anomic trap

anomic trapa barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve

little

anomie

anomiegeneralized state of normlessness

arousal theory

arousal theoryrecognizes that some criminals have no conscience

behavior modification

behavior modificationthe premise that all behavior is the result of learned responses to various stimuli

biological determinism

biological determinismcriminal behavior that is a result of being a genetic misfit or a biological throwback to

earlier, primitive and more violent beings

corrections

correctionsrefers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or

convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found guilty of a status offense

criminology

criminologythe scientific study of crime and criminals

cultural transmission thesis

cultural transmission thesisexplains the persistence of criminal and other deviant values in successive generations

deinstitutionalization

deinstitutionalizationsecure confinement abandoned as a punishment

deterrence

deterrenceassumes that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime

differential association theory

differential association theory criminal values and behaviors are learned through social interactions

differential reinforcement

differential reinforcementthe operant-conditioning principle that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior

and extinguish behavior that is punished

discriminative stimuli

discriminative stimulimotivating definitions that either cast criminal behavior in a positive light or neutralize

the behavior

disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)

disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)

unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics

ego

egothat part of the mind influenced by parental training and the like

general deterrence

general deterrencepunishment of the individual to prevent others in society from committing the same or

similar crimes

id

idthe unconscious source of primitive and hedonistic urges

imitation

imitationinvolves modeling behavior observed in others

incapacitation

incapacitationseparating offenders from society to reduce the opportunity to commit crime

isolation

isolationan old correctional philosophy that has served two purposes: punishment and

isolation from society

lex talionis

lex talionisthe law of retribution or revenge

operant conditioning

operant conditioningrewarding mechanisms encourage some definitions, whereas punishers extinguish

others

penal harm

penal harmthe belief that punishment, particularly incarceration, should be uncomfortable

penologists

penologistspeople who systematically study punishment

positivists

positiviststhose who look for answers in measurable aspects of the human condition

psyche

psychethe totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious

psychological determinists

psychological deterministsbelieve that defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime

psychopaths

psychopaths(sociopaths) commit crimes with no thought of conventional morality or of the

consequences of their actions

radical nonintervention

radical noninterventionthat society and its agents of social control should overlook minor delinquent acts to

avoid labeling youngsters

reality therapy (RT)

reality therapy (RT)holds the offender accountable for his or her actions

rehabilitation

rehabilitationthe belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance

makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes

reintegration

reintegrationrecognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get

out

restitution

restitutionrequiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through

service

restoration

restorationthe most recent philosophy in the field of corrections., it is based on three key

elements: accountability, community protection and competency development

retribution

retributionthe belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another

selective incapacitation

selective incapacitationlies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens

or teenagers

social bond

social bondthe sum of the forces in a person’s social and physical environment that connect that

person to society and its moral constituents

social control theory

social control theorybelief that society provides what binds people together

social disorganization

social disorganizationsocial ecologists claim that deterioration of the community and extreme poverty

explain the cause of criminal behavior

social learning theory

social learning theorylearning occurs through imitation and differential reinforcement

specific deterrence

specific deterrencethe assumption that punishment dissuades the offender from repeating the same

offense or committing a new one

subcultural hypothesis

subcultural hypothesisthesis that crime largely emerges from delinquent or deviant subcultures

superego

superegothat part of the mind that is concerned with moral values

therapeutic communities

therapeutic communitiesresidential programs in which offenders work together to change the attitudes and

behavior of all group members