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Annual Report

Message from the DirectorI am pleased to present the 2018 annual report for

the Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (IAREC) in the College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences (CAHNRS). This report highlights IAREC contributions to research, extension & outreach, teaching, and service to the community. As a leader in irrigated agriculture research and development, IAREC is strategically located in south-central Washington to advance the land-grant mission of WSU.

The IAREC team welcomed Dr. Faith Critzer, Dr. Per McCord, Dr. David Brown, and USDA-ARS scientist Dr. Max Feldman in 2018. IAREC hosts faculty from Biological Systems Engineering, Crop & Soil Sciences, Entomology, Food Science, Horticulture, Plant Pathology, and the Agricultural and Natural Resources Extension Program as well as USDA-ARS scientists and a coordinator of the tree fruit certification program of the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Three subject-matter centers (AWN, CPAAS, CPCNW, see opposite page) also operate from IAREC.

IAREC faculty generate research-based knowledge on a wide range of issues directly affecting agricultural

production. They collaborate with growers and stakeholders to develop practical solutions that advance the economic sustainability and global competitiveness of crops grown in Washington State, promoting national and worldwide food security. IAREC faculty have made significant contributions to undergraduate and graduate education and training to prepare a new generation of diverse and competent scientific professionals capable of navigating complex agricultural challenges.

Leadership of IAREC and AWN transitioned in 2018. I sincerely thank Drs. Gary Grove, Director, and Doug Walsh, Associate Director, for their guidance to IAREC through May 2018 and Dr. Grove for his guidance to AWN until October 2018. I am also grateful for the guidance and support received from the WSU and CAHNRS Leadership. I am looking forward to strengthening our collaborations and partnerships and exploring new opportunities with WSU colleagues, commodity commissions and growers, state and federal agencies, and research and educational institutions for advancing the mission and strategic goals of IAREC, benefiting agriculture nationally and globally.

VISIONWe work together,

using world-class science,

to develop solutions

and inspire communities

to sustain agriculture.

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VALUESAchievement & Effectiveness

Diversity • Commitment

Creativity & Innovation

Knowledge • Teamwork

Ethics & Integrity

Balance & Fun

MISSIONWSU IAREC creates

integrated solutions and educates regional and

global communities and future generations to

advance economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable

irrigated agriculture.

Naidu RayapatiProfessor of Plant Pathology

IAREC Director

CAHNRS Assistant Dean for WSU Tri-Cities

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ECAWN AgWeatherNet (AWN) provides access to current and

historical weather data from WSU’s automated weather station network along with a range of models and decision

aids. The weather data, advisories, and decision support systems provided by AgWeatherNet can help improve production and product quality, optimize resource use, and reduce environmental impact. AWN has 170+ automated weather stations located primarily in the irrigated regions of eastern Washington. The first station was installed in 1988. Standard AWN weather variables include air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, soil temperature at 8 inches, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, and leaf wetness. Some stations also measure atmospheric pressure. These variables are recorded every 5 seconds and summarized every 15 minutes by a data logger. The monitoring stations are Campbell Scientific CR-1000 data loggers combined with a range of sensors powered by a battery that is recharged through a solar panel. Communications are handled through cell phone data telemetry and the Internet. Following processing, weather data are disseminated via http://weather.wsu.edu. The weather data and associated tools that are provided on the website are updated continuously.

Contact Dave Brown, AWN Director, dave.brown@wsu.edu

CPAAS The Center for Precision & Automated Agricultural Systems (CPAAS) offers a framework for automated and precision agriculture at Washington State University.

We develop solutions for more effective growing, harvesting, and processing of crops that will improve the quantity, quality, and safety of food production in the state of Washington, the Pacific Northwest, and worldwide.

Technologies developed at CPAAS, such as an automated labor management system, a hand-held mechanical blossom thinner, a high-trellis hop-twining robot, and smart targeted sprayer have been either commercialized by local manufacturers or adopted by individual growers. CPAAS research facilities and transdisciplinary team also support postdoctoral research associates, graduate students, and visiting scholars from around the world who perform research and/or education activities at CPAAS.

We are committed to developing “World Preeminent and Washington Relevant” research, education, and extension programs in the areas of agricultural automation and precision farming, and to providing a venue for:

o High impact research outcomes for our stakeholderso True trans-disciplinary collaboration within WSU and worldwideo High quality educational and research experiences for our studentso Incubation and development of new ideas relevant in an entrepreneurial climate

Contact Director Qin Zhang, qinzhang@wsu.edu

CPCNW The Clean Plant Center Northwest (CPCNW) offers clean plant services for the fruit tree, grapevine and hops industries. Our clean plant

services include virus- and virus-like pathogen detection and treatment, and the production, distribution and retention of virus-tested plant material to ensure the productivity and competitiveness of U.S. agriculture. In addition to our clean plant services, we conduct targeted research to find more effective ways to diagnose and eliminate viruses.

Contact Director Scott Harper, scott.harper@wsu.edu or Coordinator Tanner Hunt, cpcnw@wsu.edu

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Bernardita SallatoRegional Tree Fruit Extension Specialist • Manager, Cherry

Breeding Program • WSU since 2016 • MS from Pontificia Universidad

Catolica de Chile, Santiago • Focus on applied research and extension of soils and plant nutrition for tree

fruit production

Melba Salazar-GutierrezResearch Assistant Professor,

Biological Systems Engineering • WSU since 2010 • PhD from

Universidad Nacional de Colombia • Focus on crop modeling, impact

of climate variability, cold hardiness of tree fruit and grapes, and use of

statistics in agricultural systems

Doug WalshProfessor, Entomology •

Extension IPM Coordinator for Washington State • WSU since

1998 • PhD from University of California, Davis • Focus

on integrated pest management in hops, grapes, alfalfa, mint,

and seed crops

Joan DavenportProfessor, Crop & Soil Sciences • WSU since 1997 • PhD from University of Guelph, Ontario,

Canada • Focus on understanding soil variability and management of water and nutrients, primarily

in perennial fruit crops • Leader in Global Campus (online) teaching

David BrownAssociate Professor, Crop &

Soil Sciences • AgWeatherNet Director • WSU since 2007 •

PhD from University of Wisconsin-Madison •

Focus on precision agriculture, environmental sensors, and spatio-temporal data science

Faith CritzerAssociate Professor, Food Science • Statewide Produce Safety Extension Specialist • WSU since 2018 • PhD

from University of Tennessee • Focus on providing science-based recom-mendations and training to farms

and packinghouses so they can develop robust food safety programs

Manoj KarkeeAssociate Professor, Biological Systems Engineering • CPAAS faculty • WSU since 2010 • PhD from Iowa State

University • Focus on crop sensing, machine vision and control for

agricultural automation and robotics including tree fruit harvesting and pruning, and crop-load estimation

Lav KhotAssistant Professor, Biological Systems Engineering • CPAAS

faculty • WSU since 2013 • PhD from North Dakota State University • Focus on sensing and automation

technologies for site-specific, precision management

of production agriculture

Markus KellerProfessor, Horticulture • Chateau

Ste. Michelle Distinguished Professor of Viticulture • WSU since

2001 • PhD from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich •

Focus on environmental factors and management practices influencing wine and juice grape production

Qin ZhangProfessor, Biological Systems

Engineering • CPAAS Director • WSU since 2009 •

PhD from University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign • Focus on

agricultural automation and smart agriculture

Matthew WhitingProfessor, Horticulture • Tree Fruit Extension Specialist •

WSU since 2002 • PhD from WSU • Focus on horticultural

and physiological issues facing tree fruit growers, including

mechanization and automation in orchard systems

Troy PetersProfessor, Biological Systems

Engineering • Extension Irrigation Specialist • WSU since 2006

• PhD from Utah State University • Focus on increasing irrigation

efficiency through improved scheduling and adoption of

precision technologies

Michelle MoyerAssociate Professor, Horticulture

• Statewide Viticulture Extension Specialist • WSU

since 2011 • PhD from Cornell University • Focus on vineyard production research and developing educational

programs for industry

Scott HarperAssistant Professor, Plant Pathology

• Director, Clean Plant Center Northwest • WSU since 2017 • PhD from University of Auckland, New Zealand • Focus on transmission

and expression of viruses and other systemic pathogens in fruit trees, grapevines, hops, and other crops

Gary GroveProfessor, Plant Pathology

• WSU since 1986 • PhD from The Ohio State University • Focus on epidemiology

and management of aerial diseases of crops including

grapes, hops, and stone fruit

Steve FransenAssociate Professor, Crop & Soil Sciences • Agronomist • WSU since 1983 • PhD from South

Dakota State University • Focus on varieties, harvest management, and cultural management in irrigated

perennial warm-season grasses grown for biofuels and forage

David JamesAssociate Professor, Entomology

• WSU since 1999. PhD from Macquarie University, Sydney,

Australia • Focus on sustainability of IPM and conservation biological

control in viticulture, insect conservation, and community

research and education projects

Per McCordAssociate Professor, Horticulture • WSU since 2018 • Stone Fruit

Breeding and Genetics • PhD from North Carolina State University,

Focus on developing superior sweet cherry varieties for the Pacific

Northwest, and research to enhance stone fruit breeding

Naidu RayapatiProfessor, Plant Pathology • IAREC Director • WSU since 2004 • PhD from Sir Venkateswara University,

Tirupati, India • Focus on virus dis-eases of horticultural, vegetable, and fruit crops, including characteriza-

tion, diagnosis, and development of integrated management strategies

Biological Systems Engineering

Crop & Soil Sciences

Entomology

Food Science

Horticulture

Plant Pathology

Agriculture & Natural Resources

Department/Unit

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Brian IrishUSDA-ARS

Geneticist/Curator • Adjunct faculty • Plant Germplasm Introduction & Testing Unit • PhD from University

of Arkansas (Plant Pathology) • At Prosser since 2016 • Focus on

forage legume (alfalfa, clover, trefoil) germplasm accessions

Phil MiklasUSDA-ARS

Research Geneticist • Adjunct faculty • PhD from North Dakota State University (Plant Breeding & Genetics) • With USDA-ARS since 1992 • Focus on identification and

development of traits for disease and stress tolerance in dry edible beans

Roy NavarreUSDA-ARS

Research Geneticist • Adjunct faculty, Plant Pathology and Horticulture & Landscape Architecture • PhD

from Oregon State University • With USDA-ARS since 2001 • Focus on

food security, nutrition, and disease resistance of potatoes

Lyndon PorterUSDA-ARS

Research Plant Pathologist • Adjunct faculty • PhD from Washington

State University (Plant Pathology) • With USDA-ARS since 2005

• Focus on integrated management of foliar and root diseases in peas,

chickpeas, lentils, and beans

Kylie Swisher GrimmUSDA-ARS

Research Plant Pathologist • Adjunct faculty • PhD from

University of Arizona (Molecular & Cellular Biology) • At Prosser since 2016 • Focus on new and emerging diseases and pests of potato in the laboratory, field, and greenhouse

Long-Xi YuUSDA-ARS

Research Geneticist • Adjunct faculty, Plant Pathology and Crop & Soil Science • PhD from University of Orleans, France (Plant Molecular

Biology) • Focus on enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic

stresses in forage crops

Lauri GuerraWSDA

Coordinator, Tree Fruit Certification Program • Supervisor, Nematode Diagnostics Laboratory • WSDA

since 1999 • PhD from University of California, Davis • Focus on

providing plants with minimal risks of virus or nematode presence

Having scientists from the U.S. Department

of Agriculture Agricultural

Research Service (USDA-ARS) and the Washington

State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) co-

located at IAREC helps facilitate collaboration.

Max FeldmanUSDA-ARS

Research Geneticist • Adjunct faculty • PhD from Washington State University (Molecular Plant Sciences) • Focus on germplasm

development in potato using quantitative genetics and

high-throughput phenotyping

STAFFLength of Service Awards

(faculty and staff)

Steve Fransen 35Jeff Lunden 35Jan Burgess 30Launa Cimrhakl 20Sally O’Neal 20Doug Walsh 20Clint Graf 10Catherine Jones 10Juan Magana 10Chon Rivera 10Sam Fitch 5Francisco Garcia Rodriguez 5Amy Hill 5Manuel Medina 5Jason Mieirs 5Adilakshmi Movva 5

The administrative, research, facilities, and technical support staff are truly the lifeblood of WSU IAREC. Without their knowledge, dedication, and support, our faculty could not carry out their research, extension, and teaching projects. We honor the IAREC staff and the many roles they play in moving our mission forward.

13 Administrative Staff

4 Othello Staff

27 Technical Support Staff

15 Farm & Facilities Staff

25 Postdoctoral Researchers, Research Associates, & Research Interns

~50-60 hourly employees during the spring/summer season

2018Graduates

WSU IAREC is host to graduate students from all over the world. They come to study entomology, plant pathology, horticulture, crop and soil sciences, and biological systems engineering in an environment that allows them to work directly with irrigated crops and those who farm them, while engaging with world-class faculty mentors.

The Prosser Graduate Student Association (PGSA) was formed by IAREC students in 2015. PGSA provides a platform for both academic and social engagement, encouraging students to interact outside of the classroom and the laboratory, and creating events to build camaraderie. Events hosted by PGSA include: monthly international movie nights, late night bowling, ice cream socials, trips to visit other Research & Extension Centers, lunches to welcome new students to IAREC, hiking/camping trips, and more!

WSU IAREC students are the future of agriculture.

THE STUDENT EXPERIENCE

2018 OfficersPresident: Nataliya Shcherbatyuk

VP: Santosh Bhusal

Treasurer: Behnaz Molaei

Secretary: Katherine East

Social Coordinators: Kapil Khanal & Margaret McCoy

Academic Coordinator: AbdelMoneim Mohamed

Raphael Adegbola, PhD (Rayapati)

Adekunle Adesanya, PhD (Walsh)

Momtanu Chakraborty, MS (Khot)

BenMin Chang, PhD (Keller)

Kapil Khanal, MS (Karkee)

Prudence Ramphisa, PhD (Davenport)

THE STUDENT EXPERIENCE2018 Graduate Students, Degree Sought, Advisor

Brent Arnoldussen PhD Matt Whiting Margaret McCoy PhD Michelle Moyer

Haitham Bahlol PhD Lav Khot Kaitlin Miller MS Naidu Rayapati

Noorani Barkat PhD Markus Keller Arunabha Mitra PhD Naidu Rayapati

Amit Bahsin MS Joan Davenport AbdelMoneim Mohamed PhD Troy Peters

Uddhav Bhattarai PhD Manoj Karkee Behnaz Molaei PhD Troy Peters

Santosh Bhusal PhD Manoj Karkee Johathan O’Hearn PhD Doug Walsh

Abhilash Chandel PhD Lav Khot Mohammed Rahman PhD Naidu Rayapati

Lin Chen PhD Qin Zhang Rakesh Ranjan PhD Lav Khot

Shimul Das PhD Naidu Rayapati John Paulo Sacdalan PhD Troy Peters

Greta Dupuis MS Doug Walsh Abid Sarwar PhD Troy Peters

Katherine East PhD Michelle Moyer Nataliya Shcherbatyuk PhD Markus Keller

Zongmei Gao PhD Qin Zhang Rajeev Sinha PhD Lav Khot

Alexis Hamilton PhD Faith Critzer Katie Taylor MS Matt Whiting

Chenchen Kang PhD Qin Zhang Sushma Thapa MS Manoj Karkee

Ninh Khuu MS Scott Harper Ying-Tsui “Tracy” Wang PhD Melba Salazar- Gutierrez

Yaqoob Majeed PhD Qin Zhang Xin Zhang PhD Qin Zhang

Joelle Martinez PhD Markus Keller GO COUGS!

FRAME: Fungicide Resistance Assessment, Mitigation and Extension Network for Wine, Table and Raisin GrapesPI: Michelle Moyer WSU Co-PI: Ana Espinola-Arrendondo

Funding Agency: USDA NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative

2018 Funding: $1,307,308

Powdery mildew is a key disease in grape production. Control failures of have recently occurred and fungicide resistance is feared to be a cause. This program seeks to empower growers with information for improved approaches to managing and mitigating resistance development, including the development of stewardship programs to protect at-risk fungicides. Ultimately, this project will: determine where fungicide resistance is currently; improve how we detect and monitor fungicide resistance and improve application efficiency; predict where and when fungicide resistance will arise; and develop strategies that help growers, educators, and manufacturers manage current fungicide resistance and mitigate future development.

GrantsBy the Numbers New Grants 60 Renewed Grants 38 Termed Grants 59

Grant Expenditures

Expenditures $5,815,986

Facilities & Administrative Funds Generated

$691,844

TOTAL Expenditures + F&A $6,507,830

Federal $6,698,449

Grant Funds Generated$10,407,425 total

Gifts/Private $350,594

State $1,654,755

Industry $1,703,627

Understanding Decline on Select Apple Scion-Rootstock CombinationsPI: Scott Harper WSU Co-PI: Alice Wright

Funding Agency: Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission

2018 Funding: $60,200

Dieback and decline of select apple scions on Geneva 935 rootstocks is a significant problem for introducing and expanding new variety plantings in WA. Viral pathogens including Apple chlorotic leafspot virus and Apple stem pitting virus had been suggested as the cause, but other viruses have been found on afflicted cultivars; whether these caused the decline had not been established. In short, the cause of the disease, whether a single virus or specific combination of viruses, is not known. This project takes a systematic approach to identifying the pathogens present in declining plants, toward a more complete understanding of the cause of the dieback and decline and a way forward to prevent it.

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Industry Funds

Alfalfa & HayFoundation for Food & Ag ResearchHopsMintTree FruitWine

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Food Safety Modernization Act: Workshops and Extension for Washington State Tree Fruit GrowersPI: Faith Critzer WSU Co-PIs: Girish Ganjyal, Stephanie Smith

Funding Agency: Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA)

2018 Funding: $451,532

In 2011, the Food Safety Modernization Act established significant changes to our federal and state food safety regulations. FSMA required the US Food and Drug Administration to modernize the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act by conducting rulemaking in seven areas affecting human and animal foods. This project educates produce growers and those in mixed facilities on the pertinent food safety practices related to produce growing, harvesting, holding, and processing. These efforts combined with those of the WSDA help strengthen the resiliency of Washington fruits and vegetable industry and improve the likelihood of adherence to new federal and state regulations.

Root Growth Management to Reduce Ca Deficiency Disorders in Apples and CherriesPI: Bernardita Sallato-Carmona WSU Co-PIs: Matt Whiting, Lee Kalcsits

Funding Agency: Washington State Department of Agriculture

2018 Funding: $152,937

Calcium (Ca) deficiencies can lead to several disorders that reduce quality and storability in several tree fruits. Bitter pit (BP) in apples causes an estimated loss of 5%-10% each year. Honeycrisp, the most planted cultivar in WA between 2011 and 2017, is highly susceptible, with up to 50% loss each year. In cherries, Ca deficiencies have resulted in reduced fruit quality (cracking and firmness). Growers spray 6 to 20 times during the season to overcome Ca deficiency disorders, often with unsatisfactory results. This project focuses on education and outreach activities promoting production practices that lead to early root growth, which increases Ca absorption during cell division, thereby reducing Ca deficiency disorders.

Reducing Cold Damage with Cellulose NanocrystalsPI: Matt Whiting WSU Co-PIs: Changki Mo, Xiao Zhang, Bernardita Sallato

Funding Agency: Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission

2018 Funding: $50,086

Every year, tree fruit growers lose money from cold damage to reproductive buds or flowers. The U.S. Food and Agriculture Organization reports that cold damage has caused more economic losses to U.S. crops than any other weather hazard. Despite the significant perennial threat of cold damage, growers have no new, reliable means for protecting developing buds, depending largely on wind machines that are ineffective against advective freeze events. To improve yield security and profitability for WA tree fruit growers, the team of researchers is synthesizing and applying a novel dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) intended to reduce cold damage to tree fruit reproductive buds.

Breeding Disease Resistant Hop CultivarsPI: Doug Walsh

Funding Agency: USDA Agricultural Research Service

2018 Funding: $172,062

This is a collaborative project among WSU IAREC, the USDA Agriculture Research Service, and the Brewers Association seeking to develop new publicly available hop cultivars with excellent sensory characteristics, high yields, and good disease resistance. We are screening the joint WSU and USDA-ARS advanced-cycle hop germplasm for its performance in the Yakima Valley of Washington, the site of 73% of U.S. hop production. Hop selections are being evaluated for their yield, brewing chemistry and attributes, and tolerance to mildews, which are the primary diseases impacting hop production.

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Highlighted Events in 2018

2/7 WSU President Kirk Schulz and First Lady Noel Schulz Tour IAREC Campus

2/21 SPARK (Speaking to the Potential, Ability & Resilience Inside Every Kid) Event

2/22 Columbia Tree Fruit Club Pruning Tour

2/24 REACH (Reaching Educational Achievement through Choices)

4/13 Prosser Economic Development Association Leadership Tour

5/17 Entrust Community Services Student Tour

5/17 Kiona Benton High School Tour

6/2 Winegrowers Legislative Tour

6/28 Roza Field Day

7/24 Hop Research Council Presentations and Tour

8/7 Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program Presentations

8/30 Prosser IAREC Welcomes New CAHNRS Dean, André-Denis Wright

9/11 Roza Orchard Field Day

10/1 Communication Officer of State Departments of Agriculture (COSDA) Tour

WSU’s GRAND CHALLENGES are a set of principles that focus the University’s research, innovation, and creativity in specific areas to achieve broad societal impact. WSU IAREC supports these overarching goals in a multitude of ways. https://research.wsu.edu/research-initiatives/grand-challenges/

SUSTAINABLE RESOURCESSupplying food, energy, and water for future generations• Interdisciplinary teams (entomology,

plant pathology, soil science, weed science, horticulture, biosystems engineering, food science) address key issues in hops, grapes, tree fruit, alfalfa, and other crops.

• The Washington State Integrated Pest Management Coordinator is located at IAREC.

• Tools developed at IAREC help growers know when and how to irrigate and when they can turn their water off with confidence, resulting in peak yields with water and energy savings.

• An estimated two-thirds of Washington State’s agricultural production comes from irrigated land, making IAREC’s research vital to sustainable agricultural production in the state and region.

OPPORTUNITY AND EQUITYPromoting an informed and equitable society, expanding individual opportunity, advancing social justice• IAREC faculty participated in the

Leadership and Global Understanding (LGU) Columbia “Utopia” Project to deliver agricultural research results, technology, and training to farmers in remote areas.

• Researchers at IAREC have been engaged in agricultural research and development programs funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to tackle hunger and poverty in Africa and Asia.

• The Prosser Graduate Student Association provides opportunities for networking, professional collaboration, and social engagement.

• IAREC faculty offer hands-on research experiences to undergraduate students, especially first-generation students from low-income communities in Yakima Valley, to improve their career prospects and access to higher education.

SMART SYSTEMSHarnessing technology to improve quality of life• Faculty and students at IAREC have

developed and deployed pilot projects utilizing unmanned aerial systems (drones) for tasks such as damage assessment in production agriculture.

• The Center for Precision & Automated Agricultural Systems (CPAAS), housed at IAREC, develops mechanized and automated solutions for crop production. CPAAS innovations include development of mechanical and robotic apple and feedstock biomass harvest techonlogy, a robotic system for fruit bin management, and mechanized weed control in vegetable crops.

• CPAAS also works with precision agriculture and decision support such as in-orchard wireless sensor networks, precision and automated irrigation systems, high-throughput phenotyping, automated labor management, and cloud-based farm management.

NATIONAL SECURITYFundamental research to protect America and the world• IAREC is strategically positioned to

contribute to food security here at home and across the globe.

• IAREC faculty serve as members of USAID’s Feed the Future Innovation Labs, translating science-based knowledge in partnership with research institutions and NGOs in Asia and Africa for crop improvement and betterment of the livelihoods of smallholder farmers.

• Plant breeding and maintenance of virus- and disease-free planting materials, both of which take place at IAREC, are key components to a safe and secure global food supply.

• The engagement of university faculty and federal research scientists in addressing global dimensions of agriculture brings valuable experiences benefiting agriculture in the U.S.

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Book Chapters Hannaway DB, LJ Brewer, S Fran-sen, G Shewmaker, S Williams, S Baker. 2018. Planning and sowing grasslands. In Improving grassland and pasture management in tem-perate agriculture, pp. 1-46. Cam-bridge: Burleigh Dodds Sceince Publishing.

McCord PH. 2018. Advances in marker-assisted breeding of sug-arcane. In Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Sugarcane, Vol. 2, pp. 109-128. Cambridge: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.

Shamshiri RR, IA Hameed, M Karkee, C Weltzien. 2018. Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB. In Automation in Agriculture: Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations. InTech.

Walsh D. 2018. Pests of Alfalfa Grown for Seed. In PNW Insect Control Handbook. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ.

Walsh D. 2018. Pests of Hops. In PNW Insect Control Handbook. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ.

Whiting MD. 2018. Precision Orchard Systems. In Automation in Tree Fruit Production, pp. 75-93. CAB International.

Extension Publications Hoheisel GA, MM Moyer, DB Walsh. 2018. 2019 Pest Manage-ment Guide for Grapes in Wash-ington. WSU Extension Publishing EB0762. Pullman, WA.

James DG. 2018. Natural enemies and pollinators. In Hortsense, http://hortsense.wsu.edu

Singer S, JR Davenport, GA Hoheis-el, MM Moyer. 2018. Vineyard Nu-trient Management in Washington State. WSU Extension Publishing EM111E, Pullman, WA.

Journal ArticlesAdesanya AW, E Franco, DB Walsh, LS Lavine, MD Lavine, F Zhu. 2018. Phenotypic and Genotypic Plasticity of Acari-cide Resistance in Populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Peppermint and Silage Corn in the Pacific Northwest. J Econ Entomol, 111 (6), 2831-2843.

Adiputra J, SR Kesoju, RA Naidu. 2018. The relative occurrence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and Grapevine red blotch virus in Washington State vineyards. Plant Dis, 102, 2129-2135.

Alhamid J, C Mo, X Zhang, P Wang, MD Whiting, Q Zhang. 2018. Cellulose nanocrystals re-duce cold damage to reproduc-tive buds in fruit crops. Biosyst Eng, 172, 124-133.

Alvarez HC, M Salazar-Gutier-rez, B Chaves, G Hoogenboom. 2018. Modeling pollen tube growth of ‘Gala’and ‘Fuji’ ap-ples. Sci Hortic, 240, 125-132.

Antivilo F, R Paz, M Echeverria, M Keller, J Tognetti, R Borgo, J Roig. 2018. Thermal history parameters drive changes in physiology and cold hardiness of young grape-vine plants during winter. Agr Forest Meteorol, 262, 227-236

Badr G, G Hoogenboom, M Abouali, MM Moyer, M Keller. 2018. Analysis of several bio-climatic indices for viticultural zoning in the Pacific Northwest. Climate Res, 76, 203-223.

Badr G, G Hoogenboom, MM Moyer, M Keller, RA Rupp, JR Davenport. 2018. Spatial suitabil-ity assessment for vineyard site selection based on fuzzy logic. Precis Agric, 19(6), 1027-1048.

Bahlol HY, R Sinha, GA Hohe-isel, R Ehsani, LR Khot. 2018. Efficacy evaluation of horticul-tural oil based thermotherapy for pear psylla management. Crop Prot, 113, 97-103.

Boydston RA, LD Porter, B Chaves-Cordoba, LR Khot, PN Miklas. 2018. The impact of tillage on pinto bean cultivar response to drought induced by deficit irrigation. Soil and Tillage Res, 180, 63-72.

Brannen PM, CM Deom, OJ Al-abi, RA Naidu. 2018. Prevalence of viruses in commercial wine grape vineyards in Georgia. Plant Health Prog, 19, 342-346.

Camargo Alvarez H, MR Sala-zar-Gutierrez, D Zapata, M Keller, G Hoogenboom. 2018. Time-to-event analysis to evaluate dormancy status of single-bud cuttings: an example for grape-vines. Plant Methods, 14, 94.

Chandel AK, LR Khot, Y Osroosh, TR Peters. 2018. Thermal-RGB imager derived in-field apple surface temperature estimates for sunburn management. Agr Forest Meteorol, 253, 132-140.

Chen L, M Karkee, L He, Y Wei, Q Zhang. 2018. Evaluation of a Lev-eling System for a Weeding Robot under Field Condition. IFAC-Pa-persOnLine, 51(17), 368-373.

Davidson RW, VS Gordon, HS Sandhu, PH McCord, D Zhao, JC

Comstock, MP Singh, S Sood, M Baltazar, K McCorkle. 2018. Regis-tration of ‘CP 09-1952’ Sugarcane. J Plant Regist, 12(3), 340-346.

Espinoza CZ, AP Rathnayake, M Chakraborty, S Sankaran, PW Jacoby, LR Khot. 2018. Appli-cability of time-of-flight-based ground and multispectral aerial imaging for grapevine canopy vigour monitoring under direct root-zone deficit irrigation. Int J Remote Sens, 1-19.

Kimura E, SC Fransen, HP Collins, BJ Stanton, A Himes, J Smith, SO Guy, and WJ John-ston. 2018. Effect of intercrop-ping hybrid poplar and switch-grass on biomass yield, forage quality, and land use efficiency for bioenergy production. Bio-mass Bioenerg. 111: 31-38.

Fu H, J Duan, M Karkee, L He, D Chen, D Sun, Q Zhang. 2018. Quantifying fruit quality affected by mechanical impact for select-ed apple varieties. IFAC-Paper-sOnLine, 51(17), 250-255.

Fu L, Y Feng, Y Majeed, X Zhang, J Zhang, M Karkee, Q Zhang. 2018. Kiwifruit detec-tion in field images using Faster R-CNN with ZFNet. IFAC-Paper-sOnLine, 51(17), 45-50.

Gordon VS, HS Sandhu, PH Mc-Cord, D Zhao, JC Comstock, MP Singh, RW Davidson, S Sood, M Baltazar, K McCorkle. 2018. Regis-tration of ‘CP 09-1430’ Sugarcane. J Plant Regist, 12(3), 314-323.

Halldorson MM, M Keller. 2018. Grapevine leafroll disease alters leaf physiology but has little effect on plant cold hardi-ness. Planta, 248(5), 1201-1211.

James D. 2018. Do some fall mi-grants from the Pacific North-west augment winter breeding populations of Monarch butter-flies in southern California? J Lepid Soc, 72(3), 244-247.

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