animal life on Mars. assume obligations

Word formation

n.n. assumption assumption

a.a. assumptive assumptive

He assumes a well-informed manner but in fact he knows very little.

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go through(P5)

检查 , 审查 完成 , 做完 遭受 , 经受 , 经历 穿过 , 通过

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see to it that… (P5)

to try to make sure that

Examples:

See to it that your expenditure is in proportion to your

income.

We should see to it that all work done conforms to high

standards.

see to: deal with

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You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (P5)

You have to take responsibility for the work you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client.

Paraphrase

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rear (P5)

v. a. to care for (children or a child) during the early stages of life; to bring up b. to tend (growing plants or animals) c. to rise high in the air; to tower n. a hind part 后面，后边 , 后背

Examples:

to rear a child to rear poultry to rear a monument to a person’s memory 为纪念

某人而建立纪念碑 the rear of the hall Hong Dan

suffice (P5)

v. to meet present needs or requirements

Examples:

These rations will suffice until next week.

Fifty dollars will suffice me.

Fifty dollars will suffice for my needs.

aa. sufficient. sufficient

nn. sufficiency. sufficiencyHong Dan

suffice to do sth. suffice it to say that 不必多说，只需说…就够了

e.g.

Suffice it to say that nothing can be taken for granted.

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Paraphrase: I hope that your income will always be enough.

They will be your income, and may it always suffice. (P5)

Inverted sentence, used in a blessing. e.g.

May they live long!

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preside over ：主持、负责、主管 (P6)

Examples: preside over/at a meeting The manager presides over/at the business of this

store.

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be out to do sth. (P7)

to try to do sth. or to be trying to get sth.

try all out to do sth全力以赴去做某事

Look out for such end-of-the-year sales. These shops are out to trick you into buying what you don’t need.

translation

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“I hope you make a lot of it, ” I told him, “because you’re going to be badly stuck for something to do when you’re not signing checks.” (Para. 8)

Paraphrase: If you don’t have any goal in life apart from making money to satisfy your desire for material riches, go ahead and make a lot of it.

not to know what to do in a particular situation

Notice the sarcastic tone of the writer.

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Example: You’ve no business telling me what to do.She has no business reading your mail.

to have no right to do sth.,

shouldn’t have been/be doing sth.

If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man’s development we call history—then you have no business being in college. (Para. 9)

have no business doing = have no business to do

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species (P9)

endangered species 濒危物种；濒临灭绝的生物品种；The Origin of Species《物种起源》

Examples:

Some species of animals have become extinct because

they could not adapt to a changing environment.

They are home to millions of species of sea life that

depend on coral reefs for their survival.

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The chances are that… =It is likely that…

(P11)

However, Newman said the chances are good that the surgical team will be able to separate the twins safely and successfully.

• If you have some one on your mind, let her know. The Chances are （ that ） you are on hers as well.

• The chances are ten to one that the guest team will win.

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如果说我看得比别人远一些，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。 —— 牛顿

If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.

(Newton)

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GrammarGrammar

As this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind’s spiritual resources.

More example: More example:

Just Just asas the French love their wine, the French love their wine, soso

the English love their beer.the English love their beer.

as…so (P12)as…so (P12)

(Just) As A do, so B do(Just) As A do, so B do

as…so 结构中， so 是连词，相当于 in the same way

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be true of (P12)

= apply to

Example: Chinese children are taught to “Respect the old

and love the young ”, which is true of all the nations.

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accomplishment (P12)

He said the feeling of accomplishment would be with him for the rest of his life.

accomplish

accomplish one’s object 达到目的accomplish one’s mission 完成使命

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add to (P12)

add to: to increasee.g.: You have no business to add to the ache of her heart. Her wonderful performance added to our enjoyment .

add sth. to sth.: add fuel to the flame/ add insult to injury

add up to : e.g.: Your long explanation added up to a refusal.

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in essence(P12)

by nature; essentially 本质上；实质的

In essence, some tumors grow so slowly they will never kill you even if left untreated.

In essence, there is no longer a shared idea of what the EU should be.

BBC: NEWS

The movie is not in essence a comedy.

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humanityhumanitieshumanehumanhumanismhumanitarian

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make… available to…. (P14)

Dental clinics shall be made available within ten miles of each community.

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Text AppreciationText Appreciation

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Part 1 (Paras. 1— ):

Part 2 (Paras. ):

I. Text AnalysisI. Text AnalysisStructure

8

9—14

The writer describes his encounter

with one of his students.

The author restates what he still

believes to be the purpose of a

university: putting its students in

touch with the best civilizations the

human race has created.

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IntroductionIntroductionHe introduces the topic with his encounter with a student and with two questions: Why should we go to university? Why should we learn literature, arts, philosophy, politics, etc.?

Then he proceeds to give evidence to support his view:Evidence A: distinction between technical training

school and university

How does the writer present his argument?How does the writer present his argument?

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Evidence B: How to spend the 8 hours of leisure time will decide whether you are capable of producing penetrating insight, whether you can be democratic, tasteful and above all, whether you can raise a civilized family.

Evidence C: Nobody gets to be a human being unaided, and books can aid us in becoming a civilized human, both in terms of techniques of mankind, and in terms of spiritual resources.

Conclusion Reiteration and summary: the function of universityHong Dan

Theme

The author tries to clarify the purpose of a university:

to put the students in touch with the best civilization

that human race has created.

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II. Writing DevicesII. Writing Devices

Language Style & Tone

Style:

Colloquial, familiar style

Tone:

Humorous and mildly sarcastic

By way of using direct

speech

By way of using

metaphors

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Metaphor

Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top who came into my class, sat down… (Para. 1)

New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. (Para. 2)

That is about what I said, but this particular pest was not interested. (Para. 7)

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ExtensionExtension

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1. A degree in English does not ______ you to

teach English. (quality)

2. You must realize that it is _________ that has

cramped your progress. (arrogant)

3. The hostess bustled about with an __________

of authority. (assume)

4. After the election, the coalition __________.

(fragment)

ⅠⅠ. Quiz. Quizqualify

arrogance

assumption

fragmented

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.

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5. The man has ________ income for a comfortable

retirement. (suffice)

6. He __________ when he saw the dead animal.

(shudder)

7. I am ________ that a good deal more is still

to be done. (sense)

8. Too much ________ to the TV programmes is bad for a kid’s eyesight. (expose)

sufficient

shuddered

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.

sensible

exposure

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IIII.. Listening Lab Listening Lab

... It seems to me that education has a two-fold function to perform in the life of man and in society: the one is _____ and the other is ______. Education must enable a man to become more _______, to achieve with increasing facility the legitimate goals of his life.

Education must also train one for quick, resolute and _______ thinking. To think incisively and to think for one’s self is very difficult. We are prone to let our mental life become invaded by legions of half-truths, prejudices, and propaganda. At this point, I often wonder whether or not education is _______ its purpose.

THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION By Martin L. King Jr.

utility culture

efficient

effective

fulfilling Hong Dan

A great majority of the so-called educated people does

not think _______ and scientifically. Even the press, the

classroom, the platform, and the pulpit in many

instances do not give us objective and unbiased truths.

To save man from the morass of __________, in my

opinion, is one of the chief aims of education.

Education must enable one to sift and ______ evidence,

to discern the true from the false, the real from the

unreal, and the facts from the fiction.

logically

propaganda

weigh

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The function of education, therefore, is to teach

one to think _________ and to think _______. But

education which stops with efficiency may

prove the greatest menace to society. The most

dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with

reason, but with no morals.

intensively critically

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ⅢⅢ. Oral Work. Oral Work

Group discussion

How do you view the fact that some people can

also succeed without much higher education? Do

you think there is a big difference between an

educated success and an uneducated success?

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