annual report of tut department of mining

Annual Report of TUT Department of Mining

Annual report of TUT Department of Mining reflects staff and student’s activities: conferences, seminars, research, R&D, publications, student works and interesting publications about mining and

geology. Annual report is located at: http://mi.ttu.ee/report

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http://mi.ttu.ee/report

Annual Report of TUT Department of Mining mi.ttu.ee 7.09.2009

TTÜ MÄEINSTITUUT 2

Annual report of TUT Department of Mining Annual report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7 Composed by Karin Robam Qv. TUTDepartment_of_Mining_Annual_Report.pdf

Annotation Annual report of TUT Department of Mining reflects staff and student’s activities: conferences, seminars, researches, R&D, publications, student works and interesting articles about mining. Refer to the Annual report of TUT Department of Mining: Annual report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7 (August 2009) / K. Robam, Tallinn: TUT Department of Mining, 74 pp. Refer to the article: Sabanov S. Reinsalu E. Valgma I. (2009). Oil shale production quality control in Estonian mines. – Annual report of TUT Department of Mining no. 7. Tallinn: TUT Department of Mining. ETIS category 6.7, qv. www.etis.ee Kirjastuse andmed Name of the publisher: TUT Department of Mining Address: Ehitajate road 5 City: Tallinn Post index: 19086 Postbox: AK Phone: /372/ 620 3850 Faks: /372/ 620 3696 Mailbox: [email protected] Webpage: http://mi.ttu.ee/mining The data on data media Type: Network edition, CD-ROM Address of the network edition: http://mi.ttu.ee/report ISSN: 1406-586X


http://www.etis.ee/

mailto:[email protected]

http://mi.ttu.ee/mining





Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 3

1 RESEARCH PROJECTS IN MINING DEPARTMENT ................................................. 5

2 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FIELDS ................................................................. 6

3 IMPORTANT LINKS........................................................................................................... 6

4 STUDY PROGRAMME ....................................................................................................... 8

5 LIST OF MAIN TEXTBOOKS, VOCATIONAL MAGAZINES AND TEACHING

MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 9

5.1 TEXTBOOKS OF MINING ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................ 9 5.2 VOCATIONAL MAGAZINES IN ENGLISH ............................................................................................................... 11 5.3 DIGITAL TEACHING MATERIALS IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................................................... 11 5.4 SUBJECT-RELATED, VIDEOS IN ENGLISH .............................................................................................................. 12 5.5 SUBJECT-RELATED VIDEOS IN ESTONIAN ............................................................................................................. 13 5.6 TEXTBOOKS OF APPLIED GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 14

6 STUDENTS .......................................................................................................................... 18

6.1 VOCATIONAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR GRADUATES ................................................................................ 18

7 LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................... 18

7.1 LABORATORIES IN THE DEPARTMENT ................................................................................................................. 19

8 CO-OPERATION AND TIES WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS, TRADE

ASSOCIATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYER ........................................ 21

8.1 CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER INSTITUTIONS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF EMPLOYERS ...................... 21 8.2 CONTINUING EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................... 22 8.3 TRADITIONAL EVENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 22

9 TIES WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND HIGHER EDUCATION

INSTITUTIONS, PARTICIPATION IN CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES AND

STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMMES ............................................................................. 22

9.1 CONTACTS WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS .......................................... 22 9.2 FIELD STUDY EXCURSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 23 9.3 EXCHANGING LECTURERS ................................................................................................................................ 23 9.4 ORGANIZING INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES BY MEMBERS OF TUT DEPARTMENT OF MINING ..................................... 24 9.5 COMMON RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................................... 24 9.6 PARTICIPATION IN STUDENTS EXCHANGE PROGRAMS (ERASMUS AND FEMP): ....................................................... 24 9.7 INTERNATIONAL EVENTS FOR STUDENTS ............................................................................................................. 25

10 LIST OF VOCATIONAL AND OTHER RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS ........... 25

11 SELECTED LIST OF INTERNATIONAL CONTACTS (DEPARTMENT OF

MINING) ...................................................................................................................................... 26

12 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE PROGRAMMES ................................. 27

13 MÄERING – MINING STUDENTS GROUPS............................................................ 27

14 SCIENCE CLUB OF MINING AND GEOLOGY ...................................................... 27

15 IFMMS ............................................................................................................................. 28

16 ISW (INTERNATIONAL STUDENT WEEK) ............................................................ 28

17 WINTERACADEMY ..................................................................................................... 28



18 DOCTORAL STUDIES AND INTERNATIONALISATION PROGRAMME

“DORA” ....................................................................................................................................... 29

19 ERASMUS ....................................................................................................................... 29

20 SOUVENIRS.................................................................................................................... 29

21 PAST AND FUTURE EVENTS IN 2009/2010 ............................................................. 30

21.1 21TH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF SOMP .................................................................................................... 30 21.2 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 14-18, TALLINN 2009, ESTONIA .................................................... 31 21.3 ESTONIAN MINING CONFERENCE 2009 "MINING IMAGE" .................................................................................... 32 21.4 LAPBIAT2009 FIELDWORKS IN LAPLAND ............................................................................................................ 33 21.5 XV MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN HEADS OF STATE MINING AUTHORITIES IS HELD IN TALLINN, ESTONIA 30. JUNE – 02. JULY

2009 33 21.6 INTERNATIONAL OIL SHALE SYMPOSIUM TALLINN, 8-11 JUNE 2009 ...................................................................... 34 21.7 STAFF EXCHANGE IN GERMANY ........................................................................................................................ 35 21.8 CZECH MINING PROFESSIONALS IN ESTONIA ....................................................................................................... 35 21.9 COOPERATION MEETING IN FINLAND ................................................................................................................. 36 21.10 FEMP MEETING 2008 .................................................................................................................................. 36 21.11 EMC TALLINN 2008 ..................................................................................................................................... 36 21.12 BEST SUMMER COURSE ................................................................................................................................. 38 21.13 LECTURES ABOUT MINING ............................................................................................................................... 38

22 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT MINING AND GEOLOGY ............................................. 39



1 Research projects in Mining Department Most of our mining research projects are related to oil shale mining in Estonia. Additionally we have experiences on hard limestone mining and rehabilitation of mined out areas. We are open for co-operation in all mining related topics. See more at http://mi.ttu.ee/research.

Project no. Year The title of project

G.I.B, H.Torn 2015 Closing down of industrial waste and semi-coke landfill in Kohtla-Järve

Project 2280, G.I.B, H.Torn 2013

Closing down of industrial waste and semi-coke landfills in Kohtla-Järve and Kiviõli. Project Implementation Unit.

VA419 2012

Correlation of Late Precambrian and Phanerozoic tectonic and hydrothermal events of south-eastern Fennoscandian shield (southern Finland and southern Karelia, Russia) and Paleozoic sedimentary cover in Estonia by geological,structural and paleomagnetic methods

ETF7499 2011 Conditions of sustainable mining

Lep9050 2010 Regulation of the geological terms

VFP411 2010 Geological diversity as reason for unique biodiversity of the Kilpisjärvi region and Oulanka NP

Lep9090 2009 Backfilling in mining

LKM9074 2009 Geotechnical evaluation of undermined area in the building district

Lep9075 2009 Cost evaluation of separation plants

Lep9080 2009 The influence of the closed underground mines

Lep9052 2009 Geological and mining evaluation of Johvi Viru Infantry Battalion

BF97 2009 Applied solutions for modelling system with mining software

BF98 2009 Preparing application for Astangu Science and Test Mine Museum

ETF6558 2009 Concept and methods of risk management in mining

Lep8057 2009 Evaluation of Kunda mining region 2008

Lep8109 2009 Visualization landscape design and reclaiming limestone quarry

Lep8110 2009 Design and planning for limestone quarry

Lep9005 2009 Engineering evaluation of the design and planning of the granite mine

Lep9013 2009 Digital plans of mining technology

Lep9014 2009 Evaluation of the stability of undermined area for road contraction

Lep9025 2009 Developments of sustainable mining technologies

Lep9027 2009 Designing of limestone mining technology

http://mi.ttu.ee/research



University of Cambridge, Heidi

Soosalu 2009 Tracking down seismically melt injections beneath the Askja volcano, Iceland

EGK, Heidi Soosalu 2009 Seismic monitoring within the territory of Estonia

EGK, Heidi Soosalu 2009 Development of the detection and location system of local seismic events in Estonia, phase I

Lep9018 2009 Mining technology of Raudoja sand pit

2 Research and development fields We are open for co-operation in following areas of mining.

Mineral resource analyses;

Composing development plans for mineral resource usage;

Development of sustainable mining technology,

Monitoring of geotechnical processes and designing of possible solutions;

Development of mining modelling systems (digital modelling of mineral deposits, mining conditions

and mining technologies);

Evaluation of land usage and construction conditions in mined out areas,

Evaluation of mining economical-, environmental and social impact,

Usage of mined out areas and workings;

Utilisation of mining and processing waste.

Services:

Consulting;

Research;

Expertises;

Development of new equipment and systems;

Mine design.

3 Important links Most of the pages are in Estonian. For getting information: please use translator or relevant links if needed.

Link Explanation

http://mi.ttu.ee/ TUT Department of Mining

http://mi.ttu.ee/labor Mining Laboratories

http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus Training Information

http://mi.ttu.ee/teadusklubi Mining and Geology Science Club

http://www.maeselts.ee Estonian Mining Society

http://mi.ttu.ee/publications Publications

http://mi.ttu.ee/emk Estonian Mining Conference

http://mi.ttu.ee/erasmus ERASMUS Information

http://translate.google.com/translate_t

http://mi.ttu.ee/

http://mi.ttu.ee/labor

http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus

http://mi.ttu.ee/teadusklubi

http://www.maeselts.ee/

http://mi.ttu.ee/publications

http://mi.ttu.ee/emk

http://mi.ttu.ee/erasmus



http://mi.ttu.ee/ettekanded Reports

http://mi.ttu.ee/geodisain Geodesign Course

http://mi.ttu.ee/geotehnoloogia Information about Geotehnology

http://mi.ttu.ee/konverentsid Information about Mining Conferences

http://mi.ttu.ee/lingid Mining links

http://mi.ttu.ee/maering Information about Mining Student Group

http://mi.ttu.ee/maetudengid Students in Mining Department

http://mi.ttu.ee/mining Department of Mining

http://mi.ttu.ee/mkt Information about mining conferences

http://mi.ttu.ee/naitused Exhibitions

http://mi.ttu.ee/opik Mining web tutorial

http://mi.ttu.ee/plakatid Staff and students' bench reports

http://mi.ttu.ee/praktika Information about Practice

http://mi.ttu.ee/projektid Research projects in Mining Department

http://mi.ttu.ee/seminar Information about Seminars

http://mi.ttu.ee/stipendiumid Information on mining scholarships

http://mi.ttu.ee/research Research activities in Mining Department

http://mi.ttu.ee/toopakkumised Job offers

http://mi.ttu.ee/tudengid Students in Mining Department

http://mi.ttu.ee/report Newsletter of TUT Department of Mining

http://mi.ttu.ee/ettekanded

http://mi.ttu.ee/geodisain

http://mi.ttu.ee/geotehnoloogia

http://mi.ttu.ee/konverentsid

http://mi.ttu.ee/lingid

http://mi.ttu.ee/maering

http://mi.ttu.ee/maetudengid


http://mi.ttu.ee/mkt

http://mi.ttu.ee/naitused

http://mi.ttu.ee/opik

http://mi.ttu.ee/plakatid

http://mi.ttu.ee/praktika

http://mi.ttu.ee/projektid

http://mi.ttu.ee/seminar

http://mi.ttu.ee/stipendiumid

http://mi.ttu.ee/research

http://mi.ttu.ee/toopakkumised

http://mi.ttu.ee/tudengid




4 STUDY PROGRAMME

Quantitative indicators of the study programme.

Table 1 General data

Registration number

Registration code of TUT

Standard period of study, years

Total capacity, CP

1965 AAGB02 3 120

2052 AAGM02 2 80

2101 AAED02 4 160

Table 2 Number of compulsory courses

Registration number

Registration code of TUT Number of compulsory subjects

Average capacity, CP

1965 AAGB02 38 2.4

2052 Speciality

AAGM02 22 2.6

Mining Engineering 22 2.6

Applied Geology 22 2.6

Table 3 Share of elective course

Registration number

Registration code of TUT Share of elective courses, %

1965 AAGB02 29

2052 Speciality

AAGM02 35

Mining Engineering 35

Applied Geology 35

Table 4 The extent of practical work (both the practical training at the institution and outside it and practical educational activities are given)

Registration number

Registration code of TUT The extent of practical work, %

1965 AAGB02 27.2

2052 Speciality

AAGM02 18.5

Mining Engineering 18.5

Applied Geology 18.5

Table 5 Total amount of examinations in the programme

Registration number

Registration code of TUT Total amount of examinations

1965 AAGB02 29

2052 Speciality

AAGM02 16

Mining Engineering 11

Applied Geology 10

Table 6 Ratios of the forms of examination oral or written

Registration number

Registration code of TUT

Oral, % Written, %

1965 AAGB02 22 78

2052 Speciality

AAGM02 20 80

Mining Engineering 20 80

Applied Geology 20 80



5 List of main textbooks, vocational magazines and teaching

materials List of main textbooks, vocational magazines and teaching materials being used in TUT Department of Mining. Library search and information is available at TUT Library.

5.1 Textbooks of Mining Engineering

In English:

1. Hartman, L. H.; associate editors : Britton, G. S. SME mining engineering handbook. Vol.1. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1992

2. Hartman, L. H.; associate editors : Britton, G. S. SME mining engineering handbook. Vol. 2. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1992, 1273-2260pp

3. Raymond L. Lowrie. Littleton (Colo.). SME mining reference handbook. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2002, 448pp

4. Hustrulid, W. Kuchta, M. Open pit mine planning & design Vol. 1, Fundamentals. Rotterdam ; Brookfield : Balkema, 1995, 636pp

5. Hustrulid, W. Kuchta, M. Open pit mine planning & design Vol. 2, Fundamentals. Rotterdam ; Brookfield : Balkema, 1995, 637-836pp

6. Bell & Donnelly. Mining and Its Impact on the Environment, Routledge, 2006, 547pp

7. Cavender, B. Mineral Production Costs: Analysis and Management. Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 1999, 179pp

8. Ripley, A. E. Redmann, E. R. Environmental Effects of Mining. CRC, 1995, 356pp

9. Singhal. Mine Planning & Equipment Selection 1998. Taylor & Francis, 1998, 813pp

10. Hardygora, M. Paszkowska, G. Sikora, M. Mine Planning and Equipment Selection: 2004. Taylor & Francis, 2004, 889pp

11. Larose, T. D. Data Mining Methods and Models. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006, 322pp

12. Hustrulid, A. W. Bullock, L. R. Underground Mining Methods: Engineering Fundamentals and International Case Studies. Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2001, 718pp

13. Haddock, K. Extreme Mining Machines: Stripping Shovels and Walking Draglines. MBI Publishing Company, 2001, 128pp

14. Orlemann, C. E. Power Shovels. MBI Publishing, 2003, 160pp

15. Lottermoser, G. B. Mine wastes : characterization, treatment, environmental impacts. Springer, 2007, 304pp

16. Burley J.B. Environmental design for reclaiming surface mines. Edwin Mellen Press, 2001, 480pp

17. Brown, E. H. Edwin, T. Underground Excavations in Rock. E & F Spon, 1980, 527pp

18. Bise, J. C. Mining engineering analysis. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2003, 313pp



http://ester.nlib.ee/search

http://www.lib.ttu.ee/eng/overview.html

http://www.lib.ttu.ee/eng/contact.html



19. Mular, A. L. Mineral processing plant design, practice, and control : proceedings . Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 2002

20. Committee on Technologies for the Mining Industries, National Materials Advisory Board, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on Earth Resources, National Research Council. Evolutionary and revolutionary technologies for mining. National Academy Press, 2002, 85pp

21. Gupta, A. Yan, D.S. Mineral processing design and operation. Elsevier, 2006, 693pp

22. Gertsch, E. R. Bullock, R. L. Techniques in underground mining : selections from Underground mining methods handbook. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, 1998, 823pp

23. Hustrulid, W. Blasting principles for open pit mining Vol1. Vol2. Rotterdam ;Brookfield: Balkema, 1999, 1013pp.

24. Cavender, B. Mineral production costs : analysis and management. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, 1999, 179pp

25. Hustrulid, A. W. McCarter, M. K. Dirk J.A. Van Zyl. Slopestability in surface mining. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and exploration, 2000, 442pp

26. Brady, B.H.G. Brown, E.T. Rock mechanics for underground mining. Kluwer, 1993, 571pp

27. Haddock, K. Colossal earthmovers. MBI Pub, 2000, 96pp

28. Rudenno, V. The mining valuation handbook, Wrightbooks, 2004, 430pp

In Russian:

29. Определение свойств горных пород. Л.И.Барона.Б.М.Логунцов, Е.З.Позин. Москва, 1962. [Determination of rock properties]

In Estonian: 1. Reinsalu, E. Kaevandatud maa. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, 2002, 97lk. [Mined land]

2. Reinsalu, E. Infotöötlus mäenduses. Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 1999, 30lk. [Information

processing in Mining]

3. Joosep, E. Kaevanduse elektrik. Tallinn : Valgus, 1974, lkpp. [Mining Electrician]

4. Reinsalu, E. Põlevkivi talutav kaevandamine. 26. mai 2000, Jõhvi, Tallinna Tehnikaülikool,

Mäeinstituut, 2000, 46lk. [Oil Shale tolerable mining]

5. Reinsalu, E. Valgma, I. Eesti maapõuekasutuse päevaprobleemid. Eesti mäekonverents :9.

november 2001, Jäneda, Järvamaa, Eesti Mäeselts, 2001, 62lk. [Estonian land interior usage

problems]

6. Valgma, I. Mäemasinad ja mäetehnika. Eesti mäekonverents: 14.märts 2003, Kunda, Eesti Mäeselts,

2003, 55lk. [Mining equipment and technology]

7. Valgma, I. Mäeinseneride ettevalmistus ja kvalifikatsioon. Eesti mäekonverents: 19.märts 2004,

Tallinn, Eesti Mäeselts, 2004, 99lk. [Preparation and qualification of mining engineers]

8. Valgma, I. Ehitusmaterjalide kaevandamine ja varud. Eesti mäekonverents 2005, 15. aprill, Eesti

Mäeselts, 2005, 123lk. [Mining for construction materials and reserves]

9. Valgma, I. 90 aastat põlevkivi kaevandamist Eestis: Eesti mäekonverents: 5. mai 2006, Jõhvi, Eesti

Mäeselts, 2006, 169lk. [90 years of oil shale mining in Estonia]

10. Reinsalu, E. Kaevandamine parandab maad, Eesti mäekonverents, Eesti Mäeselts, TTÜ

mäeinstituut, Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 2007, 54lk. [Mining repair land]



11. Valgma, I. Killustiku kaevandamine ja kasutamine: Eesti Mäeselts, TTÜ mäeinstituut, 2008, 103lk.

[Mining and usage of broken stone]

12. Tomberg, T. Lõhketööd. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, mäeinstituut, 1998, 112lk. [Blasting work]

13. Reinsalu, E. Mäemajandus. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli Kirjastus, 1998, 159lk. [Mining Economy]

14. Kattai, V. Põlevkivi – õlikivi. Tallinn: Eesti Geoloogiakeskus, 2003, 162lk. [Oil shale- shale oil]

15. Kattai, V. Saarde, T. Savitski, L. Eesti põlevkivi: geoloogia, ressurss, kaevandamistingimused. Tallinn

: Eesti Geoloogiakeskus, 2000, 226lk. [Estonina oil shale: geology, resources, mining conditions]

16. Reinsalu, E. Mäeohutus ja mäeõigus. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, [Tallinn: Energia Trükikoda,

1999, 47lk. [Mining safety and mining low]

17. Reinsalu, E. Eesti-Inglise, Inglise-Eesti maapõuesõnaraamat. Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool,

[Tallinn: Energia Trükikoda], 1999, 230lk. [English-Estonian geology and mining dictionary; English-

Estonian geology and mining dictionary]

18. Reinsalu, E. Mida tähendab kaevanduste sulgemine keskkonnale? Tallinn: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool

[Saku : Soha], 2001, 22lk. [What does mean mine closure for environment?]

5.2 Vocational magazines in English

30. Engineering and mining journal: E&Mj. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1926-

31. Mining magazine. London: Mining Journal, 1909-

32. Coal age. Chicago (Ill.): MacLean Hunter Publication, 1996-

33. Coal international. Redhill : FMJ International Publications, 1994-

34. International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences & geomechanics abstracts. Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1974-

35. Mine and quarry : official journal of the Minerals Engineering Society. London: Ashire Publishing, 1972-1999

36. Mining environmental management. London : Mining Journal, 1993-

37. Rock products. Chicago (Ill.) : Maclean-Hunter, 1902-

38. World tunnelling. London : Mining Journal, 1988-

39. Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal / American Chemical Society. Washington, 1987-

40. Energy world : bulletin of the Institute of Energy / Institute of Energy. London : Institute of Energy, 1973-

41. Ground engineering. Brentwood : Foundation Publications, 1968-

42. Natural stone specialist. Worthing: Herald House, 1994-

43. Stone review. Washington : National Stone Association, 1985

5.3 Digital teaching materials in Estonian

44. Reinsalu, E. Eesti mäendus. II, Geoanalüüs. Maavara uuring. Mäendusanalüüs. TTÜ

Mäeinstituut, 2007. [ Estonian Mining II, Geoanalysis. Reserves investigation. Mining analysis]



45. Reinsalu, E. Mäemajandus. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Mäeinstituut. 1998. [Mining Economy]

46. Reinsalu, E. Infotöötlus mäenduses. Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Mäeinstituut, 1999. [Information processing in Mining]

47. Valgma, I, Reinsalu, E, jt. Mäendusõpik – Veebiõpik kaevandamisest, rakendusgeoloogiast ja geotehnoloogiast. 2009, [Mining handbook – online illustrated handbook of mining, applied geology and geotechnology]

5.4 Subject-related, videos in English

48. Common Ground: Modern Mining And You, 26:30 min, 1992 USA, Caterpillar

49. The Human Element: Mine Safety And You, 18 min, 1996 USA, Caterpillar

50. Fatal Mistakes, 9:30 min, Caterpillar

51. Water for Al Khadra Construction of an irrigation system at Benghazi, 18 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

52. 4200 SM surface mine rin Australia, 5 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

53. Excavating hard rock with the 1900 SM and 2600 SM, 8 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

54. Limestone mining in India, 14 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

55. Surface Miner 4200 SM in Texas, 12 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

56. Cutting coal in the Gacko- mine the 3500 SM, 15 min, Germany, Wirtgen GmbH

57. Tunnelling, roadheading and shaft sinking equipment, 2001 media-Videoproduktion, Schaeff

58. National Geographic video: Elu vesuuvi varjus, 1987, OÜ Sonatiin

59. National Geographic video: Maa-aluse maailma saladused, 1992, OÜ Sonatiin

60. National Geographic video: Imepärased kivid, 1999, OÜ Sonatiin

61. National Geographic video: Tulemäed, 1999, OÜ Sonatiin

62. Kalkstein aus Estland, 11 min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Väo Paas

63. Diabas und Granite aus Finnland, 14 min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Interrock

64. Matthäi- Steinhartes Können: Unsere Steinbrüche in Deutschland, Estland, Finnland und Polen, 9 min, 1999 Eine studio Frei Produktion, Matthäi

65. Vulkanism (52min)

66. Lignite mining and reclamation (19min) Fuji film

67. Turning goal into natural gas (8min) Fujifilm

68. Worldwide natural recourses (13min)

69. Tei rock drills (9min) Fujifilm

70. Interrock (7min)

71. Suncor (29min)

72. Cave art in brown gold mine, 28 min, Eesti Loodus Ltd.



5.5 Subject-related videos in Estonian

73. Eesti kivistisi, 16 min, 2006, MTÜ Geoguide Baltoscandia, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus-

ja Teadusministeerium. [Estonian petrifaction]

74. Põhja-Eesti klint, 2006, MTÜ Geoguide Baltoscandia, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [North-Estonia Inclination]

75. Rändrahnud- jääaja tummad tunnistajad, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Boulder period - dumb deponent]

76. Kristalsed kivimid Edela- Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium [Crystalline rocks in South-West Finland]

77. Saaremaa pangad, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Saaremaa banks]

78. Meteoriidikraatrid Eestis, 2006, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Meteor craters in Estonia]

79. Sood Eestis ja Lõuna-Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium [Swamps in Estonia and South-Finland]

80. Eesti põlevkivi, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Estonian oil shale]

81. Karst Eestis, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Karst in Estonia]

82. Liustike pärandus Eestis ja Lõuna-Soomes, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Glacier heritage in Estonia and South-Finland]

83. Paekivi- Eesti rahvuskivi, 2007, MTÜ Reval Photo and Video, Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium. [Limestone - national stone of Estonia]

84. Sirgala karjäär 04.04.97 (31min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Sirgala]

85. Viivikonna karjäär (16min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Viivikonna]

86. Estonia kaevandus (10min), Mäeinstituut [Estonia underground mine]

87. Lõhkeainetehas (12min), Mäeinstituut [Explosives storage]

88. Vasalemma dolomiidikarjäär 16.06.98 (23min), Mäeinstituut [Vasalemma dolomite open pit]

89. Väo Paas OÜ- lubjakivi kaevandamine (40min), Mäeinstituut [Väo Paas LLC- limestone mining]

90. Aru-Lõuna lubjakivikarjäär (7min), Mäeinstituut [Aru-Lõuna limestone open pit]

91. Kunda Nordic Cement (KNC) tööstusjäätmete prügila (42min), Mäeinstituut [Industrial waste landfill of KNC]

92. Männiku liivakarjäär (21min), Mäeinstituut [Männiku sand open pit]

93. Aseri savikarjäär (31min), Mäeinstituut [Aseri clay open pit]

94. Küttejõu põlevkivikarjäär (12min), Mäeinstituut [Open cast Küttejõu]

95. Kohtla põlevkivikaevandus (31min), Mäeinstituut [Kohtla underground mine]

96. Pääsküla koopad(21min), Mäeinstituut [Pääsküla caves]

97. Harku paekivikarjäär(28min), Mäeinstituut [Harku limestone open pit]

98. Turbaraba Keilas (21min), Mäeinstituut [Peat deposit in Keila]



99. Kaevandus number 2 (67min), Mäeinstituut [Mine no. 2]

100. Tondi Väo lubjakivikarjäär 2002 (131min), Mäeinstituut [Tondi Väo limestone open pit]

101. Aru-Lõuna lubjakivikarjäär, lõhkeaineladu, sadam (20min), Mäeinstituut [Aru-Lõuna limestone open pit, explosives storage, harbor ]

102. Arbavere puursüdamike hoidla (18min ), Mäeinstituut [Core storage in Arbavere]

103. Kvaliteedi kontroll Narva karjääris (112min), Mäeinstituut [Quality control in Narva open pit]

104. Estonia kaevandus 30.11.2007 (74min), Mäeinstituut [Estonia underground mine]

5.6 Textbooks of Applied Geology

In Estonian:

105. Arold, J., Raukas, A., Viiding, H. Geoloogia alused. Tallinn, “Valgus”, 1987. 200lk. [Fundamentals of Geology]

106. Eesti põhjavee kasutamine ja kaitse. 2005. Tallinn: Põhjaveekomsjon. 80lk.[Estonian Groundwater using and Protection].

107. Kalm, V., Kirs, J., Kirsimäe, K., Kurvits, T. Mineraalid ja kivimid. Tartu, TÜ. 1999. 112lk. [Minerals and rocks].

108. Ojaste, K., Reier, A., Mens, K. 1964. Kristallograafia, mineraloogia, petrograafia. Tallinn. 463lk. [Crystallography, mineralogy, petrography].

109. Pirrus, E. Eesti geoloogia. Tallinn, TTÜ. 2001. 72lk. [Geology of Estonia].

110. Pirrus, E. Maavarade geoloogia. Tallinn, TTÜ, 2000. 84pp. [Geology of mineral deposits].

111. Raukas, A. (koost.). 1995. Eesti Loodus. Tallinn, Valgus. 606lk. [Nature of Estonia].

112. Raukas, A. 2003. Geoloogia ja geofüüsika alused. Tallinn. 168lk. [Fundamentals of Geology and Geophysics].

In English: 113. Ahmed, S. et al. (Eds.). 2008. Groundwater dynamics in hard rock aquifers: sustainable management and optimal monitoring network design. Springer. 251pp.

114. Azapagic, A., Perdan, S., Clift, R. 2004 Sustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 446pp.

115. Baba, A.et al. (Eds.). 2006. Groundwater and Ecosystems. Springer. NATO Science Series. IV. Earth and Environmental Series – Vol.70. 310pp.

116. Banks, D. 2008. An introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and Cooling. Blackwell Publishing. 339pp.

117. Barnes, J.W. with Lisle,R.J. 2004. Basic geological mapping. 4th Edition. Wiley&Sons.184pp.

118. Blatt, H., Tracy, R. J., Owens B.E. 2006. Petrology : Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic. 3rd Edition. W.H.Freeman and Company, New York. 530pp.

119. Brantley, S.L.et al.(Eds.) 2008. Kinetics of water-rock interaction. Springer. 833pp.

120. Bristow, C.S., Jol, H.M. (eds.) 2003. Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments. Geological Society Special Publication No 211. London. 330pp.



121. Burroughs W. J. 2006. Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos. Cambridge University Press. 356pp.

122. Busch, R.M. (ed.). 2009. Laboratory manual in physical geology. 8th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hill. 308pp.

123. Coe, A.L. (ed.). 2003. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change. Cambridge University Press: The Open University. 288pp.

124. Campus, S. et al. (Eds.). 2007. Evaluation and prevention of natural risks. Taylor&Fr. 454pp.

125. Das, B.M. 2008. Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering. 3rd Edition. 682pp.

126. Dickins, A.P. 2005. Radiogenic Isotope Geology. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press. 492pp.

127. Doyle, P., Bennett, M.R., Baxter, A.N. 2001. The Key to Earth History: An Introduction to Stratigraphy. 2

nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, LTD. 293pp.

128. Duncan, J. M., Wright, S. G. 2005. Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley. 297pp.

129. Eby, G. N. 2004. Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 514pp.

130. Farndon, J. 2007. The Illustrated Guide to Minerals of the World: The Ultimate Field Guide and Visual Aid to 220 Species and Varieties. Southwater. 160pp.

131. Fitts, C.R. 2002. Groundwater Science. Academic Press. 450pp.

132. Fry, N. 1984. The field description of metamorphic rocks. John Wiley and Sons. 112pp.

133. Gieré, R., Stille, P. 2004. Energy, Waste and the Environment : a Geochemical Perspective. Geol. Soc. Special Publication No 236, London. 670pp.

134. Gradstein, F. M.et al.( eds.) 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambr. Univ. Press. 589pp.

135. Gray, M. 2004. Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 434pp.

136. Groshong, R.H. Jr. 1999. 3-D Structural Geology : A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation. Springer. 324pp.

137. Groshong, R.H. Jr. 2006. 3-D Structural Geology : A Practical Guide to Quantitative Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation. Springer. 400pp.

138. Hiscock, K.M. 2007. Hydrogeology : principles and practice. Blackwell Publishing. 389pp.

139. Honachefsky, W.B. 2000. Ecologically based municipal land use planning. CRC Press. 256pp.

140. Ingebritsen, S.E., Sanford, W.E., Neuzil, C.E. 2006. Groundwater in geologic processes. 2nd Edition.Cambridge University Press. 536pp.

140. Jones, R. W. 2006. Applied Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press. 434pp.

141, Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd Ed. CRC Press. 413pp.

142. Kehew, A.E. 2006. Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists. 3rd Ed. Pearson. 696pp.

143. Keller, E. A. 2008. Introduction to Environmental Geology. 4th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Pearson Education International. 661pp.

144. Knödel, K. Lange, G., Voigt, H.-J. 2007. Environmental Geology: Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies. Springer. 1357pp.

145. Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P., Rämö, T. (toim.). 1998. 3000 vuosimiljonaa Suomen Kallioperä. Suomen Geologinen Seura. 371s.



146. Lehtinen, M. et al. (eds.). 2005. Precambrian Geology of Finland : Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield. Developments in Precambrian Geology, 14. Elsevier. 736pp.

147. Levin, H. L., Smith, M. S. 2008. Laboratory Studies in Earth History. McGraw+Hill: Higher Education. 277pp.

148. Lisle, R. J., Leyshon, P. R. 2004. Stereographic projection techniques for geologists and civil engineers. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. 112pp.

149. Lowrie, W. 1997. Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 354pp.

150. Lutgens F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. 2009. Essentials of Geology: Student lecture notebook. 3rd Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. 140pp.

151. McCall, G.J.H et al, (Eds.). 2006. The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections: Fireballs, Falls and Finds. Geological Society Special Publication No 256. London. 513pp.

152. McClay, K. R. 2003. The Mapping of Geological Structures. John Wiley and Sons. 161pp.

153. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C. 2008. The Good Earth : Introduction to Earth Science. McGraw-Hill: International Edition. 536pp.

154. McGrowran, B. 2005. Biostratigraphy: Microfossils and Geological Time. Cambr. Univ. Press. 459pp.

155. Merian, E. et al. 2004. Elements and their compounds in the environment: occurence, analysis and biological relevance. 2

nd Edit. V.1-3. Wiley-VCH. 1773pp.

156. Milsom, J. 2003. Field geophysics. 3rd

Edition, Wiley. 232pp.

157. Mussett, A.E., Khan, M.A. illustrations by Button, S. 2000. Looking into the Earth: An Introduction to Geological Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. 470pp.

158. O'Riordan, T. 2000. Environmental Science for Environmental Management. Pearson Prin. Hall. 520pp.

159. Owen, C., Pirie, D., Draper, G. 2006. Earth Lab : Exploring the Earth Sciences. 2nd Edition. Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 564pp.

160. Peng, S., Zhang, J. 2007. Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks. Springer. 319pp.

161. Perkins, D., Henke, K. R. 2000. Minerals in Thin Section. Prentice Hall. 125pp.

162. Pipkin, B.W., Trent, D.D., Hazlett, R. 2005. Geology and the environment. 4th Ed. Thomson. 473pp.

163. Pollard, D.D., Fletcher, R.G. 2006. Fundamentals of Structural Geology. Cambridge Univ Press. 500pp.

164. Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers. 436pp.

165. Schwartz, F. W., Zhang, H. 2003. Fundamentals of Ground-water. Wiley&Sons. 583pp.

166. Schwedt, G. 2001. The Essential Guide to Environmental Chemistry. Wiley&Sons. 256pp.

167. Skinner, B. J., Porter, B. J., Park, J. 2004. Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 5

th Edition. Wiley. John Wiley and Sons. 584pp.

168. Smith, G. A., Pun , A. 2006. How does Earth work? : Physical Geology and the Process of Science. Pearson Prentice Hall. 641pp.

169. Spencer, E. W. 2000. Geologic Maps: A Practical Guide to the Preparation and Interpretation of Geologic Maps. For Geologists, Geographers, Engineers, and Planners. 2

nd Edition. Prentice Hall.

148pp + appendixes.



170. Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, T., Bell, M. 2008. Student lecture notebook. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 9th Edition. 140pp.

171. Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., Tasa, D. 2008. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 9th Edit. Pearson Prentice Hall: Pearson Education International. 714pp.

172. Thomas, A. 2008. Gemstones : properties, identification and use. New Holland Publishers. 256pp.

173. Thorpe, R.S., Brown, G.C.1993. The field description of igneous rocks. John Wiley and Sons, 154pp.

174. Tucker, M. E. 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. 3rd

Edition. Wiley. 234pp.

175. Vernon, R.H. 2004. A practical guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge University Press.594pp.

176. Walker, M. 2005. Quaternary Dating Methods. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 286pp.

177. Wenk, H.-R., Bulakh, A. 2004. Minerals: their constitution and origin. Cambridge Univ.Press. 646pp.

178. Wicander, R., Monroe, J.S. 2009. Essentials of Physical Geology, 5th Edition. Brooks/Cole. 469pp.

179. Wicander, R., Monroe; J.S. 2004. Historical Geology: Evolution of Earth and Life through Time. 4th Edition. Thomson: Brooks/Cole. 427pp.

180. Wolkersdorfer, C. 2008. Water Management at Abandoned Flooded Underground Mines: Fundamentals, Tracer Tests, Modelling, Water Treatment. Springer. 465pp.

181. Wälder, O. 2008. Mathematical methods for engineers and geoscientists. Springer. 176pp

Video: 182. Jankowski, L.J. 2005. Geologic Maps: Portraits of the Earth (Video).

183. Jankowski, L.J. 2004. Metamorphic Rocks (Video).

184. Renton, J. J. 2006. The Nature of Earth: An Introduction to Geology. V.1-3 (Video).

In Russian: 185. Ананьев, В. П., Потапов, А. Д. 2002. Инженерная геология. Москва, Высшая школа. 511с. [Engineering Geology].

186. Бетехтин, А.Г. 2008. Курс минералогии. Книжный Дом Университет, Москва. 735с. [Course of Mineralogy].

187. Бондарик, Г. К., Ярг. Л. А. 2007. Инженерно-геологические изыскания. Книжный Дом Университет, Москва. 735с. [Engineering Geology Studies].

188. Вильямс, Х., Тернер, Ф.Дж., Гилберт, Ч. М. 1957. Петрография: Введение в изучение горных пород в щлифахю Москва. 425с. [Petrography: An Introduction into study of rocks in thin sections].

189. Короновский, Н.В., Хаин, В.Е., Ясаманов, Н.А. 2006. Историческая геология. Москва: Academa. 458c.[Historical Geology].

190. Короновский, Н.В. (ред.). 2004. Практическое руководство по общей геологии. Москва: Academa. 158c. [Practical guide to Fundamentals of Geology].

191. Соколовский, А.К. 2006. Общая геология. Т.1 – Учебник, 447с., Т.2 – Пособие к лабораторным занятиям, 202с. Москва, КДУ. [Fundamentals of Geology: V.1-Textbook, V.2- [Notebook of laboratory exercises].



6 Students

6.1 Vocational employment opportunities for graduates

The studies at the Department of Mining TUT provide to the graduates the ability to be employed by the state-owned as well as by the private companies. Students graduated at Bachelor, Master and Doctor’s level can easily find vocational job after finishing their studies. Most of students find vocational job already during studies. Master of Science and Bachelor of Science level graduates are almost all working during their studies on vocational job.

Our graduates usually find vocational job as:

specialists (engineers, managers) for design and civil engineering offices;

specialists for Ministry of Environmental and Communication;

specialists for Technical Surveillance Authority;

specialist for Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd.;

specialist for self-government, city government and local government;

specialists for consulting companies, acting in Environmental sector;

specialists (environmental protection) for State Land Department;

Mining engineers, who might after years of practice apply for the Chartered Engineer status or for

diploma of European Engineers;

Specialists of management of mining industry;

Specialists of mining environment control and supervision organizations;

Specialists of applied geology and geochemical environmental control;

Specialists for enterprises; responsible of mining questions;

Specialists for consulting companies, acting in mining sector;

Teaching in the university or other educational institutions;

Continue studies on the Doctoral level;

Business institutions.

engineers in mining or applied geology for the bigger industries and business enterprises.

The Department of Mining Engineering foresees next areas and fields of activities for its graduates:

The program of Mining Engineering study provides to students knowledge in accordance with European standards, laws and regulations, which gives to the graduates good prospective to find a work also outside of Estonia. All of our students are employed, practically all of them within speciality or in related fields.

7 Learning environment Quantitative indicators of learning environment. 1. State-commissioned student places for the program: Geotechnology – 20 Bachelor study student

places; 16 Master study student places. 2. Main Lecture halls in Power Engineering Faculty (also can be used lecture halls of whole university.

Total number of lecture halls used for the program: 30



3. Most lecture halls are equipped with analogue and digital data-video beamers.

7.1 Laboratories in the Department

The laboratory of Mining Conditions VII-103 – 60.1m² The laboratory is equipped with modern equipment as following: 1. Press for determining compressive strength

2. Los Angeles Test for aggregate quality

3. Full set of sieves

4. Geotechnical shear strength measurer for soil and loose material

5. Particulate analyse system WipFrag

6. Polarisation Microscope

Preparation equipment: 1. Rock saw

2. Drilling machine

3. Grinding machine

4. Oven

Field laboratory 1. Point load test (PLT)

2. Schmidt hammer

3. GPS systems

4. Water probe pump MP1

5. Noise meter

6. Radioactive radiation meter PAKRI-E

7. Water level measurement devices

8. Water flow measurement propeller

9. Vibration meter

10. Tachymeter Trimble M3Total Station

11. Distance meters

12. Boats

13. Field computers

14. Laboratory of water chemical analysis

15. Dust meter

16. Stratoscope for mine roof analyses

17. Air speed meters

Laboratory of mine design and planning VII-215- 54.8m² The most used mining modelling software programs in the world have been set up in the laboratory: 1. Gemcom Minex – modelling geology and mining in stratified deposits

2. Gemcom Surpac – modelling mining processing and work procedures

http://mgislabor.blogspot.com/2007/10/laboratory-of-mining-design-and.html



3. Visual ModFlow; AquaChem- groundwater flow and quality modelling

4. MapInfo Professional, Discovery, MapBasic - GIS

5. Vertical Mapper- spatial modelling

6. Encom Discover- spatial modelling for mining environment

7. AutoCAD Civil 3D- planning

8. FLAC – modelling of rock mechanics, dynamics and properties

9. PLAXIS – geotechnical spatial modelling

10. Mining specific software – parameters of pillars, productivity, mining equipment co-operation

and fleet calculations, (Caterpillar and Mining Department of TUT)

11. Ashtech GPS data management and analysing

12. GeoLab

13. Particulate analyse system WipFrag

Software laboratory Software laboratory is continuously testing and analysing available software, applying it to local problems and updating licences of software being tested are: 1. Itasca Software

2. SoilVision Office 2009

3. ArcGIS 9.2

4. Plaxis 3D Foundation

5. Carlson Software 2009 For AutoCAD with built in ICAD

6. TranSim VS

Laboratories in other Departments:

1. Laboratory of Physics

2. Laboratory of Material Engineering

3. Laboratory of Electrical Engineering

4. Laboratory of Research and Testing Laboratory of Building Materials

5. Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry

6. Laboratory of Materials Engineering

7. Computer classroom in Power Engineering Faculty

8. Computer classroom in the Faculty of Information Technology

9. Laboratory of Geodesy

General resources of computer workplaces of open access. Faculty computer class with 20 computers (VII-223) – 80 m²: 10 hours per week and department computer class with 12 computers VII-215 - 54.8m²: 25 hours per week. + computers in library and free WIFI in the University Software used for studies in the field of Geotechnology studies 1. Gemcom Minex – modelling stratified deposits

2. Gemcom Surpac – modelling mining processing and workings

3. Visual ModFlow; AquaChem- groundwater flow and quality modelling

4. MapInfo Professional, Discovery, MapBasic - GIS

5. Vertical Mapper- spatial modelling

6. Encom Discover- spatial modelling for mining environment



7. AutoCAD Civil 3D- planning

8. FLAC- rock massive modelling

9. PLAXIS- geotechnical spatial modelling

10. Mining specific software (parameters of pillars, productivity, mining equipment cooperation and fleet

calculations, Caterpillar and Mining Department of TUT)

Total area of work rooms for the academic staff: Department of Mining has 11 rooms for academic staff – 430 m²; 23.9 m² per person Copied/published information materials on teaching and learning process: Information material published can be divided into three categories: 1 - Drafts, manuscripts, slideshows, texts, tests and drawings are used in e-learning environment, in

presenting, lecturing and distributing the material to the students – ca. 1000 pages per year. WebCT, Moodle and other environments are used.

2 - Public educational materials, e-books, proceedings and handbooks published ca. 300 pages per year. ELIB of TUT is used.

3 - Handbooks, Monographs and scientific papers – ca. 30 units per year. Total amount of literature in the library:

Books, 526 000 copies; different 49 524 magazines;

Books connected with the programme and magazines- All major books and journals needed for the curricula.

Web pages in the Internet connected with the programme: directly 20 sites. Web pages in the Internet connected with the programme: over 100 000 pages. The base site for the program is- http://mi.ttu.ee/ Average cost of a credit point in non-state-commissioned study: Faculty of power engineering 525 EEK per CP.

8 Co-operation and ties with other institutions, trade associations

and representatives of employer Ties with industry and other professional organisations have been established in following forms:

8.1 Co-operation with other institutions, trade associations and representatives of employers

Some persons of Department of Mining are founders and leaders of Estonian Mining Society. Headquarter and management locates in Department of Mining (http://www.maeselts.ee/ems.htm). In cooperation with Estonian Mining Society following events are organised: Estonian Mining Conferences; http://mi.ttu.ee/emk ; Seminars of Mining Law, Mining Equipment, Continuing Education etc.

Department of Mining is member of Estonian Association of Mining Industries. http://mi.ttu.ee/emtel

Mining department is managing and moderating interactive Mining Information website and e-mail lists for everyday Estonian Mining Information exchange; http://mi.ttu.ee/portaal/

Department of Mining has working contacts with Institute of Geology TUT, in cooperation Estonian Scientific Foundation grant 5921 “Steps of Caledonian Volcanism in the Estonian and Baltoscandian sedimentary rocks and their usage for correlation of the geological sequences, in sedimentation study and paleogeography” 2004-2006 was made. Contacts with Institute of Geology are continuing, Department of Mining is using chemical laboratories of Institute for determining minerals and at monitoring level of Toolse River pollution from mine waters from Kunda-Aru and Ubja surface mines.

https://webct.e-uni.ee/webct/entryPageIns.dowebct

http://mi.ttu.ee/

http://www.maeselts.ee/ems.htm

http://mi.ttu.ee/emk

http://mi.ttu.ee/emtel

http://mi.ttu.ee/portaal/



Department of Mining TUT has good contacts with Geological Survey of Estonia, some high level specialist are reading applied geology courses for students in Master level. Geological Survey has long-time experience in geological mapping territory of Estonia and now is compiling digital maps. All geological reports are collected into state Estonian Geological Fund, where students and teachers. The most of wall maps are compiled by Geological Survey of Estonia as well as Explanatory notes to them. These maps are used for teaching different subjects of applied geology: Fundamentals of Geology, Geology of Mineral Deposits, Geology of Estonia, Hydrogeology etc.

8.2 Continuing education

Courses of continuing education are organised for specialists regularly. In average 3 courses per year are given to engineers and officers, http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus. Training, which has been organized:

1. Mining survey

2. Exploding

3. Reclamation of mined areas

4. Safety requirements and legislation in small open pits

5. Mining technology

6. Problems about mining mineral resources

8.3 Traditional events

Every autumn and spring 1-3 day excursions to the most interesting Estonian mining enterprises with

visiting interesting geological objects.

Regular visits and field works to Estonian mining enterprises (Väo and Harku quarries near the Tallinn, Ubja – Kunda limestone, clay and oil shale mines, Oil Shale Narva and Aidu mines, Estonia and Viru mines etc.) within study courses.

9 Ties with international organisations and higher education

institutions, participation in co-operation programmes and

student exchange programmes

9.1 Contacts with international organisations and higher education institutions

Contacts with higher education institutions:

Six members from TUT Department of Mining are members of the Society of Mining Professors (http://www.mineprofs.org/ ): I. Valgma, E. Reinsalu, A. Adamson, J.-R. Pastarus, A. Västrik, V. Karu; Ingo Valgma is member of Membership Development Committee of SOMP, Pastarus is member of Educational Committee http://mi.ttu.ee/somp.

Valgma and Adamson are members of IOC World Mining Congress, http://wmc_ioc.pkskg.tau8.ceti.pl/news.

Ylo Systra is since 1995 member of European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage (ProGeo), http://www.progeo.se.

Tight cooperation in form of research, PhD studies, field trips, exchange of students and professors is being performed with FEMP. FEMP is the organisation that co-ordinates the 2 year Eramus Mundus Minerals and Environmental Program (EMMEP) for students in Mining- and Geotechnical

http://mi.ttu.ee/koolitus

http://www.mineprofs.org/

http://mi.ttu.ee/somp

http://wmc_ioc.pkskg.tau8.ceti.pl/news

http://www.progeo.se/



Engineering, Mineral Processing, Recycling and related academic studies. Participating students study together at universities in four different European countries for one of the two academic years, http://www.femp.org/.

Good cooperation has been established with Freiberg Mining Academy, Helsinki University of technology and other members of SOMP.

ERASMUS students and professors exchange has been established with Helsinki University of Technology, TU Freiberg Bergacademy, Dicle University, Delft University and Wraclaw University.

Ylo Systra was a leading specialist in Institute of Geology Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences up to 2000. The more valuable results are published in proceeding of international conferences in 2001-2008. Institute of Geology KRC RAS in cooperation Petrozavodsk State University is teaching students of Applied Geology and Mining specialities. It gives possibility to compare study programs and subjects as well as completely study program.

Department of Mining has good contacts with University of Helsinki, Faculty of Geology. From 2003 every year students from TUT are joined to excursion near Helsinki, where they can see Precambrian rocks, which under Tallinn lies in the deepness about 125m, but in the northern shore of Finnish Bay are cropping.

Moscow State University is the leader in geological education in Russia. Ylo Systra has tight contacts with staff of university, he defended there his candidate thesis in 1975and in 1992 – Doctoral thesis. Every year during the last 42 years in Moscow University is hold International conference on tectonics of important for practice tectonic problems. Faculty of Geology, Moscow University is every year publishing numerous textbooks.

Dicle University in Diyarbakir, Turkey is in the beginning of cooperation. They have some oil shale resources and they are interested in our knowledge about oli shale mining. TUT Department of Mining staff visited twice Diyarbakir and we talked about student exchange.

A new form of international contacts was used for publishing materials about Cambrian trace fossils, collected during the field work at LAPBIAT project 2003 in the Kilpisjärvi area, Lapland, Finland.

World Business University Association (WBUA), member - J.-R. Pastarus

9.2 Field study excursions

Every year two weeks field trip to foreign mining related object is organised. Recent excursion to

Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia and Germany have been organised;

Every year one day excursion in Helsinki and surroundings with professors M. Lehtinen and Tapani Rämö from University of Helsinki, Faculty of Geology for the 1

st course students, 2003 -2008 have

been organised;

9.3 Exchanging lecturers

Visiting Professors to TUT, Department of Mining

Alexander Vorobiev, Murat Mustafin, Gotfrid Noviks in 2008.

Pekkä Särkka, Christian Buhrow in 2007.

Gerd Wehner, Paul Anciaux, Anja Liukko, Fotios Papoulias, Max-Thomas Stöttner, Hans de Ruiter, Christian Sladek, Ulrich Kullmann, Jan Palarski, Christian Buhrow, Leopold Weber, Horst Hejny, Michael Bauer, Antonis Angelidis, Joachim Wagner, Ulrich Klieboldt, Robert B. Wermuth, Valentine Poot Baudier, Jens Hamer, Viliam Bauer in 2006.

Visiting Professors from TTU, Department of Mining

Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus in 2008.

Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus Sergei Sabanov in 2007.

http://www.femp.org/



Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra, Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus in 2006.

Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy, Ylo Systra in 2005.

Ingo Valgma in Freiberg Mining Academy in 2004.

9.4 Organizing international conferences by members of TUT Department of Mining

SOMP2010 in Tallinn, http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010

International Oil Shale Symposium 2009; http://www.oilshalesymposium.com/

International Conference in Tallinn, 14-18. September 2009: Resources Reproducing, Low-waste and

environmentally Protecting Technologies of Development of the Earth Interior.

SOMP2008 in Aachen; http://www.somp2008.rwth-aachen.de/

TAIEX workshop in Rumenia; 2007; Mining and Environment; http://mi.ttu.ee/taiex/

MAEGS15 in Tallinn, 16-20. September 2007: Georesources and public policy: research,

management, environment. Oil Shale Session

TAIEX workshop in Tallinn, 30.11.-01.12. 2006: EU Legislation as it affects mining.

http://mi.ttu.ee/taiex/

International Symposia and Doctoral School, Kuressaaare 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009

http://matrix.ene.ttu.ee/

9.5 Common research

Mine backfilling, oil shale separation, sustainable mining topics are being applied from international foundations with international partners from Poland, Germany and Finland. Partnership is held in the way of exchanging students, lecturers, doing common researches and organising conferences. Ylo Systra with Alar Läänelaid, Ingo Valgma and Karin Robam took part in the international research programme LAPBIAT 2 in 19.07-27.07.2009, to continue studies in Kevo surrounding. The aim of research was to study influence of geological background to biodiversity and try by old tree year-rings determinate climate changes in the North Europe during the last 500year. Ylo Systra made bedrock samples collection for Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, during the field works of grants LAPBIAT and LAPBIAT 2 (2002, 2003 and 2008). Ylo Systra with Tarmo Kiipli, Alar Läänelaid and student Tennobert Haabu took part in the international research programme LAPBIAT 2, to continue studies in Oulanka and Kilpisjärvi surrounding. The aim of research was to study influence of geological background to biodiversity and try by old tree year-rings determinate climate changes in the North Europe during the last 500year. Was collected new material about Cambrian trace fossil and volcanic intercalations in the thrust Ordovician - Silurian rock for comparing with Estonian volcanic layers. Party materials will be published in Proceeding of the 42, Tectonic conference, Moscow University, 3-6.02.2009.

9.6 Participation in students exchange programs (ERASMUS and FEMP):

Erasmus is the EU's flagship education and training programme, enabling two hundred thousand students to study and work abroad each year, as well as supporting co-operation actions between higher education institutions across Europe. It caters not only for students, but also for professors and business staff who want to teach abroad and for university staff who want to be trained abroad. Read more: http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc80_en.htm

1. Tennobert Haabu participates in EMC in 2009-2010.

http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010/

http://www.oilshalesymposium.com/

http://www.somp2008.rwth-aachen.de/



http://matrix.ene.ttu.ee/

http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc80_en.htm



2. Reili Pärnasalu participates in EMC in 2009-2010.

3. Jekaterina Šestakova participates in EMC in 2009-2010.

4. Vivika Väizene participated in EMC in 2009

5. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in USA, 2008.

6. Reili Päranasalu practiced in Australia in 2007-2008

7. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in Turkey, 2007.

8. Sergei Sabanov participated in training in Finland, 2006.

9. Aire Västrik participated in EMC in 2006-2007.

10. Elo Rannik participated in EGEC in 2005-2006.

11. Sirli Mägi participated in EMEC in 2004-2005.

12. Tauno Tammeoja participated in EMC in 2004-2005.

13. Veiko Karu participated in EMC excursion in Finland, 2004.

9.7 International events for students

Next International Student Week in Tallinn will be held in April, 2010

http://iswtallinn2010.blogspot.com/

Participants of EMC will visit Estonian mining industries in October, 2009

In May and June 2009 group of our staff participated in exchange program offered by ERASMUS. 5

person and a supervisor visited German mining sites, museums and enterprises during 9 days.

Participants of EMC visited Estonian mining industries in October, 2008

In April 2008 group of our students participated in exchange program offered by DAAD (German

Academic Exchange Service). 15 students and a supervisor visited German mining Universities and

enterprises during 2 weeks. http://studytripgermany2008.blogspot.com/

International Students Week in Tallinn, October, 2007 http://iswtallinn2007.blogspot.com/

Tennobert Haabu and Kerlin Erman participated in ISW in Holland, 2007.

Tennobert Haabu participated in ISW in Finland, 2008.

Ave-Õnne Õnnis ja Martin Kaljuste participated in ISW in Norway, 2006.

Participants of EMC visited Estonian mining industries in October, 2006

Excursion for Estonian students was organised in Germany in September 2005 with Freiberg Mining

Academy

International Students Week in Tallinn in March 2004. http://www.hot.ee/emsmaering/isw/

IFMMS Congress in Tallinn in October 2005 http://maering.tipikas.ee/congress/

10 List of Vocational and Other Relevant Organizations Main enterprises, professional societies and institutions:

1. Estonian Mining Society, Ingo Valgma, http://www.maeselts.ee/ems.htm

2. EMTEL - Association of Estonian Mining Industries, Rein Voog

3. Mining Enterprises: Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd., Kunda Nordic Tsement Ltd., Väo Paas

Ltd, etc


http://studytripgermany2008.blogspot.com/


http://www.hot.ee/emsmaering/isw/

http://maering.tipikas.ee/congress/



4. Estonian Geological Society, http://www.egeos.ee/index_en.php?lang=eng

5. Estonian Association of Building Materials Producers, http://www.hot.ee/eetl/eng.htm

6. Geotechnical Association, Hardi Torn, http://mi.ttu.ee/egy/

7. Peat Production Union, Erki Niitlaan, http://www.turbaliit.ee/?go=index&lang=eng

8. Estonian Union of Engineers, Heini Viilup, http://www.insener.ee/

9. Inseneribüroo Steiger Ltd. , Erki Niitlaan, http://www.steiger.ee/

Institutions and research institutions:

1. Geological Survey of Estonia

2. Virumaa College, Tallinn University of Technology, Viktor Andrejev

3. Department of Thermal engineering, Tallinn University of Technology

4. Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology

5. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, EMÜ

6. Institute of Technology, University of Tartu

7. Estonian Maritime Academy

8. Geotechnical Engineering Bureau (G.I.B.) Ltd., Hardi Torn

11 Selected list of international contacts (Department of Mining)

1. Helsinki University of Technology, Rock Engineering Department (prof. Mikael Rinne, prof. Pekka

Särkkä)

2. Freiberg Mining Academy, prof. Christian Buhrow

3. Aachen University, prof. Christian Niemann-Delius, prof Per Nikolai Martens

4. Delft University of Technology, prof. Hans de Ruiter

5. University of Silesia, prof. Jan Palarski

6. University of New Brunswick, prof. Petr Vanicek

7. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), prof Lars Sjöberg

8. Gemcom Software International Inc, PhD Damian Baranovski

9. Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Geosphere, prof. V. Koslevski

10. Geological Survey of Finland, PhD Satu Mertanen

11. Colorado School of Mines, prof. Tibor G. Rozgonyi

12. Dicle University, prof. Osman Z. Hekimoglu

13. Moscow Mining University, prof Vjacheslav Popov

14. Moscow University of People Frienship (RUDN), prof Alexander Vorobiev

Mining communities

1. Society of Mining Professors

2. World Mining Congress

3. FEMP – Federation of European Mining Programs

4. International Association of Geodesy

Enterprises



1. Gemcom International, Mr. Damian Baranovski

2. Caterpillar International, Mr. Erkki Kaisla

3. Wirtgen, Mr. Mati Hertsen

4. Komatsu, Mr. Meelis Mitt

5. Hitachi, Japan, Mr. Harri Mosona

6. SoilVision System Ltd., Mr. Murray D. Fredlund

7. ITASCA, Mr. Edward J. Dzik

12 International dimension of the programmes Department of Mining has composed its study programmes according to the recommendations of the Society of Mining Professors and by requirements of the Standard of Mining Engineers by Estonian Mining Society and experiences from other universities. Internationalisation is offered by participating FEMP and ERASMUS programs and by described cooperation. Exchange programs are coordinated by central International Relations Office at Tallinn Technical University, (http://www.ttu.ee/external/). Gaia Grossfeldt from Department of Mining is ERASMUS co-ordinator in Power Engineering Faculty since 2009.

13 Mäering – Mining Students Groups Mäering is a organization for geology and mining students in Tallinn University of Technology. Their purpose is to introduce mining companies to the students and also take care of the entertainment. Mäering roots go back to the year 1947 then in some time it faded and came back to life in 1998. All Mäering members are junior members of Estonian Mining Society. Traditional events are: St. Barbara´s day, winter camp, spring excursion etc. We co-operate with TUT Department of Mining, Mining and Geology Science Club, Estonian Mining Society and Association of Estonian Mining Industries. In co-operation with TUT Department of Mining we organize ISW and EMC excursions in Tallinn. More information from: http://www.maeselts.ee/maering

14 Science Club of Mining and Geology The science club of Mining and Geology was started in the spring semester of 2006, where the excursions to the phosporite grounds in Maardu and to the limestone deposit in Harku took place to assess the effects of mining. The results of the excursions were presented on the science club’s seminars and in addition poster reports and reports from the fieldworks were made. For all the written work and its scientific side are responsible the academicians. Therefore it is possible to apply the results in all the scientifical actions and they redound in student’s bachelor and Master thesis, in institute’s scientifical reports, in the scientifical work the institute orders etc. To test the student’s self-expression ability and to develop it, there are several performances in the science club and on the institute’s seminar that students have to attend. The result of it is, that student’s are more successful in presenting their final thesis, because they have several opportunities to improve their ability to talk in front of a big audience. As a result of the science club’s actions, there is more cooperation with the private section, different institutions, departments and universities. In the process of the work posters, webpage’s and reports of all the field work, that the science club has been to, are made. Student’s participation in the

http://www.ttu.ee/external/

http://www.maeselts.ee/maering



science club helps them to broaden the mind, they are more successful in their studies and they get an idea of their future work – they get to know, what kind of assignments they are going to solve.

15 IFMMS IFMMS is an international organization for mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students. Every year a congress is arranged to discuss the latest issues for the federation. In addition to the congress the members arrange international students weeks where the visitors get to know the structure of education and companies in the country visited. The IFMMS counts 20 members as of November 2003 divided in 16 countries. IFMMS is an independent federation of mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students. The federation pursues its aims without religious, social, national, sexual or other discrimination. Our aims are to serve mining, metallurgy, petroleum and geology students all over the world through our member organizations and to promote international cooperation in the fields designated in the political statements. The functions of the IFMMS are consolidation of the contacts among European mining universities, discussing of special problems in education and engineering, traditional international student weeks, etc. the highest authority and jurisdiction of the IFMMS is the annual congress, which is held every year. Besides the annual congress the regional boards are responsible for arranging international student weeks. This should introduce the participants to the special subject industry of the host country.

16 ISW (International Student Week) An ISW is an international student week. This is an opportunity to get to know the curriculum of other universities and also get to know the industry. The most important thing is the social aspect and lifelong traditions in each country. The IFMMS congress is arranged every year.

17 WinterAcademy WinterAcademy is a student science conference held once a year and a network of students connecting them throughout the year. The overall aim of WinterAcademy is to inspire students to get involved in making science and innovation projects in the fields of sustainable development. The three-day conference gives possibility to bachelor and master degree students from all universities in Estonia to introduce their research projects to wider audience. Every year science article competition is organised to select the best works to be presented at the conference. Besides that, WinterAcademy brings discussion about most important problems related to balance between humankind and nature, allows participants to learn new practical skills in workshops and creates supporting environment for people to meet, share ideas and develop new projects. As conference takes place in different part of Estonia every year, away from main city centres it also helps to introduce Estonian countryside. WinterAcademy was founded by students from three main/biggest Estonian universities in 2003. While organising team consists of approximately 20 students (incl students of Tartu University) with different background every year, the Council of WinterAcademy is run by following student organisations:

Environment Protection Students’ Association of Eesti Maaülikool

Estonian Students Society for Environment Protection “Sorex”

Club of Sustainable Development in Tallinn University of Technology

Mäering from Department of Mining in Tallinn University of Technology



18 Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme “DoRa” This programme has been created to implement the measure “Facilitating internationalisation and fostering doctoral studies” of the priority item “Development of human resources in R&D” on the basis of the Estonian National Strategic Reference Framework for 2007-2013 and the operational programme “Development of human resources”. The programme has been drawn up pursuant to ss. 12 (4) and 20 (1) of the Republic of Estonia Structural Assistance Act.

http://www.archimedes.ee/amk/File/DoRa_PROGRAMM_eng.doc

19 Erasmus The studies at the Department of Mining TUT provide to the graduates the ability to be employed by the state-owned as well as by the private companies. Students graduated at Bachelor, Master and Doctor’s level can easily find vocational job after finishing their studies. Most of students find vocational job already during studies. Master of Science and Bachelor of Science level graduates are almost all working during their studies on vocational job.

20 Souvenirs TUT Department of Mining laboratory produces souvenirs made of oil shale, for example pencil holders, visiting-card holder and clocks. It is possible to purchase souvenirs. The price of the souvenirs are: pencil holders 75 EEK + V.A.T., visiting-card holder 100 EEK + V.A.T. and clock 300 EEK + V.A.T.

Pencil holder

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/02/doctoral-studies-and.html

http://www.archimedes.ee/amk/File/DoRa_PROGRAMM_eng.doc



Clock

Visiting-card holder

21 Past and future events in 2009/2010

21.1 21th Annual General Meeting of SOMP

The Society of Mining Professors/Societät der Bergbaukunde is a vibrant Society representing the global academic community and committed to make a significant contribution to the future of the minerals disciplines. The main goal of the Society is to guarantee the scientific, technical, academic and professional knowledge required to ensure a sustainable supply of minerals for mankind. The Society facilitates information exchange, research and teaching partnerships and other collaborative activities among its members.

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/01/21th-annual-general-meeting.html



The 21th Annual General Meeting will be held in Tallinn, Estonia from June 18 to 22, 2010. Field trips and mining tours will be scheduled. You may access the official meeting site with program updates at http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010.

Contact persons: Gaia Grossfeldt, [email protected], +372 620 38 53 Ingo Valgma, [email protected] , +372 620 38 51

Society of Mining Professors (SOMP) / Societät der Bergbaukunde (SDB)

Society of Mining Professors organises and supports various activities (Recent events related to SOMP). Some of them related to the Department of Mining of Tallinn University of Technology in Estonia, are listed here for easier finding of photos and web pages. Official web page of the society is www.mineprofs.org.

SOMP web page: www.mineprofs.org

SOMP discussion group: groups.yahoo.com/group/mineprofs

SOMP MD discussion group: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp/ ; groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp

SOMP News: mineprofs.blogspot.com

SOMP MD News: mdc-somp.blogspot.com

Related topic:

Mining Department of Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia

Mining Research in Estonia

21.2 8th International Conference, September 14-18, Tallinn 2009, Estonia

Russian University of People Friendship (RUDN), Russian Academy of Science. 8th International Conference, September 14-18, Tallinn 2009, Estonia. Resource Reproducing, Low-wasted and Environmentally Protecting Technologies of Development of the Earth Interior.

8th International Scientific and Practical Conference.doc

The conference is organized by the Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology http://mi.ttu.ee/rlept8/, Russian University of People Friendship http://www.pfu.edu.ru/: http://kafgd.narod.ru/page.html and Eesti Energia Kaevandused Ltd. – the biggest Estonian oil shale mining company http://www.ep.ee/. Main topics of the conference:

Resources reproducing technologies and formation of man-caused deposits;

Environmentally protected developing of the minerals deposits;

Complex usage of Earths Interior and row minerals;

Geotechnology: burying and transformation of liquid waste in lithosphere;

New technology and equipment and developing mineral resources;

Software programs for modelling of technological processes on developed area of the deposits

http://mi.ttu.ee/somp2010




http://www.ttu.ee/?lang=en

http://www.visitestonia.com/



http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mineprofs/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp/

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mdc_somp/

http://mineprofs.blogspot.com/

http://mdc-somp.blogspot.com/


http://www.ene.ttu.ee/maeinstituut/labor/research/

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/05/8th-international-conference-september.html

http://www.ene.ttu.ee/maeinst/mi/Konverentsid/Moskva/8th%20International%20Conference.%20Tallinn%202009.%20Resources.eng.doc

http://mi.ttu.ee/rlept8/

http://www.pfu.edu.ru/

http://kafgd.narod.ru/page.html

http://www.ep.ee/



The working languages of the conference: Russian, English Exhibitions and presentations: During the conference presentations of companies and other organizations and exhibitions of equipment, books, software and other products are planned. Information about Tallinn city and Tallinn University of Technology can be found on the internet (http://www.tallinn.ee/eng, http://www.ttu.ee). Detailed information about travelling to Tallinn and accommodation will be sent to each participant after the registration.

21.3 Estonian Mining Conference 2009 "Mining Image"

Estonian Mining Conference took place on 8 May 2009 in Põltsamaa. The conference theme this time was "Mining Image” and it was related with mining-related problems. Estonian Mining Society Mining Cnference was organized in cooperation with Department of Mining Tallinn University of Technology and Mining Business Union.

After the conference visited the AS and AS Põltsamaa Granite Rõstla Kaltsiidi Otissaare dolomite quarries.

http://www.tallinn.ee/eng

http://www.ttu.ee/



21.4 LapBiat2009 fieldworks in Lapland

Scientists from Department of Mining - Ülo Sõstra, Ingo Valgma, Karin Robam and Alar Läänelaid from Tartu University are investigating vegetation in northern Lapland in LapBiat program, 19.07-27.07.2009.

21.5 XV Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities is held in Tallinn, Estonia 30. June – 02. July 2009

XV Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities is held in Tallinn, Estonia 30 June – 02 July 2009. Participants are from sevaral European mining countries and from Estonian Mining related institutions.

The 15th Meeting of the European Heads of State Mining Authorities in Estonia “Management of Waste in the Mining Industry” from June 30th to July 2nd 2009 in Tallinn, Estonia

The meeting venue was in Tallink Spa & Conference Hotel, Sadama 11 a, Tallinn, 10111, Estonia. The event was organized to sessions starting at 9.00 on Tuesday, June 30th, and expected to be ending at 14.00 on Thursday, July 2nd.

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/06/xv-meeting-of-european-heads-of-state.html

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/06/xv-meeting-of-european-heads-of-state.html

http://www.blogger.com/



A social event was arranged in the evening of Wednesday, July 1st. Official working language of the

meeting was english.

Mining Waste Directive

21.6 International Oil Shale Symposium Tallinn, 8-11 June 2009

The Symposium took place in the Main Hall of Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn.

Eesti Energia, along with its partners - the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), Tallinn University of Technology and the University of Tartu - hosted the International Oil Shale Symposium at Tallinn University of Technology.

From TUT Department of Mining the participating in the Symposium where Veiko Karu, Ingo Valgma, Aire Västrik. Symposium took place two parallel sessions and on the hall you could see over 60 posters.

Main categories:

Shale Oil Retorting Research

Remediation and Managing By-Products

Developments in Shale Oil Production Technologies and Upgrading

Exploration and Geology

Hints for Successful Oil Shale Projects

Oil shale as a Power Source

International Oil Shale Developments

Environmental Impacts

Abstracts in other subject areas were also submitted. The program will be adjusted based on

abstracts submitted and indicated interests.

International Oil Shale Symposium Field Trip, 10-11 June 2009

Group picture in Estonia mine

http://www.google.ee/search?rlz=1C1GGLS_etEE292EE305&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=mining+waste+directive

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/06/international-oil-shale-symposium.html



http://mi.ttu.ee/polevkivisympoosion/

http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshalesymposium/

http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshale/

21.7 Staff Exchange in Germany

Members of Department of Mining visited Germany mining sites from 31.05.2009 to 07.06.09 with ERASMUS Staff Exchange program. Below you can find pictures and the description about visited places and the route.

21.8 Czech Mining Professionals in Estonia

On 22nd

May 2009 - Mining Professionals from Czech Republic visited Department of Mining and oil shale mining in Aidu surface mine under the guidance of Martin Lohk.

Members of the group came from: Technical University of Ostrova / www.vsb.cz ; Sokolovska Uhelna / www.suas.cz ; Severoceske doly a.s. www.sdas.cz ; VÚHU a.s. www.vuhu.cz

http://mi.ttu.ee/polevkivisympoosion/

http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshalesymposium/

http://mi.ttu.ee/oilshale/

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/06/staff-exchange-in-germany.html

http://maetehnika.blogspot.com/search/label/Saksamaa2009

http://arvutigeoloog.blogspot.com/

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2009/05/czech-mining-professionals-in-estonia.html

http://www.vsb.cz/

http://www.suas.cz/

http://www.sdas.cz/

http://www.vuhu.cz/



21.9 Cooperation meeting in Finland

On 9th. December 2008 took place co-operation meeting of TUT Department of Mining and Helsinki University of Technology in Finland. Cooperation possibilities were discussed and visits to laboratories, underground working, Tytyri limestone mine and Voutila quarry took place. Ingo Valgma, Vivika Väizene, Heidi Soosalu, Veiko Karu, Ain Anepaio, Karin Robam, Gaia Grossfeldt and Ave-Õnne Õnnis attended from Department of Mining of TUT.

21.10 FEMP meeting 2008

Aire Västrik from TUT Department of Mining participated in a FEMP meeting and reunion 2008, which was held in Poland, Wroclaw 27.11 -30.11.2008. Rio Tinto hosted this year’s reunion of the EMC, EMEC and EGEC programs which coincides with the annual meeting of the organisation that supports the programs: FEMP (Federation of European Mineral Programmes) and its IAB (Industrial Advisory Board). Participants took part of the workshop "Sustainable Development". On Saturday an excursion was organised to the Zloty Stok- gold mine museum where in the evening St. Barbara celebration was held. More information.

21.11 EMC Tallinn 2008

Participants of European Mining Course visited Estonian mining industries. On 2nd and 3rd October participants of EMC (European Mining Course) and professors from Helsinki University of Technology visited Estonian mining enterprises: Väo Paas, Eesti Põlevkivi Aidu surface mine, Estonia underground mine and abounded phosphorite mining area at Maardu. Ingo Valgma, Tennobert Haabu and Aire Västrik were excursion organizers from TUT department of Mining. International students came from 9 different countries (Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain, Canada, South-African Republic, Sierra Leone and China). On a first day participants visited AS Väo Paas limestone quarry near Tallinn. Later that day Ingo Valgma,

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2008/12/cooperation-meeting-in-finland.html

http://www.tkk.fi/en/index.html

http://www.tkk.fi/en/index.html

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2008/12/femp-meeting-2008.html

http://www.femp.org/info/reunion08/program_2008.pdf

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2008/10/emc-tallinn-2008.html

http://mi.ttu.ee/emc

http://www.tkk.fi/Yksikot/Rakennus/Kallio/

http://www.tkk.fi/Yksikot/Rakennus/Kallio/



http://www.vaopaas.ee/



director of TUT department of mining, introduced Ülgase abandoned phosphorite mine site history and technology. Despite the fact that weather was rainy international students were very co-operative and asked many questions. On a second day they visited Aidu oil shale open cast mine, where Ants Vannus, mine manager, made presentation about Aidu and leaded excursion in the mine. Next we visited Estonia mine, where Ago Bachmann, mining engineer, showed us production process. Visitors of excursion were surprised about new technology that they saw. Federation of European Mining Programs (FEMP), organizes study process on EMC, that lasts 8 months in four countries (Finland, Germany, Great Britain and Netherlands) TUT department of mining has organized EMC excursion to Estonia before. Previously 5 mining students from TUT MI have participated on EMC earlier. EMC gives opportunities for students to work and practice in international companies and makes co-operation between universities and companies. Pictures: http://picasaweb.google.com/emsmaering/EMCTallinn2008 More information about EMC: http://mi.ttu.ee/emc

http://www.ep.ee/?id=4306

http://images.google.ee/images?um=1&hl=et&lr=&q=oil+shale+mine+Estonia

http://www.femp.org/

http://picasaweb.google.com/emsmaering/EMCTallinn2008

http://mi.ttu.ee/emc



21.12 BEST summer course

On 9

th of July 2008 Aire Västrik gave a lecture about oil shale mining to BEST students in Department of

Mining. Ain Anepaio, Margit Kolats, Aire Västrik and Ingo Valgma introduced mechanical oil shale sampling and breaking in the laboratory of mining conditions. Every participant got a sample of world famous oil shale. Highest compressive strenght of oil shale reached 18 MPa and for limestone 90 MPa.

21.13 Lectures about mining

On Monday morning 9.06.2008 guest lecture were held in auditorium VII-215 in Department of Mining. Aleksander Vorobjov, prof., Peoples´Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moskva. Report, Murat Mustafin, prof., Saint Petersburg State Mining Institute, Gotfrid Noviks, prof., Rezekne Higher Education Institution Public lectures on topic: Research developments of universities and institutions; Mining problems - Actual problems of mining mineral resources (in Russian).

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2008/07/best-summer-course.html

http://www.ene.ttu.ee/maeinstituut/yritused/Best2008/oil_shale_for_best.pdf

http://best.ee/eng/



http://maelabor.blogspot.com/2007/10/laboratory-of-mining-conditions.html

http://mining-department.blogspot.com/2008/06/lectures-about-mining.html

http://www.rudn.ru/en/

http://www.ene.ttu.ee/Maeinstituut/labor/Vorobiev.pdf

http://www.spmi.ru/

http://www.ru.lv/index.php?lang=en

http://www.ru.lv/index.php?lang=en

Ehitajate tee 5, VII corpus, 19086 Tallinn

Tel: 620 38 50, Fax: 620 36 96

mi.ttu.ee , [email protected]

Laboratory of Mining Conditions

# Analysis / service name Unit Price

EEK

+V.A.T.

The possibility

of lending

1 Service offered by the laboratory hour 200

2 Drying samples, 105oC

one

sample 63

3 Seaving dry material

one

sample 48

4 Los Angeles test

one

sample 198

5 Schmidt'i hammer test one test 26 Yes

6 Point Load Test (PLT) one test 42 Yes

7 Uniaxial compressive test

one

sample 84

8 Radiation Measurement hour 27 Yes

9 Measurement of the noise level hour 38 Yes

10 Grinding of the specimens

one

sample 93

11 Drilling of care samples, diameter 54,4mm, lenght 120mm

one

sample 76

12 Sawing of the specimens

one

sample 51

13 Determination of the groundwater level one test 58

14 Determination of flow velocity hour 60

15 Mining survey hour 100

Coeficent 1,5 will be added to the laboratory tests outside the laboratory

Approved by the Director of the TUT

Department of Mining



22 Publications about mining and geology

The structure and metamorphism of the relict of the Kilpisjärvi Archean greenstone belt, northwestern Finland

Y.J. Systra Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected] The relict of the 6 km long and up to 3 km wide Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt is located in the Northwestern corner of Finland, on the eastern shore of the Kilpisjärvi Lake [1, 3]. Coordinates of its center are 69º01’ N and 20°53’ E. The northern end of the relict is covered by the Caledonian nappes of the Saana Mount with Cambrian sedimentary autochthon as there basement. The thickness of the autochthon does not exceed 200 m and it is mostly composed of clayey slates with thin (less than 1m) sandstone layers in the upper part. The nappes are everywhere lineated showing thrusting from NW to SE at angles 3-10º (Fig.1).

Figure. Geological sketch map of the relict of the Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt (compiled with using the map of J.J. Lehtovaara, 1994 [2]). 1 – thrusts with dolomite marble layer in the basement; 2 – Cambrian autochthon; 3 – dyke of porphyrite; 4 – gabbro-diabase dykes; 5 – comparatively massive microcline granite; 6 – granitic gneiss (a) and granodiorite (b); 7 – comparatively massive felsic volcanic rock; 8 – rusty-brown biotite gneiss with tuff and tuff conglomerate horizons; 9 – intermediate and mafic volcanic rock, sometimes with amygdaloidal or pillow-lava textures; 10 – ultramafic rocks: horizons of Mg-rich amphibolites (a) and body of talc-chlorite rock (b); 11 – gneissosity (a), bedding and lineation (b).

Originally the edge of the overthrusted cover likely stayed somewhat to SE. Some relics of resistant quartzite nappes are met on some hilltops to the distance of 2-3 km from the continuous thrust margin. In the upper part of the thrust cover, on the southern slope of Saana Mount, there occur possible marks of back thrusting and the thrust angle reaches here 15-16°. These facts show that the thrust margin was probably initially located not more than 5-10 km to SE from the position of the contact on the present ground. J.J. Lehtovaara described the bedrock in Kilpisjärvi and compiled geological map sheets in scale 1:100 000 [3]. Compilers of the geological map of Finland in scale 1:1 000 000 [1] divided the Archean basement of the studied area into two complexes, basement gneisses and greenstone belt. In the basement gneisses most common are gray granodiorites, granitic gneisses and migmatites 3.1-2.6 Ga in age. Same type of granodiorite in Sweden, 100 km to

SE from this area, gave isotopic age 2.735 Ga [2]. Typical granodiorite is weakly gneissose. Granitic gneisses are often migmatized by pegmatitic, often muscovite containing granites. Granodiorites and granitic gneisses sometimes occurs weak mineral lineation and small scale folds, but their orientation change in the studied territory. Single xenolites of amphibolite may occur in granitic gneisses everywhere in the studied area, but in this part of Finland is found only one such large relict of greenstone belt as the Kilpisjärvi belt is. In the geological map [1] the Kilpisjärvi belt is marked as Archean, 3.0-2.7 Ga old greenstone. The Kilpisjärvi belt is unusual in high content of felsic volcanites and absence of terrigenic sediments in the sequence. Felsic volcanic rocks are massive lavas, pyroclastic rocks, tuffs and tuff conglomerates.Tuffs and tuff conglomerates occur together. Tuffs are thin-bedded and form 2-3 m thick layers. All compositions of volcanic rocks, ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and felsic, are represented. In the intermediate volcanic rock sometimes are met amygdaloidal textures. Mafic volcanites with occasional pillow structures are most common. They are mostly plagioclase-hornblende amphibolites. Content of hornblende may exceed 50%. Ore minerals (about 5%) are mostly magnetite and ilmenite. Apatite and zircon occur as accessory minerals. Fine grained garnet occurs occasionally. Calcite is common occurring here and there as up to 10 cm thick deformed lenses. Together with epidote and titanite calcite characterizes altered rocks. In mafic volcanite occur some 2-3 m thick bright green layers characteristic for Mg-rich hornblende. Usually such amphibolites are altered ultramafic rocks. In rusty-brown biotite gneisses on the SW slope of Saana Mount, exactly on the tourist path occurs a more than 50 m long and up to 15 m thick concordant body of gray talc-chlorite rock. At places there is a network of hematite rich veins, which are from parts of mm up to 10 mm thick. Within felsic volcanic rocks occurs weak sulphide mineralizations. On the Salmivaara peninsula the thickness of pyrrhotite mineralized lens is some tenths of centimeters and length some meters. Small grains of sulphides occur in all gneissose felsic volcanic rocks. In the southern part of the area the Kilpisjärvi greenstone belt divides into two branches. The eastern branch continues in the same direction, SE 155º, but western branch turns abruptly to SW 215°. This branch continues to SW about 7km into Sweden [4]. In the NNW branch strike is NW 325-340° and dip is to SW at angles 55-80°. In the western branch strike NW 340°- NE 40° is dominating and dip is 38-70° to west. Small and middle scale folds and mineral lineation of quartz, biotite, feldspar and hornblende are common. They plunge to SW 255°- NW 280° at angles 36-54°. Naturally, this lineation does exist neither in the Cambrian autochthon nor in the Caledonian thrusts. The Archean granodiorites, granitic gneisses and greenstones are cut by massive and comparatively fresh looking gabbro-diabase dikes. Dikes are from one meter up to 40 meters thick. Their prevailing strike is NW 295-305°, dip is near to vertical or 80-89°to NE. In the greenstone rocks was observed one dyke of porphyrite with strike NE 53° and dip 78°to SE. The metamophoses of the greenstone belt was comparatively weak. The first small garnet grains are seen only in amphibolites. In the felsic rocks they were not seen. In felsic volcanic rocks first stage of migmatization appears at places as biotite gneisses. Magnesium rich ultramafic rocks were altered to talc-chlorite rocks and among amphibolites to Mg-rich amphibolites. These finds enables conclusion that metamorphism in greenstone belt did not exceed conditions of epidote-amphibolite metamorphic facies. No granodiorite veins or contact was found within greenstone belt rocks but gabbro-diabase dykes cut both greenstones and granodiorites. They were widely developed in the Archean rocks of the Fennoscandian Shield. These dyke swarms intruded in the Early Proterozoic [4]. It is concluded that in the Kilpisjärvi region the Cambrian autochthons and Caledonian nappes have the basement composed of Archean granite-greenstone complex.

Field work in the Kilpisjärvi area was done with financial support of the LAPBIAT (grant HPRI–CT–00132) and LAPBIAT 2 (grant RITA–CT–2006–025 969). Data generalization was done in the frame of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research project SF0140093s08. References:

1. Korsman, K. et al. Bedrock map of Finland 1:1 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. 1997. 2. Lehtovaara, J.J. Geological map of Finland. Pre-Quaternary rocks. Sheet 1823 Kilpisjärvi. Espoo: Geological

Survey of Finland. 1994. 1s. 3. Lehtovaara, J.J. Kilpisjärven ja Haltin kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the

Kilpisjärvi and Halti map-sheet areas. Espoo: Geol. Survey of Finland,.1995. 64 pp. 4. Silvennoinen, A. (ed.). Geological map of Pre-Quaternary rocks of Northern Fennoscandia. 1:1 000 000.

Compiled at Geological Surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden. 1987.

Geophys. J. Int. (2009) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04018.x

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Crustal structure beneath the Faroe Islands from teleseismic receiverfunctions

K. E. Harland, R. S. White and H. Soosalu∗

Bullard Laboratories, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 2008 November 3. Received 2008 October 28; in original form 2007 August 17

S U M M A R Y

We use teleseismic receiver function analysis to constrain the crustal structure beneath the Faroe

Islands on the northwest European volcanic continental margin. A cluster of 45 broad-band

seismometers on the Glyvursnes peninsula, Streymoy Island recorded 10 teleseismic events

ranging in magnitude from 6.1 to −8.0 during July–December 2003. Receiver functions show

a clear Ps peak for the first time in this region. The depth of the converting boundary is

estimated as 29–32 km using forward and inverse modelling and thickness versus V P/V S

ratio stacking techniques. Modelling experiments suggest that this estimate may represent the

conversion from a region of high-velocity lower crust rather than the crust–mantle transition

at the Moho. The best-fit modelling results were achieved with a gradational high-velocity

region at least 6 km thick in the lower crust. This is interpreted as due to the emplacement of

sills into pre-existing continental crust rather than the simple underplating of a block of high

velocity igneous material at its base.

Key words: Continental margin; Crustal structure.

1 I N T RO D U C T I O N

The Faroe Islands are a presumed fragment of continental crust on

the northwest European continental margin, but there is currently no

measurement of the crustal thickness or the lower crustal velocity

directly beneath them. Our first objective was to use receiver func-

tions from a cluster of 45 broad-band seismometers to constrain the

crustal thickness beneath the Faroe Islands. The islands are cov-

ered by flood basalts formed at the time of the Tertiary continental

break-up at ca. 55 Ma, which created the North Atlantic (White

& McKenzie 1989). The basalt flows reach at least 7 km thick

(Waagstein 1988; White et al. 2003; Passey & Bell 2007). No out-

crops of underlying crust pre-dating the basalts have been found

on the islands, however, plate reconstructions (e.g. Nunns 1983;

Knott et al. 1993) suggest that the region from East Greenland to

the Shetlands was continuous prior to breakup. Basalt sequences

can be correlated from east Greenland to the Faroe Islands (Larsen

et al. 1999). Outcrops of Lewisian basement in East Greenland

and the Shetlands suggest that the same basement is likely to be

found beneath the Faroes if continental lithosphere lies beneath the

basalt. A second objective of our study was to use receiver functions

to investigate whether there is continental crust beneath the Faroe

Islands.

∗Now at: Geological Survey of Estonia, Kadaka tee 82, 12618 Tallinn,

Estonia.

Lewisian basement has a typical P-wave velocity of 6.0–

6.5 km s−1 (Hall & Simmons 1979). When there are large vol-

umes of extruded basalts, it is likely that there is at least as much

magma intruded into the lower crust as extruded (Cox 1980; White

et al. 2008). The intruded, fractionated magma has a much higher

seismic velocity than the country rock, and therefore creates a high-

velocity lower crust (HVLC) with velocities typically in excess of

7.0 km s−1. Our third objective was to seek evidence for an HVLC

indicative of lower crustal intrusion.

Bott et al. (1974) provided an early estimate of the crustal

thickness beneath the Faroe Islands of 27–38 km. Later authors

(Richardson et al. 1998, 1999; Smallwood et al. 1999), using off-

shore shooting into seismometers on land in the Faroes on the

FLARE, FAST and FIRE profiles (locations marked in Fig. 1),

suggest that the crustal thickness is likely to be towards the up-

per end of this range. Staples et al. (1997) estimated the crustal

thickness beneath the Faroe Islands as 35–40 km, of which they

interpreted 20–30 km as original continental crust and the remain-

der as intruded or extruded igneous rock. Slightly thinner, but not

dissimilar crustal thicknesses of 27–32 km are reported from the

nearby submarine areas of Hatton Bank (White et al. 1987; Fowler

et al. 1989), Rockall Bank (Bunch 1979) and the Fugloy Ridge

(White et al. 2008). As the Faroe Islands are subaerial, we would

expect the crustal thickness beneath them to be larger than on the

adjacent, submarine portions of the continental margin if they are

in isostatic equilibrium.

Regions of HVLC are ubiquitous on the North Atlantic conti-

nental margins (e.g. Fowler et al. 1989; Morgan et al. 1989; White

C© 2009 The Authors 1Journal compilation C© 2009 RAS

2 K. E. Harland, R. S. White and H. Soosalu

Figure 1. Topographic map of the North Atlantic showing (inset) location of the seismometer cluster on the Faroese Island of Streymoy. Controlled source

wide-angle seismic profiles near the Faroes Islands with whole crustal structure control are FIRE profile from Smallwood et al. (1999), FLARE profile from

Richardson et al. (1998), FAST profile from Richardson et al. (1999) and iSIMM profile from White et al. (2008).

& McKenzie 1989; Kelemen & Holbrook 1995; Barton & White

1997; Larsen & Saunders 1998; Vogt et al. 1998; Holbrook et al.

2001; Korenaga et al. 2002; Hopper et al. 2003; Geoffroy 2005;

Klingelhofer et al. 2005; Voss & Jokat 2007; White et al. 2008).

The HVLC has often been referred to as ‘underplated’ igneous rock,

though as White et al. (2008) discuss, it is more likely to be a region

of heavily intruded continental crust.

Comparisons of receiver function estimates of crustal structure

around the British Isles with wide-angle controlled source seismic

constraints have been published by Tomlinson et al. (2006) and

Shaw Champion et al. (2006). They report similar results from the

two methods when the crustal velocity is known a priori, but also

show that it can be difficult to resolve the presence of an HVLC

unless it is more than 4 km thick. For at least some of the locations,

Tomlinson et al. (2006) suggest that the converting horizon from

which the thickness is calculated in the receiver function analysis

represents the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho. The receiver

function thickness is therefore smaller than the true crustal thick-

ness. Later in this paper we discuss the effect of an HVLC on the

receiver functions from velocity profiles appropriate for the Faroe

Islands. Shaw Champion (2005) attempted to use data from a single

seismometer on the Faroe Islands to calculate receiver functions,

but the data were noisy and they did not find a consistent converted

arrival from the base of the crust. In our study we have used a tight

cluster of 45 broad-band seismometers on Streymoy, Faroe Islands

(Fig. 1), which after stacking produces receiver functions with good

signal-to-noise ratios and a clear converted arrival from the lower

crust.

2 R E C E I V E R F U N C T I O N S

Receiver functions represent the seismic response beneath a seis-

mometer to an incoming teleseismic P-wave. P-to-S conversions

are generated at any interface with a significant velocity contrast

(Fig. 2). The incident P waves have a steep angle of incidence (in

this case 16–29◦ from the vertical for the direct P-wave and 8–16◦

from the vertical for their corresponding Ps conversions), hence the

particle motion is polarized so that P waves dominate the vertical

component and S waves are preferentially recorded on the radial

C© 2009 The Authors, GJI

Journal compilation C© 2009 RAS

Crustal structure beneath the Faroe Islands 3

Figure 2. Schematic ray paths for different labelled phases and multiples

from a simple two-layer model with the resultant radial receiver function.

component. The source time function of the event is removed from

the recorded teleseismic waveform by deconvolution, as described

by Ammon (1991), in an attempt to isolate the conversions due

to local structure from changes to the seismic waveform caused by

structure near the source and during propagation through the Earth’s

mantle between the source and the receiver.

We calculate receiver functions in the frequency domain using

codes by Ammon (1991), which are modified from Langston (1979).

A water-level method developed by Clayton & Wiggins (1976) is

used to fill spectral troughs and thereby produce stable receiver

functions. A Gaussian low-pass filter was used during deconvolution

to remove high-frequency noise. The filter is given by

G(ω) = e(−ω2/4a2), (1)

where a is a width factor of the filter. After preliminary trials with

different values, a was set to 2.0. This produces a 90 per cent cut-

off at 1 Hz on the high frequency side, to match the energy of the

teleseismic arrivals, which is predominantly below this frequency.

The wavelength at 1 Hz is 6–7 km, so we do not expect to be able to

resolve lower crustal layers thinner than about one half-wavelength,

or 3–4 km in vertical thickness.

We assume that the velocity structure is 1-D (i.e. there are no

significant dips or lateral variability in the crustal structure over the

region extending approximately 15 km from the seismometer cluster

that is sampled by the different primary and multiple phases used in

the analysis and shown in Fig. 2.) In the absence of noise or lateral

variability there should be no energy on the tangential component

of the receiver function. As we show later, the tangential receiver

Figure 3. Changes in the timing and amplitudes of the main receiver func-

tion phases shown in Fig. 2 for a simple two-layer model of the crust and

mantle with parameters appropriate for the Faroes region. (a) Effect of

change in crustal thickness h are in kilometres; (b) Effect of change in the

V P/V S ratio of the crust. Multiple peaks, such as the PpPs peak, are delayed

differently for these two cases, and it is therefore possible to discriminate

between them using the multiple phases. Receiver functions forward mod-

elled from these velocity models were generated using a Gaussian filter with

width a = 2 to match the inversions made subsequently on the observed

seismic data.

functions are much smaller than the radial receiver functions, giving

us confidence in this assumption.

3 F O RWA R D M O D E L S O F R E C E I V E R

F U N C T I O N S

The depth to a converting boundary inferred from a receiver function

depends on the P-wave velocity of the crust above that boundary

and on the V P/V S ratio of the crust. The forward models of receiver

functions shown in Fig. 3 illustrate the changes in the traveltimes

and amplitudes of the main phases derived from a two-layer model

of the crust and mantle with changes in the thickness (Fig. 3a) and

the V P/V S ratio (Fig. 3b) of the crust. As can be seen from Fig. 3 it

is impossible to discriminate between the crustal thickness and the

V P/V S ratio on the basis of the direct P and Ps arrivals alone, but

inclusion of multiple phases such as PpPs may allow their effects to

be separated. We make use of this later in analysis of the observed

data.




3.1 Resolution of high-velocity lower crust (HVLC)

In order to test which features of the HVLC can be resolved using

the receiver function method, we generated three types of simple

crustal velocity profiles. They represent a simplified form of the

actual crustal velocity profile under the Faroe Islands, which has

basalts outcropping at the surface and no sedimentary overbur-

den. The type A crustal model contains a discrete layer of HVLC;

Figure 4. The model types A, B and C represent three possible crustal velocity models generated to investigate the resolution capabilities of the receiver

function method. Receiver functions forward modelled from these velocity models were generated using a Gaussian filter with width a = 2 to match the

inversions made subsequently on the observed seismic data. The ability to distinguish between a layer and a sharp discontinuity (1z = 0) is tested by varying

1z (0, 3, 6 and 9 km steps are depicted), and between a discrete layer and gradational region by comparing type A with type B and C receiver functions. The

dominant phase conversion horizon in all these models is the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho, so depth estimates from receiver function inversions are

likely to constrain the depth to the top of the HVLC rather than the Moho depth unless the HVLC is sufficiently thick to be recognized as a separate layer.

Values of 1z in figure are in kilometres.

type B, a gradational region of HVLC; and type C a high-velocity

layer with a sharp top and a gradational base. These models (Fig. 4)

were then used to generate synthetic radial receiver functions. For

each case the thickness 1z of the HVLC layer was varied from 0

to -9 km in 3-km steps. All results were compared with the receiver

function generated by a control case, a simple two-layer model of

the crust and mantle (1z = 0) with the boundary at 25 km below

the surface (which is also the top of the HVLC in all models).




The discrete HVLC (type A) is representative of a layer often

depicted on crustal profiles, commonly termed ‘underplate’. The

gradational HVLC (type B) may be formed if the lower crust is

intruded by sills with the density and/or thickness of sills decreas-

ing upwards away from the Moho. If only the lowermost crust is

heavily intruded by high-velocity igneous sills, one might expect a

greater contrast between the upper crust and the top of this intruded

HVLC than between the HVLC and the underlying mantle below

(as represented by type C crust).

Experiments using type A crustal models demonstrate that a

high-velocity lower crustal layer less than 6 km thick would be

indistinguishable from the control two-layer case on the basis of

the Ps peak alone, particularly in the presence of noise. Once the

thickness 1z of the HVLC is increased above 6 km, two different

Ps peaks from the bottom and top of a high-velocity layer can be

resolved (Fig. 4a). These peaks have a delay time separation that is

proportional to the thickness of the layer and amplitudes that depend

on the magnitude of the velocity contrast across each boundary. The

HVLC layer can be distinguished from the control case at a much

smaller 1z using the PpPs peak. This has already split into two

peaks on the multiple PpPs arrivals by 1z = 3 km.

Receiver functions resulting from a gradational region at the base

of the crust are also hard to distinguish from the control two-layer

case or from a discrete high-velocity layer using the Ps peak alone

where 1z ≤ 6 km (Fig. 4b). The Ps peak does not split into two for

greater 1z thicknesses, but in this case continues to broaden and

to reduce in amplitude. The Ps peak does exhibit a slight increase

in delay time as 1z increases (by 1z = 9 km the delay time has

increased by ca. 0.6 s). Changing the boundaries in the model from

sharp to gradational results in a more obvious broadening of the

PpPs multiple peak and a decrease in its amplitude. This effect

increases with increasing 1z. As the region thickens the PpPs peak

is therefore more easily hidden by noise.

The receiver functions generated from the type C profiles show a

combination of effects (Fig. 4c). The Ps peak remains similar to the

control case in delay time (i.e. this peak is due to conversion from

the top of the layer), but it decreases in amplitude and broadens

slightly as the thickness 1z of the gradational HVLC increases.

The PpPs multiple develops a distinct shape, a peak (resulting from

a reflection and then conversion from the top of the layer), with

a shoulder (as a result of the gradational region). The shoulder is

again of lower amplitude and would be easily obscured by noise in

real data.

This analysis shows the importance of the PpPs multiple in con-

straining the crustal structure, but also the difficulty of discriminat-

ing between different models of the HVLC for thicknesses less than

ca. 6 km. The receiver functions are governed by the depth of the

main layer at which phase conversion occurs, which in the models

we have used is dominantly at the top of the HVLC rather than at

its base. The inferred crustal thickness from the receiver function

method in the presence of an HVLC is likely therefore to be the

top of the HVLC rather than the Moho, unless the HVLC is thicker

than 3–6 km and can be recognized as a separate layer at the base

of the crust.

4 A NA LY S I S

4.1 Sources of data

Forty-five Guralp 6TD seismometers (bandwidth 0.03–50 Hz) were

deployed during July–December 2003 in a tight cluster mainly

Figure 5. The 10 teleseismic events used in this receiver function study,

plotted on a map centred on the Faroes. Numbers match details of earth-

quakes listed in Table 1.

within a 400 m by 400 m array on the Glyvursnes peninsula, Strey-

moy, Faroe Islands (see Fig. 1). Ten teleseismic events selected for

receiver function analysis all had magnitudes ≥6.1, with angular

distances between 30◦–90◦ (see Fig. 5 for locations and Table 1 for

details). They are clustered in back azimuth with four events near

Japan, two in Siberia, three near the Aleutians and one lone event

on the Carlsberg Ridge. The small spatial extent of the seismometer

cluster meant that it could not be used for array processing, but the

seismic data were stacked to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

4.2 Receiver functions

Receiver functions were generated for each event, with all stations

in the cluster stacked. The resultant radial receiver functions show

a consistent Ps peak, which is 3.5 ± 0.1 s after the direct P ar-

rival (Fig. 6). In an ideal case, with flat isotropic horizontal layers,

no energy from conversions should be recorded on the tangential

component. Dipping layers, anisotropy and scattered energy can,

however, all introduce energy. The tangential receiver functions

from individual events show a significant amount of energy, but the

uneven distribution of events in back azimuth means that we cannot

constrain whether this is due to anisotropy or dipping layers, or is

simply noise from local heterogeneity.

Receiver functions for individual events were stacked in clusters

of similar back azimuth, resulting in an improvement in the signal-

to-noise ratio of the radial receiver functions (Fig. 6b). A clear Ps

peak occurs at 3.5 ± 0.1 s, with a broader peak at 10.5 ± 0.4 s

interpreted as the PpPs multiple, which becomes more apparent

after stacking. It is not possible to identify peaks later than this due

to the background noise. The amplitudes of the corresponding tan-

gential receiver functions are greatly reduced by stacking compared

to those for individual events, suggesting that the majority of the

energy in the latter is a result of scattering or background noise

rather than 3-D structure. For this reason a 1-D approximation is

henceforth assumed. The stack of receiver functions from all events

achieved the best signal-to-noise ratio on the radial component with

least energy on the tangential component (Fig. 6c).




Table 1. Events used for the receiver function study (data from United States Geological Survey/National Earthquake

Information Center).

Depth Ray Parameter Backazimuth

Event Date Origin time Location MW (km) (◦)

1 16/06/2003 22:08:02 Kamchatka, Aleutians 6.9 175 0.0601 8

2 29/09/2003 02:36:53 Hokkaido, Japan 6.5 25 0.0534 22

3 25/09/2003 19:50:08 Hokkaido, Japan 8.0 33 0.0532 22

4 27/07/2003 06:25:32 near SE coast of Russia 6.8 470 0.0554 24

5 25/07/2003 22:13:30 E. coast Honshu, Japan 6.1 6 0.0512 25

6 01/10/2003 01:03:25 SW Siberia 6.7 10 0.0691 58

7 27/09/2003 11:33:25 SW Siberia 7.5 17.6 0.0690 58

8 15/07/2003 20:27:50 Carlsberg Ridge 7.6 10 0.0449 104

9 17/11/2003 06:43:06 Andreanof Is., Aleutians 7.8 33 0.0574 356

10 23/06/2003 12:12:34 Rat Islands, Aleutians 6.9 20 0.0576 358

5 C RU S TA L S T RU C T U R E F RO M

O B S E RV E D R E C E I V E R F U N C T I O N S

We used three different methods to constrain the crustal structure

from the stacked receiver functions. First, we made an inversion

using Ammon’s (1991) method. Second, we made a grid search

using a h − V p/V s stacking method developed by Zhu & Kanamori

(2000). Third, we forward modelled the main phases by hand to fit

the amplitudes and relative arrival times of the main phases. The

difference between these methods is primarily in the way that noise

affects the results: the inversion weights all the parts of the waveform

equally irrespective of their source, whereas forward modelling by

hand enables us to concentrate explicitly just on those phases that

we can identify, while ignoring other parts of the waveform that may

be noise. In the following section we discuss the overall constraints

on crustal structure that can be inferred from the results of applying

these three different methods to the same data.

5.1 Inverse modelling

The programs used for inversion modelling are described by

Ammon (1991). Ammon’s inversions use a Poisson’s ratio of 0.25

throughout. Modified versions of the programs were therefore cre-

ated to allow the V P/V S ratio to be input into the velocity model

layer -by-layer and hence to allow variation with depth for greater

geological realism. Controlled source wide-angle seismic profiles

were used to generate an approximate starting velocity model, then

this was perturbed randomly multiple times and the inversion was

completed for each perturbed input model. In Fig. 7 we show the

mean velocity-depth profile from these multiple inversions for each

of the regionalized input receiver functions (coloured lines in Fig. 7),

as well as for the stack of all events (thicker black line in Fig. 7).

P-wave velocities of ca. 7.6 km s−1, which are typical of mantle

rocks are reached at a depth of about 32 km beneath the surface. This

also corresponds to a change to a smaller velocity gradient at the

same depth (broken horizontal black line in Fig. 7), which therefore

makes it a good candidate for the Moho. The precise details of

the variations in velocity structure below 32 km are beyond the

resolution of the inversion, and the smoothing necessary for the

inversion forces boundaries to be gradational in the modelling, so

we conclude that the best estimate for the crustal thickness from

this method is about 32 km.

The overall structure of the 32-km thick crust is marked by a high-

velocity gradient in the upper 10 km, beneath which there is either

a decrease in velocity gradient (as shown by inversion of arrivals

from the Carlsberg Ridge), or an actual decrease in velocity causing

a low-velocity zone (remaining inversions). The velocity gradient

increases again in the lowermost quarter of the crust beneath 25 km

depth (all inversions show this).

The velocities of 4.5–6.5 km s−1 and the high-velocity gradient

in the upper 10 km of the crust are consistent with the thick-layered

basalt sequence seen everywhere on the Faroe Islands, which is

known from outcrop and drilling to be at least 7 km thick. The low-

velocity zone beneath this could be real, and would then represent

continental crust. It may also be an artifact of the limited bandwidth

of the seismometers that may cause artificial negative peaks in the

receiver functions which then translate into low-velocity zones in

the inversion. Even if the actual velocities do not decrease, but

rather exhibit a greatly reduced velocity gradient in the mid-crust,

we would still interpret this as due to the presence of continental

crust beneath the Faroes, overlain by extrusive basalts. The structure

of the Fugloy Ridge derived from wide-angle controlled source

seismic profiles (red dotted line in Fig. 7), which lies along strike

from the Faroes shows a similar velocity profile that is interpreted

by White et al. (2008) as representing continental crust overlain by

basalts. Note that the Fugloy Ridge is submarine, and has lost some

of the near-surface basaltic section by erosion, so it is not surprising

that it now has a thinner overall crustal thickness of 27 km than the

subaerial Faroe Islands.

The increase in velocity gradient in the lower 10 km of the crust is

exactly what we would expect to be produced by igneous intrusions

in the lower crust.

5.2 h − V P/VS stacking

This method, after Zhu & Kanamori (2000), stacks receiver func-

tions in the crustal thickness h − V P/V S ratio domain. Arrival

times of the Ps, PpPs and PpSs + PsPs phases are calculated for

each receiver function, using the appropriate ray parameter for that

event, and across a range of values of h and V P/V S ratios. The stack

is produced by summing the amplitudes of each receiver function

at each of these traveltimes. The advantage of this method is that

we only stack signals at the time when we expect arrivals. However,

the disadvantage is that in the presence of noise, the signal at the

expected traveltimes of the PpPs and PpSs + PsPs phases may be

dominated by noise because the arrivals from the teleseismic event

are only small in any case; we would then be stacking noise, not

signal. The variation of ray parameter from the different events is

0.045–0.069 (Table 1). We experimented with a realistic range of

different values of the average crustal P-wave velocity and found

that the stacks are rather insensitive to the precise value adopted,

since they depend mainly on the traveltime difference between the




Figure 6. (a) Radial (left) and tangential (right) receiver functions for each event (see Table 1 for details). (b) Receiver functions, grouped and stacked by back

azimuth as annotated. The Ps peak stands out more clearly, noise is reduced and the amplitudes of the tangential receiver functions are reduced significantly by

the stack. (c) Stack of all events, which markedly reduces energy on the tangential receiver function. Positive amplitudes are shaded. See Fig. 2 for definitions

of P, Ps and PpPs phases.

phases. In the final stack result shown in Fig. 8 we use an average

crustal velocity of 6.5 km s−1.

The maximum value of the stack using our data is for a crustal

thickness of 26 km, with a V P/V S ratio of 1.88 (Fig. 8), but there

is a trade-off in the highest values of h − V P/V S shown by the

diagonal band across Fig. 8. An average crustal V P/V S ratio of

1.88 is unrealistic for the rock types likely to be present beneath the

Faroe Islands. Basalt has the highest V P/V S ratio of the lithologies

present, measured as typically 1.84 from boreholes in the Faroes

and from wide-angle seismic measurements (Christie et al. 2006;

Eccles et al. 2007, 2008; Bais et al. 2008), while the other extreme is

the continental basement rock of Lewisian Gneiss, which may have

a V P/V S ratio as low as 1.73 (Christensen 1996). A likely overall

crustal average beneath the Faroes is 1.78 (Christensen 1996; Eccles

et al. 2008). The red line in Fig. 8 shows the range of inferred

crustal thickness of 27–31 km using the two extremes V P/V S

ratios of basalt and Lewisian Gneiss, with the thickness from the

most likely value of V P/V S being about 29 km (red dot in Fig. 8).

As Tomlinson et al. (2006) have shown from synthetic studies of

h − V P/V S stacking, any departure from the assumed 1-D crustal

velocity structure (for example, a dipping Moho), would affect the

delay times and amplitudes of the peaks and lead to an underestimate




Figure 7. Mean velocity models generated from multiple inversions with randomized starting velocity models from event stacked receiver functions (solid

coloured lines as annotated in figure). Thicker black line shows mean velocity model from a receiver function stack of all the events. Red dotted line is velocity

structure from the submarine Fugloy Ridge which lies along strike from the Faroe Islands (from White et al. 2008). Dotted line at 32 km depth marks best

estimate of the crustal thickness based on the change in velocity gradient at this depth, and the increase in P-wave velocity above 7.6 km s−1.

Figure 8. Contour plot of the thickness versus V P/V S ratio from all re-

ceiver functions, calculated by summing the amplitudes of Ps, PpPs and

PpSs+PsPs phases. The band of highest amplitudes shows the trade-off

between thickness and V P/V S ratio. Realistic estimates of V P/V S ratio

ranging from 1.73 (Lewisian Gneiss) to 1.84 (basalt) are marked by the red

line, with a most likely whole-crustal value of 1.78 constraining the depth

to the main converting interface as 29 ± 2 km.

of the crustal thickness in this stacking technique. The best crustal

thickness of 29 ± 2 km may therefore be a slight underestimate of

the true thickness, or may represent conversion of the top of the

HVLZ as we showed in the forward modelling (Fig. 4).

5.3 Forward modelling

Forward modelling using the reflectivity method (Kennett 1983),

was carried out by hand. We aimed to fit the amplitudes and relative

timing of the three main peaks produced by the direct P, Ps and

PpPs phases and where possible to also fit a negative peak that may

represent the PpSs+PsPs conversion. The noise level of the signal

prevented identifying and fitting any further multiples. The quality

of fit of the synthetic seismograms was judged by its agreement with

the relative timing, amplitude and width of each observed peak. The

latter was particularly useful for multiple phases, for example the

width of PpPs arrivals are diagnostic of gradational velocities in

the lower crust (Fig. 4). V P/V S ratios appropriate for the crust

under the Faroe Islands were assumed as described in the previous

section.

A preliminary study was carried out using a two-layer model of

the crust and mantle. For subsequent studies the minimum number

of layers was used that created an adequate fit to the different peaks.

Adding a low velocity top layer to the model generated the trough,

which commonly follows the direct P peak. This layer represents

the basalt flows that outcrop on the island. The P-wave velocity

of this layer was chosen on the basis of borehole data (Petersen

et al. 2006; Bais et al. 2008) and is therefore well constrained.

However, the negative lobes around the main arrivals may also

be artifacts of the receiver function generation caused by limited

bandwidth of the seismometers (0.03–50 Hz). The width of the

peaks was poorly modelled by a sharp crust–mantle discontinuity.

A gradational velocity increase at the same depth resulted in a

definite broadening of the multiple peak, improving the match to

the data (as expected from Fig. 4).

The best-fit velocity model produced by forward modelling the

stack of all receiver functions is shown in Fig. 9. Similar velocity

models were produced for individual receiver functions and suggest

that the base of the crust is marked by a gradational region of the

order of 4–6 km thick with the Moho at a depth of about 30 km.

6 D I S C U S S I O N

We consistently find evidence from the three methods described

above for a crustal thickness of 29–32 km beneath the Faroe Is-

lands. The mid-crustal velocities are consistent with the presence

of continental crust similar to that inferred beneath the along-strike

continental fragments of Fugloy Ridge (White et al. 2008), Hat-

ton Bank (Fowler et al. 1989; Morgan et al. 1989) and Edoras

Bank (Barton & White 1997). This continental crust lies beneath an




Figure 9. The best forward-model fit to the receiver function generated from a stack of all events. The shallowest layer in the velocity model represents a

basalt layer and has considerable impact on the first few seconds of the receiver function. There is a good match to the delay time, the width and the amplitude

of the Ps peak. The broad PpPs multiple is matched by the choice of a gradational HVLC region at the base of the crust.

upper layer about 10 km thick with velocities of 4.5–6.5 km s−1 and

a high-velocity gradient which is interpreted as extrusive basalts.

There is evidence for an HVLC at the base of the crust. Fur-

thermore, it appears to be gradational over a thickness of about

6–10 km. If a discrete layer of high-velocity lower crust with a

strong impedance contrast (an ‘underplated’ region) were present,

it would have to be less than 6 km thick to fit the observed Ps peak

in the receiver functions. The PpPs peak observed is poorly mod-

elled by such a layer, and we conclude from our modelling that a

gradational HVLC is more likely. We interpret this as caused by the

intrusion of igneous sills into the lower crust, with the density of

sills increasing downwards towards the Moho.

The crustal thickness we infer of 29–32 km is within the uncer-

tainty estimates of thicknesses from wide-angle Moho reflections

to the east and west of the Faroe Islands, although it is at the lower

end of those estimates. Our Faroe Island estimates are also sim-

ilar to crustal thicknesses of 27 km and 35 km calculated from

receiver functions from the conjugate east Greenland coastal area at

Ittoqqortoormiit in Scoresbysund and Sodalen, respectively (Dahl-

Jensen et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2007). The receiver function method

relies on mode conversion to define boundaries, and therefore it is

possible that the crustal thickness we estimate is actually the depth

to a region within the HVLC where there are significant velocity

contrasts rather than to the top of the mantle. This would be consis-

tent with the apparent thinnest crust derived from receiver functions

on the conjugate east Greenland coastal region being for stations ly-

ing directly above the track of the Iceland plume, where the thickest

HVLC and concomitantly thicker crust overall would be expected.

In the Ethiopian Rift, which is an analogous region of early conti-

nental breakup above a mantle plume, Stuart et al. (2006) report that

receiver function results underestimate the crustal thickness due to

phase conversions from a layer of HVLC. Our inversions shown

in Fig. 7 suggest that there could be several kilometres of highly

intruded rock beneath 32 km depth with velocities in excess of

7.6 km s−1, although when there is such a large amount of igneous

intrusion it becomes a moot point whether to interpret this as heav-

ily intruded continental crust or as upper mantle. In any case, we

expect there to be at least as much intruded igneous rock as ex-

truded basalts on this volcanic continental margin, consistent with

our results.

A C K N OW L E D G M E N T S

We thank Sjurdur Patursson, on whose land we deployed the array,

Mike Worthington, Morten Sparre-Andersen, Nick Mohammed and

the students from the Universities of Cambridge and the Faroe

Islands who helped with fieldwork, and Trine Dahl-Jensen for her

reviews. The SeiFaBa project was funded by the Sindri Group.

Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge contribution no. ES9305.

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RISK ANALYSIS OF THE PILLAR STRENGTH IN THE ESTONIA MINE

IN LATVIAN IN LATVIAN

Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus, Sergei Sabanov & Jekaterina Shestakova

Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology 5 Ehitajate tee Str., Tallinn, 19086, Estonia

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Oleg Nikitin

Eesti Põlevkivi Ltd., Department of Development 10 Jaama Str., Jõhvi, 41533, Estonia

[email protected]

Abstract. This paper deals with the risk analysis and assessment of the pillars strength problems in the Estonia oil shale mine. Aim of this investigation was to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine, mining block No. 3107 Methods were based on theoretical investigation and experimental data of in-situ conditions. It is given the geological description of the mining block and determined the strength parameters, moisture content and volume densityt of the oil shale and limestone layers. Analysis showed that the used risk analysis method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. The results of the risk analysis are of particular interest for practical purposes.

Keywords: mining block, pillars, event tree, probability, risk analysis.

Introduction

In Estonia the main mineral resource is a highly calorific oil shale. The deposit is located in a densely populated and rich farming district. The commercially bed typically excavates by underground and surface mining methods. Underground development of oil shale production is obtained by room-and-pillar method with blasting. This method is cheap, highly productive and easily mechanize, but the processes in overburden rocks and pillars have caused unfavorable environmental side effects accompanied by significant subsidence of the ground surface. This is causes a large number of technical, economical, ecological and juridical problems. The pillars strength is important parameter of mining block stability. For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The aim of this investigation is to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine and to estimate probability of receiving adequate results by the risk analysis method. Analysis of the experimental data showed that it is necessary to modifier the calculation scheme of the pillar parameters.

Geological description and mining system The commercially important oil shale bed is situated in the north-eastern part of Estonia. It stretches from west to east for 200km, and from north to south for 30km. The oil shale bed lays in the form of a flat bed having a small inclination in southern direction. It depth varies from 5 to 150m. The characteristics of the certain oil shale and limestone layers are quite different. The oil shale seams occur among the limestone seams in the Kukruse Regional Stage of the Middle Ordovician. The commercial oil shale bed and immediate roof consists of six oil shale layers (A-F) and limestone (B/A, C/B, D/C, E/D). The main roof consists of carbonate rocks of

various thicknesses. The characteristics of various oil shale and limestone seams are quite different. The strength of the rocks increases in the southward direction. The compressive strength of oil shale is 20-40 MPa and that of limestone is 40-80 MPa. The volume density is 1.5-1.8 Mg/m3 and 2.2-2.6 Mg/m3, respectively. The calorific value of dry oil shale is about 7.5-18.8 MJ/kg depending on the seam and the location in the deposit For underground mining the room-and-pillar mining system gives the extraction factor about 80%, and embedded at the depth of 40-70 m. The field of an oil shale mine is divided into panels, which are subdivided into mining blocks, approximately 300-350 m in width and 600-800 m in length each. A mining block usually consists of two semi-blocks. The height of the room is 2.8 m or 3.8 m. The room is very stable when it is 6-10 m wide. However, in this case the bolting must still support the immediate roof. The pillars in a mining block are arranged in a singular grid. Actual mining practice has shown that pillars with a square cross-section (30-40 m2) are best. A work cycle lasts for over a week [1].

Methods of the investigations The experiment was made in southern part of Estonia mine, in mining block No. 3107, where the geological conditions are not favorable. Investigation area is located near haulage and collection drifts. Depth of excavation was 59 m from surface and room height is 3.8 m. The aim of the tests was to determine the strength parameters of the different oil shale and limestone layers by Point Load test. It is known that the strength parameters of rock depend on moisture content and volume density. Consequently, it is determined these parameters for different layers of in situ conditions. The Point Load (digital rock strength index apparatus 45-D0550/E), also named Franklin press, is used to obtain quick information concerning rock strength [2]. Point load measurement represents one of the most widely used classification tests for rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory. The test consists to compress up to failure a core or irregular block of rock sample by the application of a point load by a couple of steel conical points of standard size. The point load strength index is calculated using size and shape correction factor. To calculating the average point load strength index, at least 10 point load tests are required. Using the point load strength index it is calculated compressive strength of the rocks. It was determined compressive strength for different layers of oil shale and limestone. To calculate the strength of an inhomogeneous pillar there is used the formula (pillar containing weak layers) based on experience results [3]:

hh

1RR

1

RR

2

1 2

1

��

��

��

, (1)

where R - compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar, MPa; R1 and R2 - strengths of the strongest and weakest pillar layers, respectively, MPa; h2 - thickness of the weakest pillar layer, m; h - pillar height, m. Moisture content and volume density of samples were determined in laboratory of rock mechanics [3]. For this purpose were extracted the samples from pillar and delivered to laboratory with special action of protection to save originality of samples. For the data processing were used specialized Excel files made at Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology.

Results of investigation

Results of investigations are presented in Table and Figures 1, 2 and 3. Table

Oil shale bed layer parameters * Compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine.

27.69.0

48.89.5

63.34.4

19.66.7

19.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

A/BB

B/CC

C/DD

D/EEF

Inde

x

Compressive strength, MPa

Fig. 1 Compressive strength by Point Load test

Figure 1 showed that limestone has higher compressive strength values (19.6 – 63.3 MPa) than oil shale one (4.4 – 19.6 MPa). Compressive strength of oil shale and limestone layers, received by point load test differs from compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine [4]. It is caused by difference of excavation depth and geological conditions.

Point Load test Index Compressive

strength, MPa [4]* Compressive strength, MPa

Moisture content,

%

Volumetric weight, Mg/m3

F 18 19.6 6.6 1.87 E 18 6.7 8.1 1.74

D/E 67 19.6 - - D 29 4.4 - 1.92

C/D 82 63.3 4.2 2.66 C 26 9.5 12.7 1.44

B/C 75 48.8 5.0 2.03 B 40 9.0 8.5 1.39

A/B 65 27.6 4.9 2.48 A 32 - 12.0 1.85

12.0

4.9

8.5

5.0

12.7

4.2

8.1

6.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

A

A/B

B

B/C

C

C/D

E

FIn

dex

Moisture, %

Fig. 2 Moisture content of oil shale bed layers

1.852.48

1.392.03

1.442.66

1.921.74

1.87

0 1 2 3

AA/B

BB/C

CC/D

DEF

Inde

x


Fig. 3 Volume density of oil shale bed layers

Investigation showed that moisture content and volume density of layers is different. Moisture content (Figure 2) of oil shale layers varies from 8.1 to 12.7 % and limestone one from 4.2 to 5.0 %. The volume density (Figure 3) is 1.39 - 1.87 Mg/m3 and 2.03 - 2.66 Mg/m3, respectively. Earlier experiments [4] confirm getting results. Strength parameters of layers and consequently bearing capacity of the pillars depend on geological features in this location, which demand supplementary investigations.

Risk analysis By result of calculation using formula (1) the compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar make 11.6 MPa. This value quit differ from compressive strength using in instructions for calculation the average values of start durability of oil-shale layer in Estonian deposit, which make 16 MPa [5]. For inspection of test result accuracy the risk analysis method with event tree calculation is used.

Insufficient quantity of tests

Sufficient quantity of tests

P=0.95

P=0.05

P=1

P=0.92

P=0.08

P=0.73

P=0.27

Correct form of sample


Incorrect form of sample

P=0.04

P=0.01

P=0.08

P=0.87

Fig. 4 Event tree

Presented event tree shows probability of receiving adequate results under sufficient quantity of tests and correct form of samples, which is 87 % (P = 0.87). In case under insufficient quantity of tests with correct form of samples the probability makes 4 % (P = 0.04). This result is based on Point Load test, where calculated compressive strength is different from typical parameters based on instruction for calculation of pillars dimensions. Using the event tree, it is possible define probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of test and various form of the samples and easy to estimate, how every next branch influences on the final result, which could be successfully used in a practice.

Conclusions For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The strength parameters for the bearing capacity of the pillars in the Estonia mine were determined. By analysis of experimental data the modification of the calculation scheme of pillar parameters is suggested. Risk analysis method used to estimate probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of test and various forms of the samples.

Acknowledgment

Estonian Science Foundation (Grant No.6558, 2006-2009) supported the research.

Bibliography 1. Pastarus, J-R., Sabanov, S. 2005. A method for monitoring mining block stability in Estonian oil shale

mines. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Engineering, 11(1), 59 - 68. 2. 45-D0550/D Digital rock strength index apparatus 2007 (Point Load), Instruction manual. 3. Brady, B. H. G., Brown, E. T., Rock mechanics for underground mining, Second edition, Kluwer Academic

Publishers 2002, 571 4. Nikitin, O., Optimization of the Room-and-pillar Mining Technology for Oil-shale Mines, Tallinn 2003, 73 5. Mining-law and legal regulation acts. Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economy. Part II. Tallinn, 1998

(in Estonian)

RISK ANALYSIS OF THE PILLAR STRENGTH IN THE ESTONIA MINE

IN LATVIAN IN LATVIAN

Jyri-Rivaldo Pastarus, Sergei Sabanov & Jekaterina Shestakova

Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology 5 Ehitajate tee Str., Tallinn, 19086, Estonia

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Oleg Nikitin

Eesti Põlevkivi Ltd., Department of Development 10 Jaama Str., Jõhvi, 41533, Estonia

[email protected]

Abstract. This paper deals with the risk analysis and assessment of the pillars strength problems in the Estonia oil shale mine. Aim of this investigation was to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine, mining block No. 3107 Methods were based on theoretical investigation and experimental data of in-situ conditions. It is given the geological description of the mining block and determined the strength parameters, moisture content and volume densityt of the oil shale and limestone layers. Analysis showed that the used risk analysis method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. The results of the risk analysis are of particular interest for practical purposes.

Keywords: mining block, pillars, event tree, probability, risk analysis.

Introduction

In Estonia the main mineral resource is a highly calorific oil shale. The deposit is located in a densely populated and rich farming district. The commercially bed typically excavates by underground and surface mining methods. Underground development of oil shale production is obtained by room-and-pillar method with blasting. This method is cheap, highly productive and easily mechanize, but the processes in overburden rocks and pillars have caused unfavorable environmental side effects accompanied by significant subsidence of the ground surface. This is causes a large number of technical, economical, ecological and juridical problems. The pillars strength is important parameter of mining block stability. For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The aim of this investigation is to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine and to estimate probability of receiving adequate results by the risk analysis method. Analysis of the experimental data showed that it is necessary to modifier the calculation scheme of the pillar parameters.

Geological description and mining system The commercially important oil shale bed is situated in the north-eastern part of Estonia. It stretches from west to east for 200km, and from north to south for 30km. The oil shale bed lays in the form of a flat bed having a small inclination in southern direction. It depth varies from 5 to 150m. The characteristics of the certain oil shale and limestone layers are quite different. The oil shale seams occur among the limestone seams in the Kukruse Regional Stage of the Middle Ordovician. The commercial oil shale bed and immediate roof consists of six oil shale layers (A-F) and limestone (B/A, C/B, D/C, E/D). The main roof consists of carbonate rocks of

various thicknesses. The characteristics of various oil shale and limestone seams are quite different. The strength of the rocks increases in the southward direction. The compressive strength of oil shale is 20-40 MPa and that of limestone is 40-80 MPa. The volume density is 1.5-1.8 Mg/m3 and 2.2-2.6 Mg/m3, respectively. The calorific value of dry oil shale is about 7.5-18.8 MJ/kg depending on the seam and the location in the deposit For underground mining the room-and-pillar mining system gives the extraction factor about 80%, and embedded at the depth of 40-70 m. The field of an oil shale mine is divided into panels, which are subdivided into mining blocks, approximately 300-350 m in width and 600-800 m in length each. A mining block usually consists of two semi-blocks. The height of the room is 2.8 m or 3.8 m. The room is very stable when it is 6-10 m wide. However, in this case the bolting must still support the immediate roof. The pillars in a mining block are arranged in a singular grid. Actual mining practice has shown that pillars with a square cross-section (30-40 m2) are best. A work cycle lasts for over a week [1].

Methods of the investigations The experiment was made in southern part of Estonia mine, in mining block No. 3107, where the geological conditions are not favorable. Investigation area is located near haulage and collection drifts. Depth of excavation was 59 m from surface and room height is 3.8 m. The aim of the tests was to determine the strength parameters of the different oil shale and limestone layers by Point Load test. It is known that the strength parameters of rock depend on moisture content and volume density. Consequently, it is determined these parameters for different layers of in situ conditions. The Point Load (digital rock strength index apparatus 45-D0550/E), also named Franklin press, is used to obtain quick information concerning rock strength [2]. Point load measurement represents one of the most widely used classification tests for rocks, both in the field and in the laboratory. The test consists to compress up to failure a core or irregular block of rock sample by the application of a point load by a couple of steel conical points of standard size. The point load strength index is calculated using size and shape correction factor. To calculating the average point load strength index, at least 10 point load tests are required. Using the point load strength index it is calculated compressive strength of the rocks. It was determined compressive strength for different layers of oil shale and limestone. To calculate the strength of an inhomogeneous pillar there is used the formula (pillar containing weak layers) based on experience results [3]:

hh

1RR

1

RR

2

1 2

1

��

��

��

, (1)

where R - compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar, MPa; R1 and R2 - strengths of the strongest and weakest pillar layers, respectively, MPa; h2 - thickness of the weakest pillar layer, m; h - pillar height, m. Moisture content and volume density of samples were determined in laboratory of rock mechanics [3]. For this purpose were extracted the samples from pillar and delivered to laboratory with special action of protection to save originality of samples. For the data processing were used specialized Excel files made at Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology.

Results of investigation

Results of investigations are presented in Table and Figures 1, 2 and 3. Table

Oil shale bed layer parameters * Compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine.

27.69.0

48.89.5

63.34.4

19.66.7

19.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

A/BB

B/CC

C/DD

D/EEF

Inde

x

Compressive strength, MPa

Fig. 1 Compressive strength by Point Load test

Figure 1 showed that limestone has higher compressive strength values (19.6 – 63.3 MPa) than oil shale one (4.4 – 19.6 MPa). Compressive strength of oil shale and limestone layers, received by point load test differs from compressive strength received by data of earliest experiments in Estonia mine [4]. It is caused by difference of excavation depth and geological conditions.

Point Load test Index Compressive

strength, MPa [4]* Compressive strength, MPa

Moisture content,

%


F 18 19.6 6.6 1.87 E 18 6.7 8.1 1.74

D/E 67 19.6 - - D 29 4.4 - 1.92

C/D 82 63.3 4.2 2.66 C 26 9.5 12.7 1.44

B/C 75 48.8 5.0 2.03 B 40 9.0 8.5 1.39

A/B 65 27.6 4.9 2.48 A 32 - 12.0 1.85

12.0

4.9

8.5

5.0

12.7

4.2

8.1

6.6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

A

A/B

B

B/C

C

C/D

E

FIn

dex

Moisture, %

Fig. 2 Moisture content of oil shale bed layers

1.852.48

1.392.03

1.442.66

1.921.74

1.87

0 1 2 3

AA/B

BB/C

CC/D

DEF

Inde

x


Fig. 3 Volume density of oil shale bed layers

Investigation showed that moisture content and volume density of layers is different. Moisture content (Figure 2) of oil shale layers varies from 8.1 to 12.7 % and limestone one from 4.2 to 5.0 %. The volume density (Figure 3) is 1.39 - 1.87 Mg/m3 and 2.03 - 2.66 Mg/m3, respectively. Earlier experiments [4] confirm getting results. Strength parameters of layers and consequently bearing capacity of the pillars depend on geological features in this location, which demand supplementary investigations.

Risk analysis By result of calculation using formula (1) the compressive strength of inhomogeneous pillar make 11.6 MPa. This value quit differ from compressive strength using in instructions for calculation the average values of start durability of oil-shale layer in Estonian deposit, which make 16 MPa [5]. For inspection of test result accuracy the risk analysis method with event tree calculation is used.

Insufficient quantity of tests

Sufficient quantity of tests

P=0.95

P=0.05

P=1

P=0.92

P=0.08

P=0.73

P=0.27



Incorrect form of sample

P=0.04

P=0.01

P=0.08

P=0.87

Fig. 4 Event tree

Presented event tree shows probability of receiving adequate results under sufficient quantity of tests and correct form of samples, which is 87 % (P = 0.87). In case under insufficient quantity of tests with correct form of samples the probability makes 4 % (P = 0.04). This result is based on Point Load test, where calculated compressive strength is different from typical parameters based on instruction for calculation of pillars dimensions. Using the event tree, it is possible define probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of test and various form of the samples and easy to estimate, how every next branch influences on the final result, which could be successfully used in a practice.

Conclusions For determination pillars strength the experiments in Estonian oil shale mine was made. The strength parameters of in situ conditions were done by Point Load test method. The strength parameters for the bearing capacity of the pillars in the Estonia mine were determined. By analysis of experimental data the modification of the calculation scheme of pillar parameters is suggested. Risk analysis method used to estimate probability of receiving adequate results under different quantity of test and various forms of the samples.

Acknowledgment

Estonian Science Foundation (Grant No.6558, 2006-2009) supported the research.

Bibliography 1. Pastarus, J-R., Sabanov, S. 2005. A method for monitoring mining block stability in Estonian oil shale

mines. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Engineering, 11(1), 59 - 68. 2. 45-D0550/D Digital rock strength index apparatus 2007 (Point Load), Instruction manual. 3. Brady, B. H. G., Brown, E. T., Rock mechanics for underground mining, Second edition, Kluwer Academic

Publishers 2002, 571 4. Nikitin, O., Optimization of the Room-and-pillar Mining Technology for Oil-shale Mines, Tallinn 2003, 73 5. Mining-law and legal regulation acts. Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economy. Part II. Tallinn, 1998

(in Estonian)

OIL SHALE PRODUCTION QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTONIAN MINES

S. SABANOV, E. REINSALU1 , I. VALGMA, V. KARU?

Department of Mining, Tallinn University of Technology

5 Ehitajate Str., 19086 Tallinn Estonia

The basic parameter of oil shale quality is heating value and grain-size structure.

Heating value can vary considerably within location in the deposit and depends of

concretions and limestone content. Distribution of grain-size and heating value directly

depend of mining technology: at breakage, transporting and processing. Parameters of

energy distribution under using different technologies were determined. The main

problems of oil shale enrichment process were discussed.

Introduction

The mineable oil shale bed consists of oil shale layers and limestone interlayers of

various thicknesses. Oil shale layers comprise limestone and heavy mineral (mostly

pyrite) concretions at that. Heating value of oil shale layers can vary considerably within

location in the deposit and depends of concretions and limestone content [1].

The basic quality parameter of oil shale is heating value of its wet substance (Qw) and

grain-size range. Oil shale as fuel for power generation have grain size 0-25 mm or 0-

300 mm by heating value Qw= 8.4-8.6 MJ/kg. Production of mines for qualitative oil

processing must be in range 25-125 mm and have heating value Qw= 11.3-11.6 MJ/kg.

1 Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

The natural (geological) energy rate of bed and layers had measured in old system by dry

heating value Q in kcal/kg. The “wet” heating can by calculated

Qw = (0.941 - 0.00941W)Q - 45 - 5.45W, kcal/kg (1)

where W is moisture, %. Heating value transferred in modern system Qw (MJ/kg) = 0.004186 Qw (kcal/kg) (2)

Oil shale production quality control is mostly an economic problem [2]. Requirements to

quality of fuel raw material should be define both technical opportunities of extraction

and consumption, and economic efficiency, that is ratio expenses for quality

improvement of with the effect received at use of high quality raw material [3].

Main factors determination of oil shale quality

Environmental

Oil shale bed has complicated structure. Heating value and layer thickness deviate from

place to place of deposit. Parameters greater changes explained of oil shale declining

from the center to periphery deposit. Intensity of heating value comes to 0.07 MJ/kg per

one km. Oil shale seams quality deterioration stipulate by two factors effect - increasing

share of limestone in layers and decreasing of heating value oil shale per se. This factors

influence on enrichment effectiveness. Firstly, decreasing oil shale share in run-off mine

(ROM, rock mass) reduce yield of production. Secondly, decreasing oil shale heating

value debase fuel and oil raw material.

Technological

Oil shale enrichment process depends of grain-size, heating value, moisture content, size

category distribution and presents of karst clay. Distribution of grain-size and heating

value directly depend of excavation technology.

Characteristic of drilling-and-blasting and mechanical cutting methods showed different

ROM properties. Layers A…F2 (3.2 m) and Layers A…F1 (2.8 m) are extracted by

blasting. Average size distribution by cutting breakage: Layers A, B+C, E+F selective

with Surface Miner Wirtgen SM2500 (Fig. 1).

0.01

0.10

1.00

0.1 1 10 100 1000

Size, mm

Und

ersi

ze

Layers A…F2, blasting


Average by cutting with Surface Miner

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

0 50 100 150 200 250

Size, mmU

nder

size



Average by cutting with Surface Miner

Fig. 1. Particle distribution in run-of-mine; left – in logarithmic and right – in normal scale.

A-F1 – mineable bed, A-F2 - ROM diluted with unconditional layer F2

Rock mass grain-size distribution in concentration plant describe formula

y= A x n + ��

where:

y - screen underflow; x – grain size, mm; A and n – parameters of distribution: A -

dustity, dust range, part of fine grain less 1 mm, n - granularity range; �� - pieces splitting

in way at face to factory.

For drilling-and-blasting method the share of not enriched fine grain 0-25 mm make 30-

40% (Fig.1) and heating value on 3 - 6 MJ/kg (layers A-F) higher than heating value of

rock mass (Fig. 2, Table 1). Under good quality condition of commercial deposit it gives

possibility to use not enrichment oil shale. But using this method about 5% (Fig.1,

Table 1) of fine grain less 1 mm which include clay material will complicate enrichment

process.

6

8

10

12

14

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Grain size, mm

Hea

ting

valu

e of

unt

ersi

ze, M

J/kg

Undersize A…F2 Undersize A…F1 Bed A…F2 Bed A…F1

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Grain size, mmH

eatin

g va

lue

of u

ndes

ize,

MJ/

kg

A BCa BCy EFa EFy

Fig. 2. ROM energy distribution: left – blasting, right mechanic breakage (with Surface

Miner).

Energy distribution by blast breakage describe formula

Qx = �Q exp(-kx) + QROM (4)

Where:

Qx – class 0…x (mm) heating value, x – grain size, mm; �Q and k - parameters of

distribution: � Qx – effect of selective crushing, k – distribution parameter, QROM –

heating value of ROM, weighed average of heating values extracted layers and

interlayers.

Table 1. Parameters of grain-size and energy distribution in ROM Extraction method

Distribution parameters Formula symbol Blasting Cutting by

Surface Miner Ripping (after

crushing) Particle distribution Dustity, dust range A 0.03 – 0.06 0.06 – 0.021 0.1 – 0.2 Granularity range n 0.5 – 0.6 0.3 – 0.5 0.4 Pieces splitting in way at face to factory �� 0.05 – 0.15 insignificant

Energy distribution Effect of selective crushing, MJ/kg �Q 3.0 – 5.8 0

Distribution parameter k 0.006 – 0.05 0

No data, clearly 0

Heating value of ROM QROM Geological characteristic, depended at site

Surface Miners (SM) can find their natural applications in projects where drilling and

blasting is prohibited or where selective mining of mineral seams, partings and

overburden is required. Surface Miner can cut limestone and oil-shale seams separately

and more exactly than rippers with deviations about one centimeter [4].

Using selective mining (Surface Miner) in open cast fine grain outlet (0-25 mm) is

approximately 50 % (Fig. 1, line: average by cutting) with the heating value 11.8-

12.5 MJ/kg. The best quality can be achieved in high heating value condition of rock

mass if using selective extraction layer BCa . Heating value can vary considerably within

location in the deposit and depends of concretions and limestone content. With

concretions of pyrite the row oil shale heating value do not increase 10 MJ/kg, if it

moisture. Therefore if separate only layers of limestone the product heating value will

make 10 MJ/kg and selective extraction is technical supported only in open mining using

mechanical cutting method. For receiving high quality oil shale with heating value 11-12

MJ/kg it is necessary realize selective cutting not only limestone and oil shale layers, but

oil shale layer with concretions. To achievement of heating value 11.5 MJ/kg it is

necessary to exclude cutting of layers A/B; B/C; C/D; D/E; F1 and selectively cut upper

part of layer F2, where concretions made 37 % (Fig. 3). Consequently for 10.5 MJ/kg the

layers A/B; C/D; D/E; F1 must be excluded.

F2 37 0,21 3,46F1 20 0,38 8,5E 13 0,52 11,32

E/D 0,07 2,82D 0,07 7,09

D/C 0,24 0,36C 15 0,48 12,71

C/B 0,18 4,2B 7 0,43 20,23

B/A 0,18 0,45A' 0,1 10,01

A'/A 0,01 4,6A 0,13 16,01

Heating value, MJ/kg

Layers index Lithology Thickness,

mConcretions, %

Fig. 3. Commercial oil shale bed heating value and amount of concretions.

Perspectives of extraction development in Estonian oil shale basin are connected with the

in a modern-mechanized mining [5].

Main problem of oil shale enrichment process

Thanks to feature of Estonian oil shale structure for which accompanying breed

(limestone) strongly differs on properties from oil shale and it row material is easily

enriched by gravitational methods. Ran-of-mine material preliminary selective crashing,

screening and going to flotation in dense-media suspension. Part of the material after

screening will send for separation of fine grain with high heating value [5]. Investigation

results of oil shale fine grain enrichment on tree-production hydrocyclone, pneumatic

separators and settling centrifuges showed principal possibility increasing heating value

of power oil shale. On the other hand problem of dump oil shale fine grain < 20 mm and

utilization of 4-8 time increased slime is difficult to control. Actual improvement of

enrichment technological schemes and equipment selection can serve investigation of oil

shale overmilling and transportation process made from face to loading ready product.

2. Coarse concentration 25…300 mm

Extra fine: x < 5 mm y �0…5 = �0.045��0.11 �0.16�Qw

0…5 = 7.94 MJ/kg

Coarse size �25…300 �= 1 – 0.37 = 0.63 Q25…300 = (QROM - y�0…25�Q0…25 )/�25…300 = (1778-0.37�2274)/0.63�= 1475 kcal/kg = 6.18 MJ/kg Qw 25…300 = 4.98 MJ/kg

ROM: x < 300 mm, y = 1;

QROM = 1778 kcal/kg, Qw

ROM = 5,85 MJ/kg

1. Dry screening, x = 25 mm Fine grain: x < 25 mm y �0…25 = A x n + ��

Q0…25 = �Q exp(-kx) + QROM = 700�exp (-0.013�25) + 1778 = = 2274 kcal/kg = 9.52 MJ/kg Qw

0…25 = 7.42 MJ/kg

4. Fine concentrating x = 5…25 mm

Coarse concentrate: �c c �= 0.19

Qw

c.c= 11.5 MJ/kg Coarse waste:

�c w�= 0.63 - 0.19 - 0.03 = 0.41 0.03 - slime

Qwc.w = 2.0 MJ/kg

3. Wet screening, x = 5 mm

To fine concentration �5…25 �= 0.37 – 0.16 = 0.21

Qw 5…25 = 7.01 MJ/kg

Fine concentrate: �f c �= 0.11

Qw

f.c= 11.4 MJ/kg

Fine waste: �f w�= 0.21 - 0.11- 0.03 = 0.07

0.03 - slime Qw

f.w = 2.6 MJ/kg

5. Dewatering x < 5 mm � = +0.16 +0.03 +0.03 = 0.21 6. Production trimming

Waste Fine, < 25 mm,�� = 0.07 Coarse, > 25 mm, � = 0.41 Total � = 0.48

Production Q = 11.5 MJ/kg, � = 0.28 Qw = 8.4 MJ/kg, � = 0.24 Total: Qw = 10.1 MJ/kg, � = 0.52

Sand 0.5…5 mm � = 0.13

Mud < 0.5 mm �� = 0.08

Slime �� = 0.03

Slime �� = 0.03

Fig. 3. Oil shale fine grain enrichment process

The stage in the process of enrichment of fine grain which could allow increasing heating

value and reduce loses are presented on Figure 3. ROM represents of size x � 300 mm

and has heating value 5.85 MJ/kg. On the first stage of enrichment process the dry

screening separate material on fine grain 0-25 mm and on coarse size 25-300 mm.

According to formula (3) the fine grain x =25 will make 37 % from total value with

energy distribution 9.52 MJ/kg for dry content and 7.42 MJ/kg for moisture (Fig. 3).

Coarse size x = 300 makes 63 % and has energy distribution equal 6.18 MJ/kg for dry

content and 4.98 MJ/kg for moisture, correspondingly. Further, fine grain 0-5 mm will

separated by wet screening and transport to dewatering for improve heating value and to

fine concentration. 3 % of slime received under process of fine concentration going to

dewatering. Coarse size will separated on productive oil shale 11.5 MJ/kg - 19 %, and 3

% of slime going also to dewatering. Waste from coarse concentrate make 41 % with 2.1

MJ/kg of heating value. 9 % of mud obtained after dewatering has 9.68 MJ/kg can be

added to production in case of highly effective and low costs modern filter press and

settling centrifuge equipment. Such methods of enrichment allow add 6 % of highly

productive oil shale, which heating value will achieve 11.4 MJ/kg. During the process of

experimental test of pilot filter press was determined, that thin fraction of oil shale slime

can be collected by pressure filtration and receiving transportable settling with dampness

30 %. Thus, for receiving transportable technological settling is possible to use settling

centrifuge and filter press which exclude slime emission to slime pond. Investigations

show that dewatering of slime under using centrifuge is possible to exclude about 60 %

of slime having sizes 0.7-1.0 mm. At the same time, slime with dampness 25-30 % will

be transporting together with non enriched riddling. The solids represent 50 % of size

0.01 mm.

On the other hand the possibility to leave mud in the settling pond and extract it in future

is also available. To solving problem were determined environment of enrichment

products, increasing dynamic and slime quality changing in formation process from face

to outdoor slime pond. Recirculated slime water goes to outdoor slime pond. Natural

dewatering of slime in pond ineffective realized that serves reason difficult unloading and

realization of substandard dampness slime.

Conclusion

Quality control allows selecting suitable way for achieving enhancing of quality of oil

shale under using different mining technology in various parts of Estonian deposit and

has ability to solve problems in according with technical opportunities of extraction and

enrichment processes. Quality control help carry out correct selection of technological

aspects for perspective development of mining under various mine-geological conditions.

References

1. ��, .. �� , �., �� , �. ��

� ��// �� , 1982, 34 �.

2. Reinsalu, E (2000). Relationship between crude mineral cost and quality. Mineral

Resources Engineering, 9(2), 205 - 213.

3. Väli, E.; Valgma, I.; Reinsalu, E. Usage of Estonian oil shale// Oil Shale 2008, 25(2S),

101 - 114. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale_pdf/2008/issue_2S/oil-2008-2S-2.pdf

4. Sabanov, S; Pastarus, J-R.; Nikitin, O.; Väli, E. Risk assessment of surface miner for

Estonian oil shale mining industry //12th IACMAG Conference "Geomechanics in the

Emerging Social & Technological Age". India, Goa. International Association for

Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), 2008, 1836 - 1842.

5. Sabanov, S. (2008). Risk Assessment in the Quality Control of Oil Shale in Estonian

Deposit. In: 28th Oil Shale Symposium, October 13-17, 2008, Colorado School of Mines.

Golden, Colorado. The Colorado School of Mines & The Colorado Energy Research

Institute. 2008, 35.

annual report of tut department of mining

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