annual report 2013 (english)
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Annual report 2013 - National Botanic Garden of BelgiumTRANSCRIPT
National Botanic Gardenof Belgium
Annual report 2013
National Botanic Gardenof Belgium
Annual report 2013
The new mission statement for the Botanic Gar-den Meise: ‘Building a sustainable future through discovery, research and conservation of plants’, encapsulates the value our Garden delivers not only in Belgium but globally.
In our modern world, botanic gardens such as ours have a more comprehensive mission than other plant-focused organisations. They combine fundamental research such as taxonomy and phy-logenetics with practical ex situ and in situ conser-vation programs. They share this plant knowledge with the wider public to raise awareness of the vital role plants play in our daily lives.
Our skilled team of staff collaborates daily with an extensive range of people and organisa-tions at home and abroad in the pursuit of making a real difference to society and to promote a more sustainable future. Our collaborative network includes primary and secondary schools, univer-sities, and other plant research and conservation organisations.
Over the past year our staff have made signifi-cant contributions to recording worldwide bio-diversity. This has been achievable through their expertise and the accumulation of many unique scientific collections gathered through the his-tory of our Garden. The examples highlighted in this annual report demonstrate how traditional methods combine with modern scientific practice to help describe plant diversity and unravel its his-tory.
The importance of linking in situ and ex situ plant conservation will only increase as up to a third of all plant life is threatened with extinction. In 2013, the Garden embarked on a large EU-fund-ed project to ecologically restore one of Belgium’s most fragile ecosystems. Further afield, we have investigated the economic value of African wood-lands in terms of edible wild-sourced mushrooms and how the conservation of forests contributes to reducing food shortage and malnutrition. This
is an important topic as policy makers worldwide incorporate economic models in their decision making processes.
The year 2013 was also exciting for our staff working on natural history collections that had largely been ‘forgotten’. These collections finally received the attention they deserve and are now being carefully curated. The Garden also fur-ther strengthened its indoor and outdoor living plant collections. Many of our living collections are important for scientific research, conserva-tion and education programs. We were pleased to strengthen their multiple values over the past year by acquiring new and exciting plants. This year also saw the educational program of the Garden extended to a significant part of the visiting public: visitors who are blind and visually impaired. This group can now benefit from a specialised tour ac-commodating their additional needs.
This annual report marks the end of an era. On the first of January 2014, the Garden was formally transferred to the Flemish community and in so doing has adopted a new name ‘Botanic Garden Meise’. The staff have been assigned to the Flem-ish- or French-speaking community, but will continue their work to achieve common goals. The preparation for this transfer required a lot of energy and goodwill from all the administrations involved: in the first place from the staff of the Garden, but also from many individuals working at the federal government, and Flemish and French communities. Thanks to you all, the transition was well prepared and we look forward to a positive future.
In conclusion, I would like to thank all our staff, volunteers, guides, the federal government, the governments of the Flemish and French-speaking communities and our many supporters for all the work achieved in 2013. I am convinced that to-gether, we are ready to tackle the challenges that lie ahead!
Building a sustainable future through discovery,research and conservation of plants.
Foreword
Steven DesseinChief Executive Officer
4 — 5
Discovering and recording biodiversity
Safeguarding plant life
Understanding ecosystems
(Re-)connecting plants and people
Inspiringand informing
Bringing our heritage to life
Organisation
Facts and figures
5 — 11
12 — 16
17 — 19
20 — 24
25 — 29
30 — 35
36 — 40
41 — 66
At present the total number of plant species on our planet remains unknown. Many are yet to be discovered, especially in the tropics and in certain groups like fungi and algae. This represents a seri-ous scientific deficit, since species are the funda-mental building blocks of ecosystems and knowing them is essential to our understanding of how our living planet works.
Discovering, describing, naming and classify-ing species is at the core of our scientific research. Our taxonomists combine classic methods, such as morphology, histology and anatomy with modern techniques including scanning electron microsco-py, digital imaging and DNA barcoding. The result aims to be a globally accepted, stable and scientific ordering of all life forms in a system that reflects their evolutionary origin. The taxonomic data and identification tools, such as floras, developed by our specialists are crucial for many other fields of research and for commercial purposes.
Discovering and recording biodiversity
6 — 7
Completing the Floraof Central Africa
A Flora is a publication which aids the identification of plants. It is an essential tool, not just for specialist taxonomists but also for ecolo-gists, foresters, conservation workers, ethno-botanists and even zo-ologists, for example investigating what a particular animal feeds on.
In tropical Africa, a complete Flora is available for the west and east, but the central region has only partially been covered. This seri-ously hinders scientists and conservationists in the region who have to rely heavily on a network of specialists to identify species and point out which are the least common or most endangered. Since 1948, the Botanic Garden has been involved in the production of Flore d’Afrique centrale, which aims to include all plants known to occur in the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. To date, the flora has grown to a series of books containing over 6,000 species belong-ing to 180 plant families. Despite this huge effort this work only cov-ers 60% of the total flora.
Over the last two decades, production has been slow. In 2013 how-ever, the Garden decided to take responsibility and breathe new life into resuming this ambitious project. From the 1st of October 2013, a specialist was appointed specifically to coordinate efforts to complete the remaining 40% of the Flora. His task is to create a sound network of specialists willing to contribute to the Flore d’Afrique centrale series. These specialists will need to critically read thousands of articles, study several hundred thousand herbarium vouchers and organise the production of several thousand drawings.
In addition to a printed version, a smart e-environment will be created to accommodate the gathered data. This online version will facilitate greater access to information, simplify the task of updating existing information with new finds (even new species), and enable the development of related tools such as apps for mobile phones. Fur-thermore, our Garden will try to acquire additional funding to train and educate a sufficiently large group of regional botanists in Central Africa to assist in the Flora production and maintain and update the e-version. The aim is to complete the Flore d’Afrique centrale and its e-version in 15 years; a lofty ambition indeed!
Past
pro
gres
s in
spe
cies
num
bers
(in
gre
en)
and
the
proj
ecte
d am
bitio
n (in
bla
ck)
of t
he F
lore
d’A
friq
ue c
entra
le s
erie
s.St
rept
ocar
pus
bind
seilii
at
Rug
aram
a in
Rw
anda
, a r
ecen
tly d
escr
ibed
and
rar
e en
dem
ic s
peci
es o
f the
G
esne
riac
eae
fam
ily t
hat
has
yet
to b
e tr
eate
d in
the
Flo
re d
’Afr
ique
cen
trale
. Pho
to E
berh
ard
Fisc
her.
Discovering and recording biodiversity
New to science
Every year, our researchers organise field trips and discover new species of plants and fungi from around the world. Back in the labo-ratory, the carefully collected samples are studied in-depth using a range of scientific instruments, such as light and scanning-electron microscopes, chemical analysis and DNA examination. In 2013, 18 dia-toms, 13 lichens, 1 fungus, and 21 flowering plants were described as new to science by our staff.
Through their studies, our taxonomists are key actors in inven-torying the world’s biodiversity. Occasionally discoveries can even be found closer to home: take for example the hybrid Magnolia × nooteboomiana Geerinck. This previously undescribed ornamental was discovered growing along an avenue in the suburb of Ixelles in Brussels. Meanwhile the ectoparasitic fungus Cantharomyces elongatus Haelewaters & De Kesel was first recorded by science in association with an insect from an ash forest of the Netherlands.
Central Africa is a well-known hotspot of diversity and has al-ways been of particular interest for our researchers. Among the new diatom species of 2013, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt, M.de Haan & J.C.Taylor is worth a mention as it represents the first described alga resulting from our ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’. Virtually nothing is known about algal diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo so the description of many more new taxa is inevita-ble in the coming years. The aforementioned expedition also yield-ed a previously unknown lichen Piccolia congolensis Van den Broeck, Aptroot & Ertz.
Morphological studies and molecular analyses are complemen-tary to advance the knowledge of lichenology. In 2013, studies con-ducted by our researchers resulted in the description of three new li-chen genera from Chile, Madagascar, and Brazil (Austroroccella Tehler & Ertz, Savoronala Ertz, Eb.Fisch., Killmann, Razafin. & Sérus. and Sergipea M.Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot).
The herbarium of the Botanic Garden harbours many unidenti-fied specimens of flowering plants, some collected decades ago and waiting to be described. In 2013, research on African flora mainly fo-cused on the genera Justicia (Acanthaceae) and Psychotria (Rubiaceae). From these two genera 11 and 8 species (respectively) were described as new to science. Many of these are endemic and threatened in the wild. Field observations are often important to solve taxonomic prob-lems. This proved to be the case in the new African species, Kalaharia schaijesii Bamps (Lamiaceae). Previously it had been confused with the only other representative of its genus; however, observations on its growth habit and flower characters proved this was yet another dis-tinct species.
Picc
olia
con
gole
nsis
Van
den
Broe
ck, A
ptro
ot &
Ert
z, a
new
cru
stos
e lic
hen
from
the
Con
gole
se r
ainf
ores
t.Ca
vinul
a lila
ndae
Coc
quyt
, M. d
e H
aan
& J.
C. T
aylo
r, a
new
dia
tom
spe
cies
from
the
Con
go B
asin
.Tr
unk
cove
red
by c
rust
aceo
us
liche
ns in
the
Con
gole
se r
ainf
ores
t.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Progress Flore d'Afrique centrale Spermatophytes
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
8 — 9
Protosteloid Amoebae in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Protosteloid Amoebae are bacterivorous protists that can be found on dead plant matter and represent a small group of 33 species. They are traditionally placed together with two other groups of fruit-ing amoebae, myxomycetes and dictyostelids in the Eumycetozoa. Identification of taxa is based on morphological characteristics of their microscopic fruiting bodies that are comprised of a translucent stalk supporting one or more spores.
The occurrence of Protosteloid Amoebae in the Democratic Re-public of the Congo was studied in cultures from substrates collected between the cities of Kisangani and Bumba during the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’. This survey of Protosteloid Amoebae is the first for Central Africa, with previous records for Africa restricted to Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.
Cultures from aerial litter (or dead, attached leaves), revealed 23 species or 70% of the total number of species described worldwide. Two of these taxa, Schizoplasmodiopsis reticulata and Schizoplasmodium seychellarum, were new records for the African continent. Fur-thermore, the isolate LHI05 was observed for the first time outside Hawai‘i. Of particular interest is the discovery of 5 unknown taxa that have been documented. The high species diversity observed on a limited number of samples suggests that the investigated region is, together with Hawai‘i, one of the world’s tropical hotspots for Protosteloid Amoebae.
Names of Cyanobacteria revised
The scientific names of plants have to be published in a particular way outlined in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). This ensures a clear understanding of valid names across the scientific community and, among other things, prevents two taxa be-ing given the same name. Occasionally, names are not validly pub-lished and in this event corrections have to be applied. This is an ac-count of one of these instances.
Gloeobacter violaceus Rippka et al. was the name given to a primitive Cyanobacterium (Cyanophyte) in 1974. It is phylogenetically impor-tant among the Cyanophyta because it uniquely lacks thylakoids, the site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Although Gloeobacter violaceus has been widely cited in experi-mental, taxonomical and phylogenetic literature, it was recently noted that its genus name Gloeobacter was invalidly published and as a result it has no current standing under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), nor under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
Consequently, the names Gloeobacter and G. violaceus were validat-ed by the process of designating a holotype in agreement with Article 40 of the ICBN. During the course of this study, it appeared that sev-eral names could compete with G. violaceus and had priority. Moreo-ver, one of these names was the type of another genus, Gloeothece. To ensure continuous use of the names Gloeobacter violaceus and Gloeothece it is necessary to conserve both names. In order to facilitate this two conservation proposals were published in the scientific journal Taxon. Both proposals will be examined by the Nomenclature Committee for Algae and by the General Nomenclature Committee which will decide if both names are included in the list of ‘Nomina conservanda’ or conserved names.
Col
lect
ing
of a
eria
l litt
er s
ampl
es fo
r th
e cu
ltiva
tion
of P
roto
stel
oid
Am
oeba
e.
Discovering and recording biodiversity
Diatom diversity in the Congo basin
One of the aims of the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’ was to study the diversity of diatoms in the Congo Basin. Water sam-ples were taken at various locations along the Congo River. These in-cluded locations downstream of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of the Congo) at the intersection of several major tributaries, namely the rivers Lomami, Itimbiri and Aruwimi, and a number of smaller rivers and streams such as Lubilu and Lilanda in the vicinity of Yangambi. Samples were brought back to the Botanic Garden for the identifica-tion of any diatom species present.
Initial investigations revealed the presence of a large number of unknown diatom species, in contrast, the number of observed cos-mopolitan species was relatively low but included: Navicula rostellata; Staurosirella pinnata; and Ulnaria ulna. There were also African and tropical-African species such as: Fragilariforma strangulata; Gompho-nema zairensis. Interestingly, some taxa had been previously record-ed and described from South America. These included: Encyonopsis frequentis Krammer and Gomphosphenia tenerrima.
A number of taxa observed from the Congo Basin are closely related (but different) to species discovered from the Amazon Ba-sin in South America, while others were more closely related to taxa described from tropical Asia. An example includes a species related to Navicula fuerbornii, described from Java. It appeared that Navicula fuerbornii had also been recorded in Ghana, but on closer investigation that discovery had a different type-drawing compared with the spec-imen from Java. Therefore, the name given to the Ghanaian specimen was misapplied. This means a new taxon will need to be described as the form discovered in Democratic Republic of the Congo was the same as the one found in Ghana.
Many new species discovered were from the genus Eunotia, a typical component of small acidic rivers and streams with a pH value often less than 5. This environment, although generally low in species diversity, also yielded another new species, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt, M.de Haan & J.C.Taylor that was described and published in 2013. This species was named after its type-locality, the village and stream Lilanda.
The larger tributaries of the Congo River with pH values greater than 8 that were surveyed had a greater diversity of species with often more than 50 taxa observed in a single sample. The descriptions of several other new taxa are in progress while other descriptions are already in press or submitted to peer-reviewed international journals.
These diatom studies were made possible thanks to our Garden’s involvement in the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’ (http://www.congobiodiv.org/en/projects/expeditions/expedition-2010) and an additional two projects financed by the Federal Science Pol-icy namely: COBAFISH (Congo Basin: From carbon to fishes); and COZADIMO (Preliminary study of diatoms as potential water qual-ity indicators for the tropical Congo and Zambezi sister basins).
Lila
nda
Riv
er n
orth
wes
t of
Yan
gam
bi,
Dem
ocra
tic R
epub
lic o
f the
Con
go.
10 — 11
Our Contribution tothe Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of Life is an ambitious project to create a register of all the world’s organisms and their relationships. The directory acts as a taxonomic backbone for many other large global projects, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and Encyclopedia of Life. In 2013, the Garden contributed this database via the European Union funded ‘i4life project’, aimed at boosting the number of species in the Catalogue of Life and increasing the number of participating institu-tions. Given our expertise in the African Flora we chose to contrib-ute to checklists of African endemic families and the Connaraceae, a largely African family.
Some of the endemic families are rather obscure. For example, the Hydrostachyaceae are rare freshwater plants that are found on waterfalls and in rapids; the Grubbiaceae are a 90 million year old family now restricted to the Cape Peninsula in South Africa and the Dioncophyllaceae are rare plants from tropical West Africa, which include Triphyophyllum peltatum, an unusual climbing carnivorous plant. While these families are obscure, they are often overlooked in taxonomic checklists, nevertheless, they are important conservation targets as they represent diverse evolutionary lineages.
Thus far we have contributed approximately 1,000 accepted names and synonyms to the project. However, we are continuing to work on the checklist and expect to deliver an additional 800 names in the near future.
Dumortiera becomes a free digital journal
In 2013, the Botanic Garden’s journal of field botany Dumortiera saw a threefold increase of subscribers compared with the previous year. The reason for this was the decision to publish online as a free digital journal.
Established in 1975, the journal has proved an important link be-tween professional and amateur botanists. Over the past few years, however, the number of subscribers and submitted manuscripts dwin-dled. After the publication of issue 100 in 2012 it was decided that a change was needed. Issue 101 became the first to enter this new digital era.
There are many advantages to this format: — The full article can be downloaded free-of-charge as a pdf docu-
ment; — Authors can include additional content, such as large annexes and
high quality full colour illustrations. For instance, a herbarium sheet can be reproduced with on-screen magnification that allows close scrutiny of plant details that may be featured in the article;
— Authors appreciate they reach a larger readership; — Subscribers are informed by e-mail when a new issue is published.
In addition to articles in Dutch and French (with English trans-lation of the abstract), the journal now also publishes contributions in English. Articles from previous issues have been made available to download thus making Dumortiera more accessible to a wider com-munity.
Com
poun
d le
af o
f the
Afr
ican
spe
cies
Cne
stis
ferr
ugin
ea D
C.
(Con
nara
ceae
) gr
own
in t
he g
lass
hous
es o
f the
Bot
anic
Gar
den.
Dum
ortie
ra 1
03.
Discovering and recording biodiversity
Out of Africa: recent trans-oceanic dispersal of plant species to Madagascar
Once part of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, Madagas-car broke away from eastern Africa 160 million years ago and later from Antarctica and India, leaving it isolated in the Indian Ocean for the past 80 million years. This long separation precludes any pos-sibility that flowering plants could have been on the island before it broke away, since they evolved more recently. Despite its long isola-tion, Madagascar is home to more than 12,000 plant species, most of these endemic, making it one of the most diverse floras on the planet. Where did all of Madagascar’s unique plant species come from?
Researchers of the Garden undertook a molecular study of the pantropical genus Ixora, with ca. 530 species, one of the largest genera of the coffee family. Some 40 species of Ixora occur in Africa, another 40 are endemic to Madagascar. Our study showed that the Madagas-can Ixora species belong to two lineages of different ages. This means that there has been at least one dispersal event from Eastern Africa across the Mozambique Channel to Madagascar some eight million years ago. Once arrived in Madagascar, Ixora started a rapid radiation, colonising the new island and adapting to its different niches. Hence, the Madagascan Ixora species are recent endemics, evolved in situ fol-lowing trans-oceanic dispersal.
The two separate lineages of Madagascan Ixora exhibit similar morphological innovations, unique within the genus. This suggests that the same selective pressures drive the evolution of both groups. In comparison to continental Africa, Ixora has undergone a rare dif-ferentiation in Madagascar. There is a trend towards reduction of the number of flowers per inflorescence from several hundreds to few or even one. Furthermore, flower size is spectacularly variable with co-rolla tubes between 0.4 and 23 cm long.
After its arrival in Madagascar, Ixora diversified into 40 species with certain unique morphological characters, and all this in a period of less than eight million years. How can this rapid radiation be ex-plained? One of the main driving forces of rapid radiations is climatic fluctuation, which we know occurred in the Plio- and Pleistocene. If the climate is drier, tropical forests retract and become isolated within a drier landscape. Once isolated, populations of the same species may develop different characters and evolve into different species. Polli-nators are also a driving force for radiation. The diversification in co-rolla tube length in Madagascan Ixora will undoubtedly have resulted in increased pollinator specificity, thereby, again, isolating different populations from each other and facilitating their evolution into dif-ferent species.
Her
bari
um s
peci
men
of
Ixor
a pe
culia
ris D
e Bl
ock.
12 — 13
Soil seed bank of the rarecreeping marshwort
Helosciadium repens (creeping marshwort) is a small plant formerly known as Apium repens; it belongs to the carrot family or Apiaceae. It is a rare plant from marshes and wet meadows with a restricted, main-ly European distribution, and is mentioned by the European Habitat Directive as a species in need of special protection. Over the past ten years the Botanic Garden conducted a research project looking at conservation biology and ecological demands within Belgian popu-lations. Part of this work involved recording counts of individuals in permanent plots. These records, however, fail to take into account the seeds that may be present in the soil seed bank. Soil seed banks can be vital for the survival of a species. Since the creeping marshwort has reappeared in former localities after more than 50 years of absence, we believed it to have a long-lived soil seed bank. Consequently, a study was undertaken to investigate the soil seed bank.
In the three largest populations, soil samples were taken, flushed through sieves and dried. The resulting soil fractions were viewed un-der a binocular microscope revealing glimpses of an often surprising-ly beautiful underground world. The seeds of H. repens were separated from the soil, measured and stored in our Garden’s seed bank under long-term storage conditions. The dark brown seeds turned out to be difficult to distinguish from the soil, making their counting unreli-able. Therefore, soil samples were scattered thinly on to the surface of potting compost and placed in the glasshouses and watered. This practice resulted in the germination of hundreds of H. repens seed-lings. Of these more than five hundred were sampled and stored in silica gel to later investigate the genetic diversity of the soil seed bank. Some seedlings were transplanted to reinforce an existing population that had strongly declined due, among other things, to poor habitat management.
Seed
lings
ger
min
atin
g fr
om s
oil s
ampl
es t
aken
from
po
pula
tions
of c
reep
ing
mar
shw
ort
(Hel
oscia
dium
repe
ns).
Mos
t po
pula
tions
of c
reep
ing
mar
shw
ort
are
graz
ed b
y ho
rses
.
It is estimated that up to one third of plant spe-cies are currently threatened or face extinction in the wild, mainly due to habitat fragmentation and destruction, combined with climate change. Every plant has a crucial role in a healthy functioning ecosystem. Some may hold unknown treasures such as molecules with helpful medicinal proper-ties. Therefore, the safeguarding of plant species is essential.
Our research contributes to the development of tools for in situ conservation in valuable natural sites both nationally and internationally. Off-site or ex situ conservation is equally important. We collect plant material from the wild for preserva-tion and propagation in our living collections, and in the collections of partner botanic gardens. Our seed bank holds the seeds of many rare and endan-gered species, thus safeguarding critical genetic variation. In combining our expertise and collec-tions we are able to assist with the reintroduction of species in natural habitats both now and into the future.
Safeguarding plant life
14 — 15
The Garden embarks on ecological restoration
Nutrient-poor grassland habitats and several of their characteris-tic species have reached a critical state in many European countries, including Belgium. The main reasons for this situation are: habitat fragmentation, abandonment of the traditional agro-pastoral activi-ties, and the intensification of agricultural practices. There is now an urgent need to preserve, manage and restore these few remaining, often degraded, habitat patches. Part of this work includes the res-toration of critically endangered plant species and populations that without intervention would not regenerate naturally due to limited dispersal capacities and the absence of seed bank in the soil.
These challenging tasks are being addressed in the framework of a new EU-LIFE Nature project in Southern Belgium (LIFE11 NAT/BE/001060). The partners of this project include Natagora, the SPWallonie (DEMNA and DNF) and the Botanic Garden. This seven-year project (2013-2019) aims at improving the conservation status of 400 ha of priority grasslands using an integrated approach, involving both in situ and ex situ conservation techniques. LIFE funds are used to restore 11 different grassland types, including six priority habitats, including: xeric sand calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grass-lands on calcareous substrates, and species-rich Nardus grasslands.
As a centre of excellence in ex situ conservation, our Garden is re-sponsible for species reintroduction and reinforcement for six target species: maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides), proliferous pink (Petrorhagia prolifera), dwarf everlast (Helichrysum arenarium), clustered bellflower (Campanula glomerata), mountain everlasting (Antennaria dioica) and the mountain arnica (Arnica montana). The aim is to increase the ef-fective size of remaining populations (reinforcement) and to restore extinct populations (reintroduction) in order to improve connectivity in the landscape. For each species, seeds have been collected in 3-4 source populations in similar habitats (geographically close to the tar-get sites). Leaves from each source and target population were sam-pled to estimate within-population genetic diversity and inbreeding level, and between-population genetic divergence. Soil samples were collected at the target sites to study the soil seed bank. After several months of testing with different types of substrate, propagation pro-tocols have successfully been developed for all target species. During 2013, one thousand individuals of Dianthus deltoides were transplanted in two restored sites. Prior to transplanting, morphometric measure-ments of each individual (length and width of the largest leaf) were recorded. Once in situ these plants were precisely mapped to facilitate their long-term monitoring (survival, vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, germination, recruitment). We anticipate that other reintro-ductions will follow as habitat restoration progresses.
Safeguarding plant life
Dev
elop
men
t of
pro
paga
tion
prot
ocol
s in
the
Gar
den’
s nu
rser
y.Tr
ansp
lant
ing
prop
agat
ed m
ater
ial o
f the
mai
den
pink
(Dia
nthu
s de
ltoid
es)
in a
res
tore
d ar
ea o
f gra
ssla
nd in
Sou
ther
n Be
lgiu
m.
Gar
den
staf
f col
lect
ing
seed
s of
dw
arf e
verl
ast
(Hel
ichry
sum
are
nariu
m)
in t
he w
ild.
16 — 17
In a world increasingly under environmental pressure, plants, ecosystems and the services they provide need to be maintained to keep the planet healthy. Amongst other things they mitigate the effects of greenhouse gasses, play an important role in the global water cycle, and help combat desertification.
The work of our researchers helps us under-stand how ecosystems function, and how they can be described and monitored. They also investi-gate invasive species that influence native species. Throughout the world, in Africa as in Belgium, humankind is fully dependent on healthy ecosys-tems.
Understanding ecosystems
Safeguarding plant life
Improvement of the ERAIFT arboretum in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Senior staff at ERAIFT (‘Ecole régionale post universitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropi-caux’) decided to improve the green spaces around its buildings that previously comprised of a massive plantation of Acacia and Eucalyptus planted originally to mitigate the effects of serious erosion.
Our Garden proposed to support the improvement of the planta-tion in a joint Botanic Garden / ERAIFT / UNESCO program. The objective of the program was to develop an arboretum to facilitate the education of students (ERAIFT and other Faculties) on the identifica-tion of typical forests trees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
A simple planting scheme was devised and the area was divided into a range of plots with each plot containing a single species. In or-der for the work to progress our Garden needed to find practical help to develop the new arboretum. Consequently, they joined forces with an NGO ‘Les Amis de la nature et des jardins’ (ANJ), an organisation committed to fieldwork to help safeguarding nature. Subsequently, locals were employed, especially women and young adults (previous-ly living on the streets) to help develop this new plantation. The first area planted comprised of 2.7 ha and was enriched with 280 labelled trees from 30 different species (e.g. Milicia excelsa, Milletia laurentii, Penthacletra macrophylla, Pericopsis elata and Terminalia superba). In the same area a nature trail is planned to educate the public on a range of themes from environmental protection, endangered species and the sustainable collection of firewood. Our Garden will continue to monitor the plantation during 2014 to ensure a successful outcome of the project.
Use
of l
ocal
pla
nts
for
the
arbo
retu
m o
f ER
AIF
T.
18 — 19
Cha
rcoa
l and
edi
ble
fung
i on
sale
in K
atan
ga(D
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
of t
he C
ongo
).
Tools for the conservation and sustainable use of African woodlands: edible fungi
The mega-diverse rainforests of Central Africa usually draw most of the attention of conservationists because of their destruc-tion by the logging industry. Lesser known is the forested area around the so-called Congo Basin that is being systematically depleted due to charcoal production. The latter woodlands (termed miombos) are adapted to a long dry season (at least 4 months) with many tree spe-cies being resistant to bushfires. These forests are vulnerable because once cleared they have difficulty to regenerate. The human pressure on this forest ecosystem is excessively high since half of the African population depends on it for food, medicine, fuel and construction timber, etc.
Researchers at our Garden developed a method for delivering taxonomical data and tools for the conservation and sustainable use of these woodlands. These tools are meant to estimate the value of non timber forest products like edible fungi, an essential step in the re-evaluation of the true worth of less-valued yet threatened ecosys-tems.
By using permanent plots the annual, natural production of wild edible fungi was measured in different forest types. This study was conducted in the woodlands of Benin (Sudanian region) and South-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zambezian region). In both these areas fungi are an important food source and a vital income for millions of people. Study results revealed a high diversity of edible species within each region. The majority of these fungi were ectomy-corrhizal symbionts, i.e. obligatorily associated with the root system of living trees. The species composition appears to depend on the for-est type. Our study revealed that chanterelles dominate in the Zam-bezian region while the Sudanian region is dominated by milk-caps.
The yields of fungi range from 100 to 300 kg/ha/year, depending on the species and forest type. If just 10% of this production reaches the market to be sold at an average of 1€ per kg, a single hectare of miombo would deliver, on average, 20€/year. Although charcoal de-livers a much greater amount 300€/ha this can only happen once be-cause once felled the woodland needs 30 years to regenerate. Conse-quently, over time charcoal delivers just half of the income generated from harvesting fungi!
This study therefore proves that maintaining the ecosystems’ service of delivering non timber forest products is financially and cul-turally much more beneficial for local people than the production of charcoal and that long-term benefit outweighs short-term gains.
The
edi
ble
Cant
hare
llus
rube
r gro
ws
abun
dant
ly in
Zam
bezi
an w
oodl
ands
.
Understanding ecosystems
Edib
le fu
ngi:
an im
port
ant
sour
ce o
f fo
od a
nd in
com
e in
tro
pica
l Afr
ica.
20 — 21
Bryophytes and other plant remains from excavations of Roman sites:a window on pre-industrial flora
To reconstruct life from the past, archaeologists need to study a whole range of evidence. This includes the remains of buildings, spec-tacular columns, fragments of pottery and also includes the remains of animals and plants from sediments. In 2013, the Botanic Garden helped archeologists from the Flemish Heritage Agency and NPO Agilas by identifying and interpreting plant material from several ex-cavations in Flanders.
Specifically, we were asked to study seeds, fruits and bryophytes from sediments located in the deeper sections of a Roman well in the Roman settlement of Asse (near the centre of the modern village of Asse). Three samples of sediment were sieved and plant macro re-mains collected. Despite rather poor conditions for preservation, since the Roman era, 50 species of vascular plants and 9 species of mosses were successfully identified along with the charred remains of grains of corn.
It was likely that most remains came from the immediate vicinity of the well in the Asse settlement and from nearby wet grasslands. The composition of moss species suggests the presence of forests in the neighborhood while other plants may have been selected for their medicinal properties. Several species introduced by the Romans were found including: Apium graveolens, Anethum graveolens and Prunus avium. Blackberries that were certainly collected from the wild were also preserved in the sediments. At a different location, the Roman fort at Oudenburg, two wells yielded extensive, well-preserved re-mains of bryophytes. It is likely that these were used to filter water.
Plant material from archaeological sites provide us with a good insight of the flora over a millennium prior to the immense changes in land use and air quality resulting from the industrial revolution. The bulk of the bryophyte material consisted of pleurocarpous mat-form-ing species collected from tree stems and bases although terrestrial species were also gathered. In total, 45 species of bryophytes were identified providing insights into epiphytic and terrestrial bryoflora of that time.
Many of the species had never been recorded in Flanders. Several of these were frequent or even dominant in the samples. Some of the identified species have returned to our countryside relatively recently as a result of European legislation reducing sulphur dioxide emissions, thus improving air quality. These species are increasing their distribu-tion and in time will once again form species-rich mats of bryophytes in our woodlands.
Everywhere on the planet specific plant and fungi species have provided local populations with food, energy, materials for housing and tools, fibres for clothing and medicines. In many parts of the world plants remain the primary elements in fighting hunger, disease and extreme poverty. Plants also often figure in cultural expressions and religion. Nowadays, cultural plant knowledge is being lost and with it the vital connections we have with plants and fungi.
Our researchers record how plants and fungi are used so that this knowledge can be shared and distributed. Our scientists’ ability to identify plants, even from tiny or ancient remains, contrib-utes to fields as diverse as forensic investigation and archaeology, thus constantly identifying and establishing links between plants and people.
(Re-)connecting plants and people
Indi
vidu
al m
oss
leaf
of t
he fo
x-ta
il fe
athe
r m
oss
(Tha
mno
bryu
m a
lope
curu
m).
Bran
ch fr
agm
ent
of t
he fo
x-ta
il fe
athe
r m
oss
(Tha
mno
bryu
m a
lope
curu
m)
from
a
wel
l in
the
Rom
an s
ettle
men
t at
Oud
enbu
rg (
first
hal
f 3rd c
entu
ry A
D).
22 — 23
Building capacity on environmental education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The results of the partnership between our Garden and the Dem-ocratic Republic of the Congo over the past 8 years have been very positive. The revival of botanical gardens and the recommencement of ex situ conservation answered the growing demand from national institutions.
The sustainability of these positive outcomes, however, remain fragile because educating staff in technical skills remains in an early phase. To overcome the lack of technical skills, the Botanic Garden organised several training sessions on innovative topics related to ex situ conservation, botany and environmental education.
Thanks to cooperation with ‘l’Ecole régionale post universitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux’ (ERAIFT) and UNESCO the ‘Workshop on Environmen-tal Education’ was successfully organised in Kinshasa on 23rd and 24th September, 2013. Its main objective was to promote environmen-tal education among institutes responsible for nature conservation, schools, civil society and the media. In particular it aimed to highlight and support the preservation of biodiversity in the Democratic Re-public of the Congo and Congo Basin. Around 60 participants from different institutions were present each day.
During the first day 8 national and international experts intro-duced major themes on environmental education, such as: the defini-tion of environmental education; urban nature; conservation (in situ and ex situ) of biodiversity; and threatened plants. Particular focus was given to the reality of nature conservation in the city of Kinshasa.
The second day was dedicated to group work for which two themes were proposed: the importance of protecting biodiversity; and the role of environmental awareness in school education. Both these subjects looked at the current situation and prospects for the future. The exchanges were very interesting and dynamic, each group provided robust proposals for the inclusion of these topics in their re-spective institutes.
Participants showed keen interest in the topics of the workshop and requested additional technical training and materials such as books, manuals, pamphlets and posters. Our Garden published the proceedings of the workshop and reprinted a poster on “the impor-tance of plants in the life of man”, which have been distributed to all stakeholders.
Part
icip
ants
of ‘
Wor
ksho
p on
Env
ironm
enta
l Edu
catio
n’.
(Re-)connecting plants and people
Leafprints on amphoraeat Sagalassos (SW-Turkey)
An amphora is a type of container of a characteristic shape and size often utilised for transport and storage during the Roman Em-pire. Excavations at the archaeological site of Sagalassos in southwest-ern Turkey (100 km north of Antalya) discovered leaf impressions on Late Roman amphorae. This represented a thus far unique occurrence within the Roman world. The leaf impressions were so well preserved that they could be identified down to species level.
During systematic archaeological excavations of the site (Prof. M. Waelkens and collaborators, KU Leuven) thousands of potsherds were found. Dr. Philip Bes recently discovered that a limited number of these had leafprints. A reference collection of herbarium speci-mens previously collected between 1997 and 2004 in the historical area made it possible to identify the two plant species used for the prints, namely, Styrax officinalis and Vitis vinifera. Both species still oc-cur within the vicinity of the archaeological site, with Styrax being well-known from antiquity for its fragrant resin.
The amphorae leaf prints were placed in a rather standardised po-sition on the collar, rim and grip of the container making it clear that this was a conscious step in the manufacturing process. Many ques-tions remain about the significance of this occurrence: was it purely ornamental, did it have a specific function, and why does it only occur at a specific site? Maybe future excavations and finds will help solve some of these questions.
A p
artia
l pri
nt o
f tw
o le
aves
of S
tyra
x of
ficin
alis
on t
he g
rip
of a
Lat
e R
oman
Sag
alas
sos
amph
ora
(© S
agal
asso
s Arc
haeo
logi
cal R
esea
rch
Proj
ect;
Brun
o Va
nder
meu
len)
.
24 — 25
The Garden is home to 18,000 different kinds of plant, set within 92 hectares of historical domain. It is a beautiful, diverse, green space and a source of enjoyment, wonder and inspiration tempting about 100,000 visitors per year.
Using a broad spectrum of plant displays, museum artefacts, webpages, science communica-tion tools, events, informal learning, awareness instruments and experience-based educational activities, the Garden has the potential to change people’s understanding of the importance of plants for human well-being and to emphasise the vital importance of plant conservation.
Building on this understanding, the Garden can stimulate people of all ages, backgrounds and abil-ities to act in a sustainable and responsible way.
Inspiringand informing
The killer inthe haystack
Our Garden has many important and varied roles. This is an ac-count of just one of those. A veterinarian working for Animal Health Care Flanders (‘Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen’) needed to find out why a flock of sheep he was asked to inspect were dying. After a number of unsuccessful attempts to receive help at other institutions he contacted the Belgian Poison Centre. There he was told they were ‘unable to help’ but advised him to contact the Botanic Garden.
Soon after a large bag filled with hay was delivered to the Garden. In previous days over 30 sheep on a single farm in the vicinity of Ant-werp had died. The veterinarian suspected that hay from a recently opened bale was responsible. Our researchers therefore screened the hay for the presence of poisonous plants.
The bag was emptied onto a large table. Not being of the high-est quality, the hay smelled unpalatable. Many stems and leaves were covered with a white mould. Due to the lack of sporangia a mycolo-gist failed to identify the mould, but he doubted there was a link with the sudden mortality of sheep. Meanwhile the hay was screened for other possible culprits. Next to several different grass species and a few prickly fragments of brambles were numerous stems of some-thing that looked like a vetch (Vicia). Close inspection yielded suffi-cient material for a positive identification from the Botanic Garden’s herbarium collections, although it was a surprise.
Rather than a native species, the dried fragments proved to be goat’s rue (Galega officinalis), naturally restricted to South, Central and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. It is a rather attractive her-baceous perennial, sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. Goat’s rue has been listed as a rare exotic species in Belgium since the 19th cen-tury, but it appears that it is persisting and expanding its distribution in a small number of locations across Belgium.
A little more research revealed that when present in hay, goat’s rue is life-threatening to animals, especially sheep. Furthermore, the symptoms exhibited by the dying sheep perfectly matched the effects this plant can have as recorded in the veterinary literature. Further investigations revealed that in previous years, this plant had been re-corded by a botanist in the vicinity of the grassland where the hay had been cut. This population probably originated from plants discarded from a nearby garden.
In total, 38 sheep died over a few days and 30 tons of hay was de-stroyed. It is a sad story, but the incident offered ‘haystack science’ (an unpleasant, denigrating 19th-century description of herbarium-based botany) a nice opportunity to prove its worth.
38 s
heep
die
d in
the
vi
cini
ty o
f Ant
wer
p.G
oat’s
rue
(G
aleg
a of
ficin
alis)
(©w
ikip
edia
, Epi
base
).
26 — 27
Plants that ‘bite’ back: establishing an important reference collection of carnivorous plants at Meise
During 2012 and 2013, our Garden developed a living reference collection of carnivorous plant species. Previously, Meise kept a mod-est collection mainly housing material originating from cultivation.
Carnivorous plants have always fascinated botanists and horticul-turalists due to their remarkable abilities to capture and digest inver-tebrates and even small frogs and mammals with their modified leaves serving as traps.
The most common natural habitat for these plants are bogs and marshes where water is abundant and nutrient concentrations low. These areas are continually destroyed through land drainage and eu-trophication. Along with over-collecting, this has led to many species being threatened by extinction.
Meise increased its collections by 169 accessions (121 botanical spe-cies), of which 46.7% are of known wild origin. Living representatives of: Cephalotaceae (Cephalotus); Droseraceae (Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera); Drosophyllaceae (Drosophyllum); Lentibulariaceae (Genlisea, Pinguicula, Utricularia); Nepenthaceae (Nepenthes); and Sarraceniaceae (Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Sarracenia) serve as an important reference collection.
Learning and discovering
Offering children the opportunity to discover the world of bot-any is one of the goals of our Botanic Garden. Our participation in INQUIRE, a pan-European education project on inquiry-based sci-ence education (IBSE), offered our education staff a fine opportunity to strengthen our collaboration with the Flemish Education Depart-ment.
When the project concluded in November 2013, we could look back on three years of exploring the possibilities of IBSE, together with highly motivated teachers, teachers trainers and educators.
Inquiry-based education had recently become an important item in the new Flemish school curriculum, but it was evident that many teachers and education stakeholders did not feel familiar or comfort-able with this new methodology. Consequently, we decided to share our experiences with educational advisors by offering a portfolio of evidence from the INQUIRE project.
As a result of the Garden’s contacts with education policy makers and advisors, the Flemish Association of Catholic Secondary Educa-tion (VVKSO) organised a one-day conference at our Garden to help address the educational stakeholders’ needs. This included hands-on inquiry-based activities in our glasshouses. We offered a similar pro-gram to several groups of teachers trainees and we plan to strengthen our relationship with the teacher training institutes in the future.
Expanding ourMagnolia collection
The genus Magnolia represents a highly attractive group of flow-ering shrubs and trees. During 2013, we decided to expand our collec-tion, initially established in the early 1980s. Since these first plantings the wealth of new cultivars has risen considerably, while a noticeable warming of the climate has meant less hardy Chinese species have a real chance of surviving Belgian winters.
Over the course of 2013, the Garden enlarged its collection by 32 new taxa swelling the existing collection to 71 (85 accessions). New ac-quisitions include rare Chinese species: Magnolia biondii; M. doltsopa; M. zenii; the exquisite M. sargentiana var. robusta; the tender M. campbellii; and M. sprengeri var. sprengeri. American taxa were represented by M. virginiana var. australis, a tender evergreen from south-east USA.
Magnolia season always attracts the public to our Garden, there-fore stunning new hybrids and cultivars complement the botanical species. These include the yellow-flowering cultivars: ‘Limelight’, ‘Sundance’ and ‘Yellow Lantern’; the deep purple ‘Black Tulip’; pink-flowered ‘Flamingo’; the unusual form of M. × loebneri ‘Mag’s Pirou-ette’; and selections from the USA and New Zealand, such as ‘David Clulow’, ‘Daybreak’, ‘Atlas’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Spectrum’, and ‘Star Wars’.
All these magnolias can be viewed along a self-guided magnolia walk that takes the visitor in different parts of the Garden includ-ing the M. stellata-group near the Herbarium building, hardy hybrids around the Plant Palace, botanical species in the Fruticetum and ten-der hybrids in the Woodland Garden and surrounds of the Orangery.
Meise lights up springwith 40,000 bulbs
Collectively, the Botanic Garden curates hundreds of differ-ent bulbous species. Until 2013, these bulbs, corms and tubers were predominantly displayed in small groups, or in isolation. We decided that there was a need for larger, more impressive displays that would complement the richness of naturally occurring spring ‘bulbs’ such as snowdrop, (Galanthus nivalis), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and ramsons (Allium ursinum).
Over a few weeks in autumn, volunteers, gardeners and assistant curators planted over 40,000 ‘bulbs’ by hand. Focus centered on out-door lawned areas that were easily visible from the main paths and thus frequently visited by the public. These areas included the main entrance, the Castle and the area surrounding the Plant Palace. The spring of 2014 is expected to herald drifts of spring flowers: Narcissus ‘Carlton’; Crocus chrysanthus ‘Cream Beauty’, ‘Blue Pearl’; Crocus tom-masinianus ‘Ruby Giant’, ‘Whitewell Purple’; Crocus vernus ‘Flower Record’, ‘Jeanne d’Arc’, ‘Remembrance’, ‘Yellow Mammoth’, ‘Striped Beauty’; Ornithogalum umbellatum; and Fritillaria meleagris.
Inspiring and informing
Plan
ting
bulb
s of
Cro
cus
chry
sant
hus
‘Blu
e Pe
arl’
by h
and.
Mag
nolia
‘Lim
elig
ht’,
a w
onde
rful
ye
llow
flow
erin
g m
agno
lia.
Ping
uicu
la ro
tund
iflor
a at
th
e Bo
tani
c G
arde
n.
Phot
osyn
thes
is e
xper
imen
t as
an
exam
ple
of In
quir
y-ba
sed
scie
ntifi
c ed
ucat
ion.
28 — 29
The Grundtvig Project“Botanic Gardens: new toolsfor environmental education”
In 2013, the Botanic Garden successfully completed its involve-ment in the Grundtvig project, part of the EU’s Lifelong Learning Program (2011-2013). The project focused on guides and educators who hold responsible roles in Botanic Gardens: “… trusted with the mission to convey enthusiasm about botanical research and environ-mental awareness to visitors”.
Our Garden worked with two partners, the botanic gardens of Madrid and Florence. Together we successfully mastered peer-to-peer training and held educational site visits. A major success of the project was the development of a new garden tour with supporting interpretation material, a website and a toolkit. These are now avail-able in the partners’ gardens but have also been made available to botanic gardens and education networks beyond the institutes. The work of the guides and educators was greatly valued and some devel-oped new topics for existing tours, new skills and activities, such as a guided tour for the blind and visually impaired. Special events were organised for teachers, environmental educators, tourist guides and the general public.
The project was evaluated as ‘excellent’ by European Union as-sessors.
A new tour for blind and visually impaired visitors
Prior to 2013, there was no specific provision for blind and par-
tially sighted visitors to our Garden. However, due to the enthusiasm of one of our guides and the Educational Department, a project spe-cifically for the blind moved from idea to reality. This achievement was a significant outcome of the Grundtvig Project, which enabled this guide to grow in confidence and experience.
In order for the project to reach its goal, she attended training ses-sions on how to guide blind and partially sighted visitors in museums and outdoors. She then met with blind people and specialists working in this field. This experience taught her about the different types of visual impairment and provided an opportunity to discuss how a tour should be designed to interact with blind people.
As the concept progressed, special materials (3D maps) were purchased while focused displays were arranged with plants and 3D models. Try-out sessions were organised with small groups of blind people in order to develop and improve the activities.
The launch of the new tour was announced on our website, through a press campaign and by inviting organisations who specifi-cally work with blind people during the first ever federal Diversity Day on the theme of disability. The tour is becoming a great success with those organisations now booking for their blind and partially sighted members.
An exceptional botanical year in the Plant Palace
Every year thousands of taxa thrive in the sheltered environ-ment of the Plant Palace. In 2013, however, we experienced three rather exceptional events. During spring the jade vine (Strongylodon macrobotrys) developed seed pods for the first time in Belgian history. During the summer the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) flowered once more, and at the end of autumn the swan’s neck agave (Agave attenuata) came into bloom.
The jade vine is a lush growing liana native to tropical and humid dipterocarp forests of the Philippines. Due to extensive deforestation in its native range, populations have been greatly reduced and conse-quently, it is considered by many to be vulnerable to extinction. Seeds are seldom produced in cultivation because its flowers rely on bats to pollinate its showy, luminescent blue-green blooms as they feed on nectar. In the absence of its pollinators we carefully hand-pollinated several flowers by attempting to mimic the feeding behavior of bats. As a result, two large seed pods grew with viable seeds, marking it a unique occurrence in Belgium. Once ripe, the seeds were sown im-mediately because they lack a dormancy mechanism and thus cannot be stored. Twenty plants developed which will now be distributed to other gardens and institutes.
Visitors once again marveled at the flowering of the titan arum in 2013. This plant has provided a regular show (on average every 30 months) since its initial inflorescence opened in August 2008. As with its other flowering events, thousands of visitors flocked to wit-ness the giant inflorescence that reached 2.42 m in July. Perhaps even more amazing was the incredible size of its large corm that weighed an incredible 130 kg in the summer of 2013. We understand that this is the largest corm ever recorded in the world and is therefore a record breaker. Prior to its first flowering 2008, the corm weighed 10 kg. In 2010, it increased to 47 kg, but nobody could have imagined the sub-sequent enormous growth rate.
Finally, the swan’s neck agave that has resided in the collection for 105 years ended the year of spectacular events by producing a spectacular flowering stalk. Unlike most agaves, the large rosettes of soft leaves are thorn-free and the flowering stalk is unbranched. The abundant yellow-green flowers are an impressive sight and heavy enough to weigh down the flowering stalk to form a graceful arch that gives the swan’s neck agave its name.
Inspiring and informing
Flow
er t
russ
of S
trong
ylodo
n m
acro
botr
ys
in t
he M
abun
du H
ouse
.Ag
ave
atte
nuat
a flo
wer
ing
in t
he M
onso
on H
ouse
.
VIP
Day
for
teac
hers
at
Mei
se.
Gui
ded
visi
t w
ith a
vis
ually
impa
ired
grou
p, le
ad b
y th
e gu
ide
who
des
igne
d th
e to
ur.
30 — 31
Botanical curiosities coming out of the basement
Lying untouched for more than half a century in the basement of the Herbarium building, rests a huge historical treasure trove of botanical objects and curiosities preserved in glass jars. In 2013, work started to examine, record and restore the collection.
A large percentage of the collection dates back to the second half of the 19th century, gathered by passionate, inspired individuals on epic explorations with none of the luxuries of modern travel and com-munication. Each of the jars are dusted, their contents meticulously examined, and available data checked against archival data. The in-formation and observations are then introduced into a database.
The core of the collection is formed from the ‘Fruit and seed’ and ‘Product and drug’ collections of Carl von Martius purchased by the Belgian Government at the time of the foundation of our Botanic Garden in 1870. Pharmacists, missionaries and botanists (e.g. Peckolt, Wullschlägel, Glaziou, Teijsmann and von Müller) provided von Mar-tius with a range of material from Brazil, Suriname, Asia and Aus-tralia. The oldest specimen currently discovered dates back to 1848 and forms part of a series of 52 well-documented tea varieties from Carl von Martius’ brother Theodor.
This treasure trove of botanical objects also contains speci-mens from: the first three Universal Exhibitions in Paris (1855, 1867 and 1878); objects from the ‘Musée des Colonies françaises’ in Paris; a collection of Indian economic products; and one of Algerian me-dicinal and industrial items. In addition to these there are important collections from notable individuals, such as Bernardin and Delacre. Friar Bernardin (around 1858-1878) was a teacher at the High School of Melle near Ghent. He collected mostly plant fibres, oils and fats. Their outstanding quality won him prizes at international exhibitions and he even received a decoration from King Leopold II. Ambroise Delacre was a pharmacist who collected medicinal plants. Ambroise’s father, also a pharmacist, founded the famous biscuit factory Dela-cre in Vilvoorde, after he decided not only to sell chocolate for its strengthening qualities in his pharmacy, but also to use it in delicacies that were soon very much appreciated by the wealthy of the time.
Individually, the objects in this historical collection are botanical curiosities representing a wealth of diverse objects. Tropical fruits nestle beside seeds, vegetal oils, fibers, cocoa chips, annatto, indigo, tea leaves, coffee beans, a torch impregnated with plant oil, a rosary of gombo fruits, resin nuggets of opium, incense and myrrh. In 2013, ca. 10% of the collection was curated. We can hardly wait to find out what other exquisite items will be revealed in the coming years.
Bark
of ‘
Gal
ipea
offi
cinal
is’ (
Ango
stur
a tr
ifolia
ta)
from
the
von
Mar
tius
colle
ctio
n.Ex
trac
t of
‘Pilo
carp
us p
enna
tifol
ius
del P
arag
uay’
from
A. D
emar
chi,
phar
mac
ist
in B
ueno
s Aire
s, in
its
orig
inal
tri
angu
lar
bott
le (
1856
-187
9).
During its long history the Garden has con-stantly been collecting and creating a wide range of botanical collections, living plants, books, artefacts, instruments but also buildings, glass-houses and landscapes. Many of these elements still play an active role in our current work; books and archives are consulted by researchers, historic glasshouses protect plant collections and build-ings and landscapes are visited and enjoyed by our visitors.
This extensive patrimony requires constant specialised care and upkeep and is an irreplaceable source to develop innovative approaches to bet-ter fulfill the mission of the Garden in a changing world.
Bringing our heritage to life
32 — 33
Julie
n H
ouba
, Les
chê
nes
de l’
Amér
ique
sep
tent
riona
le e
n Be
lgiq
ue,
leur
orig
ine,
leur
[sic
] qu
alité
s, le
ur a
veni
r (H
asse
lt: M
iche
l Cey
sens
, 188
7).
Cor
nelia
Pom
pe, b
otan
ical
wat
erco
lour
dra
win
g on
pa
per,
with
spe
cim
ens
of d
irect
ly n
atur
e pr
inte
d le
aves
.
The wealth of nature printing material at Meise has allowed us to hold two symposiums depicting the process and highlighting our col-lections. These allowed us to write two articles on nature printing in 2013, promoting this technique to a wider audience.
The first paper, given at the symposium Traces du végétal held at the University of Angers was the result of collaboration between the library and Sandrine de Borman, an artist in residence at the Garden. Its aim was to gain more insight into the technique of nature-printing and its evolution from scientific illustration to contemporary art.
The second paper was presented at the symposium Le livre illustré en Belgique (1800-1865) held at the Royal Library of Belgium. After a lecture summarising the different processes of nature printing, the object of the presentation was the study of a book from our collec-tions, the sole Belgian witness of this technique, les Chênes de l’Amérique septentrionale en Belgique written by Julien Houba and published in 1887.
Joha
nn H
iero
nym
us K
niph
of, B
otan
ica in
Orig
inal
i, se
u he
rbar
ium
vivu
m (
Hal
le: J
.G. T
ram
pe, 1
757-
1764
).H
enry
Bai
ldon
, Nat
ure
prin
ted
fern
s. Pr
epar
ed a
ccor
ding
to
his
new
pat
ente
d pr
oces
s (L
ondo
n: L
. Ree
ve &
Co.
, 186
9).
As nature shows them. Nature printings: a hiddentreasure in the library
‘Nature printing’ is the term given to a range of techniques that make direct prints from natural objects such as leaves and flowers. The library of the Botanic Garden houses one of the finest known collections of nature printing. Many have been curated over a long period, but in 2013, this collection was enriched considerably by pur-chase of a collection by Cornelia Pompe (The Hague 1901-1902). This comprised of 137 original botanical drawings that combined nature-printed leaves (1 to 3 per page) with images produced by watercolour.
In the past, nature printing offered an alternative to herbarium specimens because dried vouchers were prone to attack by insects. It also provided an accurate and affordable alternative to botanical il-lustration. Over the centuries a number of different processes were used for this purpose. The first known application was in a copy of ‘Dioscurides Herbal’ from the 13th century that resides in the Topkapi Museum, Istanbul.
Leonardo da Vinci described the ‘simplest form’ of nature print-ing at the end of the 15th century. This process involved a natural object coated with a carbon-rich substance mixed with oil known as lamp black. Once coated the object was carefully pressed onto paper to leave an accurate impression.
Various examples of nature printing are known between the 15th and 17th centuries. At the end of this period, lamp black was replaced by ink and the printing press used to press the coated object onto pa-per. During the 18th century this technique was increasingly applied to the field of botanical imaging (although in a limited circulation). The German naturalist Kniphof produced a wide range of nature prints and was able to commercialise this activity.
During the 19th century, the art of nature printing increased in complexity and demanded specific equipment. This extended to the process of engraving by a highly skilled practitioner. This new ele-ment transformed the process by creating a mould that would repro-duce the replica image for as many times as was required. This meth-od led to the galvanoplastic technique developed in Austria by Aloys Auer and in Britain by Henry Bradbury. The lithographic technique meanwhile was used in Belgium by Houba, in France by Ansberque and in Britain by Baildon.
The impressive nature printing collection curated by the Botanic Garden has various origins including the library of the Horticultural Society of Belgium, an ancestor to our Garden, while others were purchased or donated by generous benefactors.
Over the past few years the library has acquired four major works depicting nature printed illustrations:
— Ectypa vegetabilium by Christiaan Gottlieb Ludwig, published in Halle by Trampe between 1760 and 1764;
— Physiotypia plantarum Autriacarum by Constantin van Ettingshau-sen, published in Vienna in 1855;
— Nature-printed ferns by Henry Baildon, published in London in 1869;
— Herbier de la flore française by Cusin and Ansberque, published in Villeurbane between 1867 and 1876.
Bringing our heritage to life
34 — 35
Wikipedia: a valuedyet under-utilised encyclopaedia
Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclope-dia based on an openly editable model. This means that the content can be edited freely by anybody who wishes to do so. As part of the Botanic Garden’s contribution to the Paris ‘Institut des sciences de la communication’ (CNRS) workshop Wikipédia, objet scientifique non identifié, held in June 2013, we wanted to explore the attitudes of this online resource by the scientific staff at Meise.
The results of a survey revealed: — Most researchers use Wikipedia frequently for their own work
and for other disciplines; — Information is regarded ‘reliable’, yet despite this ‘facts’ are also
checked using additional sources; — Despite the perceived value of Wikipedia, Meise scientists rarely
contribute to its content considering it to be ‘time wasted’.The attitudes of staff are interesting. Scientists of the Garden not
only have the expertise, but also privileged access to botanical and scientific literature. Reluctance to contribute to Wikipedia means that our botanists are looking for information (written by scientists), without making the connection that their contributions would also help the wider scientific community. By sharing their expertise on Wikipedia they would not only be contributing to this ideal but also have a fantastic opportunity to showcase their own scientific work to the world and support one of our Garden’s missions to popularise sci-ence.
For more information see the CNRS website: http://www.iscc.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article1738
Bringing our collections to life through historical research
In 2013, the Garden historians published a wide range of articles using material from our extensive archives. While most scientists tend to pay attention to the present and the future, they should not forget that their activities and their institution are deeply rooted in the past and in tradition. Herbaria and the data related to them, along with other archives and historic publications, give us clues about what may lie in the future for our institution. But history is not only meant to serve botanists, it also proves smart entertainment for visitors (and a job for people interested in humanities).
Publication topics in 2013 included: the complicated relationship between the Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Society of Bel-gium (1862-1875); impact of democratising Belgium on the Botanic Garden’s activities (1826-1914); impact of Darwinism on late 19th cen-tury Belgium; emerging ecological consciousness in the same period; and contributions on Belgian scientists and plant-hunters for a histori-cal dictionary. All this fervent activity was appreciated both nation-ally and internationally when the Garden’s historians were asked to: peer review articles; collaborate on academic and editorial projects; and give numerous presentations in Belgium and abroad, in both aca-demic and public contexts. Moreover, this expertise is also utilised in a range of projects like the one devoted to the future of the famous Jardin écologique Jean Massart, in Brussels. It is thus not surprising, with all this activity, that the number of inquiries steadily increased in the Library (and Archives) during 2013.
The
cra
dle
of e
colo
gica
l con
cern
s in
Bel
gium
? The
189
3 R
oyal
Bot
anic
al
Soci
ety
annu
al fi
eld
excu
rsio
n un
der
the
lead
ersh
ip o
f Fr.
Cré
pin
(183
0-19
03).
1958
, Dire
ctor
W. R
obyn
s gi
ves
a sp
eech
dur
ing
the
inau
gura
tion
of t
he n
ot-y
et-fi
nish
ed P
lant
Pal
ace.
Dusting off our archives to recognise their true values
Over the last few decades archives have piled up at the Botanic Garden in what could be described as “assumed and somehow func-tional anarchy”. Many potentially important archives have been stored in inappropriate locations around the site for too long and only come to light when staff members retire or clear their offices. Many archives were maintained in unsuitable conditions for their conserva-tion, were unrecorded and for those that did appear in an inventory often existed with mistakes. This undervalued the archives greatly along with all the work they represented and meant they were un-searchable and thus could fail to aid future research. In 2013, our Gar-den decided that its archives deserved more attention.
An archivist was hired and huge amounts of records were gath-ered up and placed in a room with minimum humidity and an appro-priate temperature. Since most data about the individuals producing the archives were lost, our fledgling home archivist began the pains-taking task to decipher who produced what, how and when. This im-portant process helps to create series and other archival categories needed to develop a much-awaited improved inventory.
As this process continued, hundreds of archives were (and still are) placed onto conservation-grade paper sheets and placed into acid-free archive boxes. Appraisal schedules were then developed for the institute helping to manage the archives with accuracy and facili-tate the elimination of items of no interest to historians, botanists or other individuals. This is especially rigorous because all archives over 30 years old officially become the legal property of Belgian State Ar-chive. However, there is an agreement that these historic documents are retained at the Botanic Garden and utilised for research.
It is anticipated that a new inventory will be completed in the next few years allowing for the first time lots of documents to be accessible to botanists, historians, art historians and many other individuals in-terested in the past, present and future of our institution.
Bringing our heritage to life
Ord
er fr
om c
haos
: hun
dred
s of
aci
d-fr
ee b
oxes
are
fille
d w
ith d
ocum
ents
tha
t w
ere
prev
ious
ly m
uddl
ed a
nd
dist
ribu
ted
far
and
wid
e. T
his
is a
firs
t st
ep t
o m
oder
n an
d pr
ofes
sion
al a
rchi
ves
man
agem
ent.
36 — 37
ObituaryJean Léonard (1920-2013)
On April 23rd Professor Jean Léonard passed away aged 93. He worked in the Garden from 1968 until long past his official retirement in 1985.
He first became acquainted with our Garden’s herbarium in 1942 studying for his Master’s degree in Botany at the Free University of Brussels (ULB). A year later he worked as a collaborator to the ‘Cellule Flore du Congo’ in the ‘Institut national pour l’Étude agronomique du Congo’ (INEAC) where he was seconded to the State Botanic Garden in Brussels, acquiring his Ph.D. on African flora.
1945-1948, Léonard worked at Eala Botanic Garden in Belgian Congo later being appointed Curator of the National Herbarium of Congo in Yangambi. He returned to our botanic Garden and became co-founder of AETFAT (‘Association pour l’Étude taxonomique de la flore d’Afrique tropicale’) in 1950. This organisation’s aim is to promote the exchange of knowledge between botanists working in neighbouring African countries. Jean Léonard demonstrated his en-thusiasm for AETFAT’s mission and later became its Permanent Sec-retary. In the 1960s while working at the Garden he was appointed by the ‘Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique’ (Brussels) working on African floristics and vegetation and in particular Eu-phorbiaceae.
From 1964 to 1965, he returned to the field with a Belgian military expedition, crossed the Sahara Desert and studied the flora of Libya (which he later led an expedition to in 1969). In Northern Chad, he observed strange, green cakes eaten by locals. Microscopic investi-gation identified them as Spirulina platensis (synonym of Arthrospira platensis) a food with a very high protein content. Léonard’s discov-ery made both him and Spirulina famous. It is now used as a dietary supplement worldwide. Some years later, Léonard was seen cruising the Lake Chad with the French ‘Office de la recherche scientifique et technique d’outre-mer’ (ORSTOM) in order to make further study on this species. In 1968, the Cellule Flore du Congo, formerly part of the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique was officially transferred to the Jardin botanique national de Belgique where he and a team of scien-tists found their new home.
As an AETFAT stalwart, between 1953 and 1976, Jean Léonard provided botanists with an annual bibliography on Sub-Saharan sys-tematic botany and an annual index of the newly described taxa from that area. In the early Eighties he began with his Contribution à l’étude de la flore et de la végétation des déserts d’Iran (10 vol., 1981-1992). This major work originated in the specimens he had collected previously in 1972 when he took part in an interdisciplinary expedition in Iran. Léonard remained active on the African Euphorbiaceae for many years pub-lishing his last masterpiece: Flore et végétation du Jebel Uweinat (Désert de Libye: Libye, Égypte, Sudan) (6 vol., 1997-2001).
During his career Jean Léonard authored over 200 papers, de-scribed one family (Lepidobotryaceae), a dozen new genera and hun-dreds of new species. At the age of 80 he finally retired commenting that he wanted to leave science before: “my scientific accuracy became blunt”. The Garden remembers his outstanding contributions.
Jean
Léo
nard
in
201
2.T
he A
ETFA
T fo
unde
rs a
t th
e 6th
ple
nary
mee
ting
in U
pssa
la
in 1
966
: Jea
n Lé
onar
d, A
rthu
r Wal
lis E
xcel
l and
Edg
ar M
ilne-
Red
head
.
Our Garden is an ever-changing organisa-tion with about 180 members of staff, 70 volun-teers and 20 guides. The domain, which covers 92 hectares, houses about 50 buildings where people work, meet and preserve plant collections. One of the challenges will be to prepare our Garden for transition. Indeed, it is absolutely essential that the Garden becomes less dependent on fossil fuels and reduces its environmental impact. Numerous responses will have to be developed on all levels of the Garden.
Organisation
38 — 39
Ecoteam: a year of action
The Ecoteam continues its work to create positive environmental changes within the Garden. In 2013, regular awareness campaigns on filtered water consumption, waste reduction, vermicomposting and green mobility helped to enlighten all staff on environmental issues.
Waste sorting is now effective among staff. Apart from being ecologically sound, this brings economic value to the Garden because we spend less money sorting our waste. After the Ecoteam discussed the options with various departments, our Garden is now ready to place sorting bins in every areas visited by the public.
Some of the achievements of 2013 include: — Provision of a filtered water fountain in the cafeteria to reduce the
use of plastic bottles; — Testing and subsequent adoption of green cleaning products by
the cleaning team; — The use of recycled paper for our printers and toilets has been
tested and awaits administrative agreement to be implemented; — In collaboration with the Kitchen Committee, the cafeteria men-
us have changed to stop the purchase of overfished species of fish and increase the amount of vegetarian dishes offered;
— The Ecoteam tested cargo bikes (bikes designed to carry goods) to reduce vehicle movements on site and budgeted the cost. These bikes should soon be made available for staff;
— An Internet carpooling platform was established.Above all, the Ecoteam is delighted by the positive response and
enthusiastic participation from staff to help make the Botanic Garden environmentally conscious in all its activities. We look forward to the opportunities ahead.
Visit the Garden shopfrom home
Previous to 2013, the shopping experience at the Botanic Garden was confined to people physically visiting the shop or via mail or-der. In a world increasingly accessible ‘in one click’ it was decided to develop a whole new shopping experience that people can enjoy at home via the internet.
The e-shop provides all the benefits that other internet shops pro-vide, such as: a search facility; expandable images allowing the cus-tomer to view prior to buying; an automated purchase and billing pro-cess; secure payment facility; and a quick despatch of bought items.
The e-shop covers a host of books in a range of genres from the scientific literature produced by the Garden, such as: Scripta Botanica Belgica; Opera Botanica Belgica; Flore de Belgique / Flora van België; Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale to subjects for people with a more general interest in plants such as identification guides, books on horticulture, fungi, moss and algae and posters and images.
The e-shop can be accessed at: http://shopbotanicgarden.com
Mob
ility
Wee
k:ca
rgo
bike
tri
al.
Euro
pean
Wee
k fo
r Was
te R
educ
tion:
verm
icom
post
ing
dem
onst
ratio
n.T
he G
arde
n Sh
op w
ebsi
te.
Volunteers: an ever-growing and dynamic support group for the Garden
In 2013, the number of volunteers reached almost 100 and their efforts have become indispensable in practically all divisions of the Garden.
The volunteer program was launched in 2006, with the first un-waged workers conducting tasks such as mounting herbarium speci-mens and helping gardeners. We streamlined its gradual expansion by defining three categories for volunteering activities: horticulture; supporting scientific research; and visitor welcome.
In celebration of their vital roles, here we present some of the activities they have been engaged in during 2013. Our horticultural volunteers have helped staff with routine maintenance of plant col-lections both in the open air collections and in the glasshouses. In au-tumn they offered great help with the planting of more than 40,000 bulbs. One group, ‘the stewards’ have become involved in activities to welcome visitors and provide topical news about the botanical high-lights of the season to optimise the public’s enjoyment during their time with us. Volunteers also support our research in many ways, for example, scanning herbarium type specimens, photographing plants and assisting with field work. Some volunteers also assist with labora-tory tests and looking up and databasing references of specimens in botanical literature.
Last year a team of volunteers engaged in an inventory project in-itiated by a volunteer who is a specialist in information systems. This team linked GPS coordinates with tree measurements, providing an essential tool for the management of our important collections. An-other volunteer created an artistic and educational exhibition about the ‘world of seeds’. To finish this wonderful list of ways in which they offer assistance, a group of volunteers also engaged in translating texts for that exhibition as well as supervising the interactive modules of the exhibition for the visitors. These examples illustrate that the specific competences and interests of volunteers are well being met by the Garden.
Our volunteers always work in close collaboration with paid staff who act as their coaches. In return we organize discovery activities, invite them for lectures and welcome them to participate in social events. In addition to providing lots of excellent work, our volunteers share their infectious passion for what they do. We are immensely grateful for their enthusiasm and precious contributions that uphold the mission of our Garden.
Organisation
Volu
ntee
r an
d ga
rden
er p
lant
ing
grou
ndco
ver
plan
ts in
the
Fru
ticet
um.
Volu
ntee
r an
d st
aff m
embe
r m
ount
ing
spec
imen
s.Vo
lunt
eer
and
gard
ener
in
the
Pla
nt P
alac
e.
40 — 41
Facts and figures
Another busy yearfor engineering
Engineering has a very important role at our Garden. Unless ma-chinery is well-maintained, essential jobs cannot be conducted, heat-ing systems fail and the day-to-day life of plants, staff and visitors becomes difficult or dangerous. With this statement we emphasize the important contributions made by the 18 workers in the engineer-ing department.
As in previous years, our engineers were kept busy during 2013. Of particular note was the restoration of 100 garden benches that greatly enhanced the attraction and utility of the site to visitors. The main entrance has also undergone a transformation making it much more attractive to visitors.
Our engineers met the challenge of an expanding education de-partment by renovating a room to increase office space for additional staff. Engineering also computerised the heating system for the glass-houses, worked on a rainwater pump for watering plants and devel-oped a ‘clouding’ system to improve the growing conditions for cer-tain glasshouse plants.
Some projects within our Garden were realised by external con-tractors but managed by our engineering department. An example includes construction of the new gateway in one of the glasshouses of rainforest vegetation scheduled to open in spring 2014. Our service also renewed the roofs of collection and propagation glasshouses and increased fire protection to the herbarium.
Many major projects initiated in 2013 will run beyond the turn of the year, such as the settling of electricity outlines, street lighting computerisation and the completion of the central heating installation in the Orangerie tavern. Two thousand fourteen will be another busy year that will see great improvements for staff and visitors alike.
Ren
ewed
ben
ches
thr
ough
out
the
Bota
nic
Gar
den.
Organisation
Facts and figures 42 — 43
Evol
utio
n ne
t ass
ets
Leg
al P
erso
nal
ity
(in
K€
)
The
net
ass
ets o
f the
Leg
al P
erso
nalit
y, i.
e. th
e eq
uity
of t
he L
egal
Per
sona
lity
min
us it
s lia
bili-
ties,
rem
aine
d m
ore
or le
ss st
able
ove
r the
repo
rted
per
iod.
Bre
akdo
wn
of in
com
e L
egal
Per
son
alit
y by
sou
rce
(in
K€
)
The
inco
me
of th
e Le
gal P
erso
nalit
y in
crea
sed
by o
ver 1
0% in
201
3, m
ainl
y du
e to
hig
her i
n-co
me
from
the
ticke
t sal
es.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,00
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Net
ass
ets
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Net
ass
ets
01/0
1/X
1,03
0 86
9 68
9 28
3 26
9
Bala
nce
year
X-1
61
-180
-4
06
-14
-16
Net
ass
ets
869
689
283
269
253
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,00
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Exte
rnal
pro
ject
s66
269
689
153
059
2
Book
shop
9599
114
8299
Sale
s pu
blic
atio
ns40
2454
4045
Tic
ket
sale
s23
822
326
820
227
1
Hire
and
sal
es34
5540
5657
Serv
ice
perf
orm
ance
3041
4737
35
Oth
er in
com
e41
3334
5582
Tota
l inc
ome
1,14
01,
170
1,44
91,
002
1,18
1
Tot
al b
udge
t (in
K€
)
The
bud
get o
f the
Gar
den
drop
ped
sign
ifica
ntly
in 2
013.
Thi
s is p
artia
lly e
xpla
ined
by
the
ex-
cept
iona
l inc
reas
e of
the
pers
onne
l bud
get i
n 20
12 in
ord
er to
boo
k th
e pa
ymen
t of t
he sa
lari
es
of D
ecem
ber i
n th
e sa
me
year
inst
ead
of Ja
nuar
y of
the
next
yea
r. Ev
en if
we
take
this
into
ac-
coun
t, th
ere
was
still
an ad
ditio
nal r
educ
tion
in th
e do
tatio
ns th
e G
arde
n re
ceiv
ed. T
he b
udge
t fo
r inv
estm
ents
and
ope
ratio
nal e
xpen
ses d
ropp
ed b
y 15
% w
here
as th
e pe
rson
nel b
udge
t was
re
duce
d by
2%.
Bre
akdo
wn
expe
nses
(in
K€
)
Payi
ng sa
lari
es o
f the
em
ploy
ees i
s the
mai
n co
st fo
r the
Gar
den.
Ene
rgy
expe
nses
rem
aine
d at
a v
ery
high
leve
l in
2013
. The
redu
ced
inve
stm
ent b
udge
t was
ess
entia
lly u
sed
to re
aliz
e a l
arge
fr
eeze
r to
trea
t the
her
bari
um c
olle
ctio
ns a
gain
st in
sect
s.
Fina
nces
0
2,00
0
4,00
0
6,00
0
8,00
0
10,0
00
12,0
00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Budg
et
Ope
ratio
nal e
xpen
ses
Ener
gy
Equi
pmen
t
Inve
stm
ents
Staf
f and
soc
ial s
ervi
ce
Ope
ratio
nal
expe
nses
Ener
gyEq
uipm
ent
Inve
stm
ents
Staf
f and
soc
ial
serv
ice
€K
999
695
200
686,
821
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Budg
et8,
913
8,92
29,
008
9,63
18,
767
Facts and figures 44 — 45
Staf
f bre
akdo
wn
per
lang
uage
(sit
uati
on o
n th
e 1st
of J
anua
ry o
f eac
h ye
ar)
The
Gar
den,
situ
ated
in F
land
ers,
has
abo
ut 8
0% D
utch
spe
akin
g an
d 20
% F
renc
h sp
eaki
ng
empl
oyee
s. T
his s
ituat
ion
has b
een
mor
e or
less
stab
le fo
r ove
r 40
year
s.
Age
pyr
amid
Alm
ost t
wo
thir
ds o
f the
per
sonn
el a
re o
lder
than
40
and
mor
e th
an o
ne th
ird
olde
r tha
n 50
. T
he m
ediu
m a
ge is
46.
Ove
rall,
abo
ut 4
0% o
f the
per
sonn
el a
re fe
mal
e, b
ut th
e di
stri
butio
n is
ve
ry u
neve
n be
twee
n se
rvic
es, f
or e
xam
ple,
mos
t gar
dene
rs a
re m
ale.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fren
ch33
3837
3638
Dut
ch14
214
513
914
513
9
Oth
er2
53
44
Tota
l17
718
817
918
518
1
020406080100
120
140
160
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Fren
ch
Dut
ch
Oth
er
2015
105
05
1015
60-+
55-5
9
50-5
4
45-4
9
40-4
4
35-3
9
30-3
4
25-2
9
20-2
4
Fem
ale
Mal
e
Fem
ale
Mal
eTo
tal
60-+
37
10
55-5
912
1628
50-5
413
1730
45-4
910
1828
40-4
49
918
35-3
912
1931
30-3
46
1218
25-2
94
812
20-2
40
66
Tota
l69
112
181
Bre
akdo
wn
of e
xpen
ses
Leg
al P
erso
nal
ity
by s
ourc
e (i
n K
€)
In 2
013,
mor
e st
aff
wer
e pa
id o
n th
e Le
gal P
erso
nalit
y co
mpa
red
with
pre
viou
s ye
ars.
New
pe
rson
nel w
ere
ofte
n pa
id o
n ex
tern
ally
fund
ed p
roje
cts.
Staf
f bre
akdo
wn
(sit
uati
on o
n th
e 1st
of J
anua
ry o
f eac
h ye
ar)
The
num
ber o
f sta
ff (i
nclu
ding
repl
acem
ent c
ontr
acts
) dro
pped
slig
htly
.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Staf
f pai
d on
LP
Staf
f pai
d on
exte
rnal
pro
ject
sSt
aff
book
shop
and
entr
ance
Oth
er c
osts
book
shop
Oth
er c
osts
LP
(e.g
. ins
uran
ces)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Staf
f pai
d on
LP
475
412
545
206
283
Staf
f pai
d on
ext
erna
l pro
ject
s54
567
158
558
469
1
Staf
f boo
ksho
p an
d en
tran
ce15
116
121
523
827
3
Oth
er c
osts
boo
ksho
p51
6258
4256
Oth
er c
osts
LP
(e.g
. ins
uran
ces)
8786
131
7015
3
Tota
l1,
310
1,39
21,
533
1,14
01,
456
Pers
onne
l
0102030405060708090
Stat
utor
ysc
ient
ists
Stat
utor
y no
n-sc
ient
ists
Con
trac
tual
scie
ntis
tsC
ontr
actu
al n
on-
scie
ntis
ts
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Stat
utor
y sc
ient
ists
1817
1614
13
Stat
utor
y no
n-sc
ient
ists
7071
6685
81
Con
trac
tual
sci
entis
ts17
1518
1618
Con
trac
tual
non
-sci
entis
ts72
8579
7069
Tota
l17
718
817
918
518
1
Facts and figures 46 — 47
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Free
23,8
1225
,988
36,6
0230
,913
31,3
68
Red
uced
50,6
3548
,973
46,8
2038
,215
38,9
92
Full
21,5
8319
,257
27,4
8719
,484
20,8
11
0
10,0
00
20,0
00
30,0
00
40,0
00
50,0
00
60,0
00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Free
Red
uced
Full
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Gol
d 1+
3
Gol
d
Indi
vidu
al
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Indi
vidu
al1,
222
1,25
31,
382
1,11
31,
443
Gol
d15
010
699
100
94
Gol
d 1+
363
332
935
338
441
1
Bre
akdo
wn
of n
umbe
r of
vis
itor
s (f
ree-
redu
ced-
full
)Ye
ar c
ards
Vol
unte
ers
In 2
013,
the
num
ber
of v
olun
teer
s in
crea
sed
shar
ply
to a
lmos
t 10
0, c
orre
spon
ding
to
mor
e th
an 8
full
time
equi
vale
nts (
FTE)
; the
y co
ntri
bute
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of a
ctiv
ities
in th
e G
arde
n.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
6766
8070
98
FTE
55
65
8
0123456789
020406080100
120
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
FTE
Vis
itors
Num
ber
of v
isit
s
Des
pite
the
very
bad
wea
ther
dur
ing
the
first
hal
f of t
he y
ear,
the
num
ber o
f vis
its in
crea
sed
slig
htly
com
pare
d to
the
prev
ious
yea
r. T
he n
umbe
r of Y
ear C
ard
hold
ers i
ncre
ased
by
mor
e th
an 2
0%. 0
20,0
00
40,0
00
60,0
00
80,0
00
100,
000
120,
000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Tota
l num
ber
of v
isits
96,0
3094
,218
110,
909
88,6
1291
,171
Facts and figures 48 — 49
The
Bot
anic
Gar
den
in th
e m
edia
and
soc
ial n
etw
orks
The
Gar
den
sent
25
(13 D
utch
and
12 F
renc
h) p
ress
rele
ases
in 2
013.
Thi
s res
ulte
d in
225
pre
ss
appe
aran
ces
in D
utch
and
215
in F
renc
h, d
istr
ibut
ed a
cros
s th
e m
edia
with
a p
repo
nder
ance
of
pri
nt b
ased
pub
licat
ions
. The
flow
erin
g of
the
Tita
n A
rum
on
the
7th o
f Jul
y w
as c
over
ed
by se
vera
l pre
ss a
genc
ies a
nd w
as fo
llow
ed b
y m
ore
than
5,0
00 p
eopl
e on
Fac
eboo
k. T
he a
c-tiv
ities
of t
he G
arde
n ar
e sy
stem
atic
ally
list
ed in
the
agen
da o
f the
mos
t im
port
ant t
ouri
sm
web
site
s. T
he m
edia
con
sults
our
sta
ff b
ecau
se o
f th
eir
expe
rtis
e on
var
ious
sub
ject
s su
ch
as th
e id
entifi
catio
n of
pla
nts,
gen
eral
pla
nt k
now
ledg
e, a
nd th
e in
fluen
ce o
f the
wea
ther
on
flow
erin
g tim
es.
On
the
Gar
den’
s Fac
eboo
k pa
ge 7
8 m
essa
ges i
n ea
ch la
ngua
ge w
ere
post
ed.
In 2
013,
the
web
site
of
the
Gar
den
was
con
sulte
d by
640
,046
vis
itors
(28
0,89
9 di
ffer
ent
com
pute
rs) f
rom
127
cou
ntri
es. M
ost
visi
ts c
ome
from
Bel
gium
, Ger
man
y, F
ranc
e an
d T
he
Net
herl
ands
. The
pag
es o
f ou
r w
ebsi
te w
ere
view
ed 6
,680
,088
tim
es in
tot
al a
nd c
licke
d 17
,697
,258
tim
es.
In 2
013
Dum
ortie
ra, a
Gar
den-
publ
ishe
d pe
riod
ical
of fl
oris
tics,
incr
ease
d its
num
ber
of s
ub-
scri
ptio
ns to
alm
ost 1
,000
.
Pres
ently
, 2,7
15 p
eopl
e su
bscr
ibe
to o
ur d
igita
l new
slet
ter M
usa
sent
out
seas
onal
ly in
Dut
ch
and
Fren
ch.
3%5% 71
%
21%
Rad
io
Tel
evis
ion
Prin
ted
med
ia
Web
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Mus
a su
bscr
iptio
ns1,
749
2,10
82,
515
2,64
02,
715
Par
tici
pati
on in
org
anis
ed e
duca
tion
al v
isit
s
The
num
ber o
f sch
ool v
isits
furt
her i
ncre
ased
. Thi
s was
mai
nly
due
to th
e hi
gher
num
ber o
f fr
ee sc
hool
vis
its an
d st
uden
ts th
at p
artic
ipat
ed in
to th
e BA
MA
mod
ule.
The
num
ber o
f sch
ool
child
ren
part
icip
atin
g in
org
anis
ed e
duca
tion
visi
ts d
ropp
ed si
gnifi
cant
ly af
ter t
he ex
cept
iona
l ye
ar 2
012.
Vis
itor
s G
arde
n Sh
op
In t
otal
alm
ost
5,20
0 vi
sito
rs b
ough
t pr
oduc
ts in
the
Gar
den
shop
. The
ave
rage
am
ount
of
mon
ey sp
ent p
er cl
ient
was
slig
htly
mor
e th
an €
15. T
ypic
al G
arde
n pr
oduc
ts, s
uch
as o
ur G
ar-
den
hone
y an
d G
arde
n co
ffee
wer
e ve
ry p
opul
ar.
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0
4,00
0
Free
vis
itG
uide
d vi
sit
BAM
A-m
odul
eSc
hool
wor
ksho
p
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0
1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
6,00
0
7,00
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Free
vis
it1,
998
2,03
43,
060
2,77
13,
523
Gui
ded
visi
t66
31,
276
1,36
81,
091
989
BAM
A-m
odul
e46
218
720
155
171
3
Scho
ol w
orks
hop
1,88
291
358
41,
763
1,12
7
Tota
l5,
005
4,41
05,
213
6,17
66,
361
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Vis
itors
4,67
35,
958
6,65
54,
729
5,18
9
Facts and figures 50 — 51
Evol
utio
n of
que
ries
ent
ered
in L
IVC
OL
LIV
CO
L is
the
data
base
use
d fo
r th
e da
ily m
anag
emen
t of
the
Livi
ng C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd th
eir
rela
ted
docu
men
tatio
n. T
his d
atab
ase
is p
artly
acc
essi
ble
on th
e w
ebsi
te o
f the
Gar
den
to th
e pu
blic
and
to sc
ient
ists
, cur
ator
s, st
uden
ts, .
.. In
2013
, the
num
ber o
f que
ries
furt
her i
ncre
ased
to
3,9
62.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Que
ries
LIV
CO
L3,
681
2,66
43,
633
3,73
43,
962
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0
4,00
0
4,50
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Que
ries
LIV
CO
L
The
sei
zure
of p
lant
mat
eria
l pro
hibi
ted
unde
r C
ITE
S
The
qua
ntity
of
plan
t m
ater
ial s
eize
d by
the
Bel
gian
cus
tom
s un
der
the
CIT
ES r
egul
atio
ns
and
depo
site
d in
the
livi
ng c
olle
ctio
ns o
f th
e G
arde
n va
ries
fro
m y
ear
to y
ear.
In 2
013,
122
ac
cess
ions
, rep
rese
ntin
g 1,1
52 s
peci
men
s, w
ere
intr
oduc
ed. T
hey
are
the
resu
lt fr
om 10
con
-fis
catio
ns.
2010
2011
2012
2013
CIT
ES a
cces
sion
s27
869
8612
2
020406080100
120
140
2011
2012
2013
CIT
ES a
cces
sion
s
0
200
400
600
800
1,00
0
1,20
0
1,40
0
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of in
divi
dual
plan
ts s
eize
d
02468101214161820
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of C
ITES
con
fisca
tions
Liv
ing
Plan
ts C
olle
ctio
n
The
Liv
ing
Plan
ts C
olle
ctio
n cu
rren
tly in
clud
es 2
5,18
5 ac
cess
ions
rep
rese
ntin
g 34
1 fam
ilies
, 3,
008
gene
ra, 1
6,83
3 ta
xa o
r 12
,562
pla
nt s
peci
es. T
hey
are
dist
ribu
ted
betw
een
the
gree
n-ho
uses
(57%
) and
the
outd
oor c
olle
ctio
ns (4
3%).
Mos
t-re
pres
ente
d pl
ant f
amili
es in
the
glas
shou
ses
are
Cac
tace
ae (2
,475
acc
essio
ns),
Orc
hi-
dace
ae (
1,651
), Eu
phor
biac
eae
(1,00
6), L
iliac
eae
(910
), R
ubia
ceae
(57
8), C
rass
ulac
eae
(509
), A
izoa
ceae
(484
), A
race
ae (4
74) a
nd A
gava
ceae
(412
).
In t
he o
utdo
or c
olle
ctio
ns, w
ell-
repr
esen
tate
d pl
ant
fam
ilies
incl
ude
Ros
acea
e (7
47 a
cces
-sio
ns),
Eric
acea
e (5
61),
Lilia
ceae
(470
), M
alac
eae
(436
) and
Ast
erac
eae
(433
).
Col
lect
ions
Out
door
s20
11O
utdo
ors
2012
Out
door
s20
13In
door
s20
11In
door
s20
12In
door
s20
13
Taxa
7,42
87,
551
7,52
68,
898
9,09
19,
307
Spec
ies
4,94
64,
967
4,88
77,
405
7,47
57,
675
Acc
essi
ons
10,8
9011
,030
10,8
9412
,843
13,9
2914
,291
0
2,00
0
4,00
0
6,00
0
8,00
0
10,0
00
12,0
00
14,0
00
16,0
00
Tax
aSp
ecie
sA
cces
sion
s
Out
door
s 20
11
Out
door
s 20
12
Out
door
s 20
13
Indo
ors
2011
Indo
ors
2012
Indo
ors
2013
Evol
utio
n of
the
acqu
isit
ion
of li
ving
pla
nt m
ater
ial
Dur
ing
seve
ral y
ears
, the
livi
ng c
olle
ctio
ns h
ave
been
incr
ease
d co
ntin
uous
ly. T
his
grow
th
was
rath
er li
mite
d in
201
3.
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
Wild
ori
gin
Cul
tivat
ed
Cul
tivat
edW
ild o
rigi
nTo
tal
2010
614
881
1,49
5
2011
1,02
186
31,
884
2012
1,63
152
82,
159
2013
710
404
1,11
4
Facts and figures 52 — 53
Lon
g-te
rm s
eed
cons
erva
tion
The
see
d ba
nk is
an
impo
rtan
t ex
situ
cons
erva
tion
tool
to u
nder
pin
the
effo
rts
carr
ied
out
for i
n sit
u co
nser
vatio
n. It
allo
ws t
he c
onse
rvat
ion
in th
e lo
ng te
rm (m
ore
than
100
year
s) o
f a
very
bro
ad g
enet
ic d
iver
sity
in a
smal
l spa
ce. T
he se
ed b
ank
of th
e G
arde
n cu
rren
tly c
onta
ins
gene
rativ
e m
ater
ial o
f 890
acc
essio
ns o
f Bel
gian
spec
ies c
olle
cted
in th
e w
ild, 6
26 a
cces
sions
of
cop
per p
lant
s fro
m K
atan
ga a
nd 2
,152 a
cces
sions
of w
ild sp
ecie
s of b
eans
.
24% 17
%59
%
Belg
ian
flora
Cop
per
flora
Wild
bea
ns
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
Belg
ian
flora
Cop
per
flora
Wild
bea
ns
2011
2012
2013
24% 17
%59
%
Belg
ian
flora
Cop
per
flora
Wild
bea
ns
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
Belg
ian
flora
Cop
per
flora
Wild
bea
ns
2011
2012
2013
Belg
ian
flora
Cop
per
flora
Wild
bea
ns
2011
772
411
2,14
4
2012
841
536
2,14
4
2013
890
626
2,15
2
Mou
ntin
g of
her
bari
um s
peci
men
s
The
mou
ntin
g of
her
bari
um sp
ecim
ens i
s an
impo
rtan
t and
tim
e-co
nsum
ing
step
that
allo
ws
plan
t col
lect
ions
to b
e co
nser
ved
in th
e lo
ng-t
erm
. In
2013
, the
num
ber o
f mou
nted
spec
imen
s in
crea
sed.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Mou
nted
spe
cim
ens
BT7,
350
7,90
017
,000
6,50
06,
811
Mou
nted
spe
cim
ens
SP9,
519
13,8
2820
,191
11,5
9617
,500
Tota
l16
,869
21,7
2837
,191
18,0
9624
,311
0
5,00
0
10,0
00
15,0
00
20,0
00
25,0
00
30,0
00
35,0
00
40,0
00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Mou
nted
spe
cim
ens
SP
Mou
nted
spe
cim
ens
BT
2010
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of in
divi
dual
pla
nts
seiz
ed2,
205
105
240
1,15
2020406080100
120
140
2011
2012
2013
CIT
ES a
cces
sion
s
0
200
400
600
800
1,00
0
1,20
0
1,40
0
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of in
divi
dual
plan
ts s
eize
d
02468101214161820
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of C
ITES
con
fisca
tions
020406080100
120
140
2011
2012
2013
CIT
ES a
cces
sion
s
0
200
400
600
800
1,00
0
1,20
0
1,40
0
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of in
divi
dual
plan
ts s
eize
d
02468101214161820
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of C
ITES
con
fisca
tions
2010
2011
2012
2013
Num
ber
of C
ITES
con
fisca
tions
3018
1210
Dis
trib
utio
n of
livi
ng m
ater
ial
The
num
ber
of d
istr
ibut
ed s
ampl
es g
reat
ly v
arie
s fr
om y
ear
to y
ear.
In 2
013,
1,7
70 s
ampl
es
wer
e di
stri
bute
d, 7
5% o
f the
m se
ed sa
mpl
es.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Dis
trib
utio
n m
ater
ial
2,15
81,
370
1,88
91,
664
1,77
0
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Dis
trib
utio
n m
ater
ial
Facts and figures 54 — 55
Lib
rary
Dat
abas
e
The
num
ber o
f rec
ords
in o
ur li
brar
y da
taba
se is
gro
win
g st
eadi
ly. T
he e
ntir
e ca
talo
gue
con-
tain
s mor
e th
an 12
0,00
0 re
cord
s and
is p
ublis
hed
onlin
e.
Lib
rary
acq
uisi
tion
s
The
num
ber o
f new
libr
ary
acqu
isiti
ons c
ontin
ues t
o de
clin
e. T
his i
s due
to th
e fa
ct th
at m
ore
and
mor
e jo
urna
ls b
ecom
e on
line
jour
nals
onl
y. T
he n
umbe
r of n
ew m
onog
raph
s is a
t a n
or-
mal
leve
l; 20
10 a
nd 2
011 w
ere
exce
ptio
nal a
s the
Gar
den
libra
ry re
ceiv
ed in
thes
e ye
ars s
ever
al
gift
s fro
m o
ther
libr
arie
s.
0
10,0
00
20,0
00
30,0
00
40,0
00
50,0
00
60,0
00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
artic
les
48,0
1148
,516
48,8
3449
,030
49,1
50
seri
es4,
151
4,47
54,
596
4,69
54,
789
corr
espo
ndan
ce5,
759
7,30
07,
443
7,44
47,
444
mon
ogra
phs
44,8
5447
,500
48,7
9649
,969
50,7
43
valu
able
s3,
376
3,38
33,
385
3,38
63,
421
seri
als
8,21
48,
352
8,74
28,
979
9,11
7
Tota
l11
4,36
511
9,52
612
1,79
612
3,50
312
4,66
4
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
mon
ogra
phs
2,23
83,
124
1,24
41,
035
926
peri
odic
al fa
scic
les
3,01
83,
000
3,02
52,
733
2,50
0
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
mon
ogra
phs
peri
odic
al fa
scic
les
0
10,0
00
20,0
00
30,0
00
40,0
00
50,0
00
60,0
00
70,0
00
80,0
00
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
SP BT
Dat
abas
ing
the
coll
ecti
ons
Her
bari
um s
peci
men
s ho
ld v
alua
ble
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
dis
trib
utio
n, e
colo
gy a
nd u
se o
f pl
ants
. By
imag
ing
and
data
basi
ng th
e co
llect
ions
, thi
s in
form
atio
n is
now
in r
each
of m
any
mor
e po
tent
ial u
sers
. In
2013
, mor
e th
an 7
5,00
0 ne
w s
peci
men
rec
ords
wer
e cr
eate
d w
ithin
th
e tw
o de
part
men
ts. T
his
high
num
ber
is th
e re
sult
of ‘r
apid
dat
abas
ing’
in th
e BT
dep
art-
men
t so
that
a c
ompl
ete
inve
ntor
y of
the
fede
ral c
olle
ctio
n is
ava
ilabl
e. F
or th
is c
olle
ctio
n,
only
the
basic
info
rmat
ion
has b
een
regi
ster
ed.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
BT8,
030
21,9
3518
,159
17,4
8749
,341
SP17
,020
23,4
4721
,880
30,3
2426
,105
Tota
l25
,050
45,3
8240
,039
47,8
1175
,446
Loa
ns a
nd e
xch
ange
pro
gram
The
tran
sfer
of h
erba
rium
spec
imen
s bet
wee
n he
rbar
ia w
orld
wid
e is
an
impo
rtan
t ste
p to
fa-
cilit
ate
bota
nica
l res
earc
h. S
peci
men
s ca
n be
tran
sfer
red
betw
een
herb
aria
on
a te
mpo
rary
ba
sis
as lo
ans
or o
n a
perm
anen
t bas
is a
s a
gift
or
as p
art o
f a s
eed
spec
imen
exc
hang
e pr
o-gr
am. T
he y
ear 2
013 w
as v
ery
busy
with
ext
rem
e hi
gh n
umbe
rs fo
r inc
omin
g ex
chan
ge.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
inco
min
g ex
chan
ge2,
799
3,24
911
,261
7,89
215
,536
inco
min
g gi
ft2,
441
9,66
82,
463
8,59
13,
918
inco
min
g lo
an53
559
553
92,
391
678
outg
oing
exc
hang
e2,
569
1,42
62,
897
1,65
51,
991
outg
oing
gift
164
177
221
175
128
outg
oing
loan
2,14
92,
012
3,11
41,
701
2,36
6
0
2,00
0
4,00
0
6,00
0
8,00
0
10,0
00
12,0
00
14,0
00
16,0
00
18,0
00
inco
min
g ex
chan
gein
com
ing
gift
inco
min
g lo
anou
tgoi
ng e
xcha
nge
outg
oing
gift
outg
oing
loan
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Facts and figures 56 — 57
Ave
rage
impa
ct fa
ctor
The
aver
age
impa
ct fa
ctor
in 20
13 w
as 2
.33,
slig
htly
low
er th
an 20
12, b
ut m
uch
high
er th
an 20
10
and
2011
. Sci
entis
ts fr
om o
ur G
arde
n co
mbi
ne b
asic
taxo
nom
ic w
ork,
whi
ch is
oft
en p
ublis
hed
in lo
w im
pact
jour
nals
, with
mor
e ap
plie
d re
sear
ch t
hat
can
be p
ublis
hed
in h
ighe
r ra
nked
jo
urna
ls.
Det
ails
on
publ
ishe
d m
anus
crip
ts a
nd b
ook
chap
ters
0102030405060
Inte
rnat
iona
l pap
ers
with
IFIn
tern
atio
nal o
rna
tiona
l pap
ers
with
out
IF
Book
s or
boo
kch
apte
rs
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Inte
rnat
iona
l pap
ers
with
IFIn
tern
atio
nal o
r na
tiona
l pap
ers
with
out
IF
Book
s or
boo
k ch
apte
rsTo
tal
2009
2820
250
2010
3425
564
2011
4736
3111
4
2012
3045
883
2013
4940
2711
6
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Ave
rage
IF2.
021.
272.
212.
812.
33
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Ave
rage
IF
Exte
rnal
libr
ary
cons
ulta
tion
The
libr
ary
is o
pen
for
the
publ
ic a
nd w
elco
mes
abo
ut 5
00 e
xter
nal a
nd 1,
000
inte
rnal
vis
its
a ye
ar. T
his n
umbe
r is e
xpec
ted
to re
duce
in th
e fu
ture
as b
otan
ical
lite
ratu
re b
ecom
es m
ore
wid
ely
avai
labl
e on
line.
The
Gar
den
ther
efor
e ac
tivel
y pa
rtic
ipat
es in
seve
ral d
igiti
zatio
n pr
o-je
cts.
The
num
ber o
f loa
ns b
etw
een
libra
ries
rem
ains
mor
e or
less
stab
le.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Loan
s be
twee
n lib
rari
es
Exte
rnal
vis
itors
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Exte
rnal
vis
itors
492
494
504
457
440
Loan
s be
twee
n lib
rari
es54
5849
6158
Num
ber
of p
ubli
cati
ons
The
num
ber o
f sci
entifi
c con
trib
utio
ns b
y m
embe
rs o
f the
staf
f fur
ther
incr
ease
d. T
he n
umbe
r of
con
trib
utio
ns in
pee
r re
view
ed jo
urna
ls w
ith im
pact
fac
tor
(IF)
rea
ched
its
high
est p
oint
si
nce
2009
.
Man
uscr
ipts
and
bo
ok c
hapt
ers
Abs
trac
ts o
f po
ster
s or
pr
esen
tatio
ns
Oth
er p
ublic
atio
ns
(rep
orts
, boo
k re
view
s,…
)
Tota
l
2009
5063
611
9
2010
6461
513
0
2011
114
2618
158
2012
8372
1416
9
2013
116
5026
192
050100
150
200
250
Man
uscr
ipts
and
boo
kch
apte
rsA
bstr
acts
of p
oste
rs o
rpr
esen
tatio
nsO
ther
pub
licat
ions
(r
epor
ts, b
ook
revi
ews,
…)
Tot
al
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Res
earc
h
Facts and figures 58 — 59
Sika
rood
i M. &
Unt
erei
ner W
.A. (
2013
) M
olec
ular
dat
a pl
ace
the
hyph
omyc
etou
s lic
heni
colo
us g
enus
Scle
roco
ccum
cl
ose
to D
acty
losp
ora
(Eur
otio
myc
etes
) an
d S.
par
meli
ae in
Cla
doph
ialo
phor
a (C
haet
othy
riales
). Fu
ngal
Div
ersi
ty 5
8:
61-7
2. (I
F: 5.
319)
• Er
tz D
., Fi
sche
r E.,
Kill
man
n D
., R
azafi
ndra
haja
T. &
Sér
usia
ux E
. (20
13)
Savo
rona
la, a
new
gen
us o
f Mal
mid
eace
ae
(Lec
anor
ales
) fro
m M
adag
asca
r with
stip
es
prod
ucin
g sp
orod
ochi
a. M
ycol
ogic
al
Prog
ress
12: 6
45-6
56. (
IF: 1
.606
)•
Ewal
d J.,
Hen
neke
ns S
., C
onra
d S.
, W
ohlg
emut
h T.
, Jan
sen
F., J
enss
en M
., C
orne
lis J.
, Mic
hiel
s H.G
., K
ayse
r J.,
Chy
trý
M.,
Gég
out J
.C.,
Breu
er M
., A
bs C
., W
alen
tow
ski H
., St
arlin
ger F
. &
God
efro
id S
. (20
13) S
patia
l and
te
mpo
ral p
atte
rns o
f Elle
nber
g nu
trie
nt
valu
es in
fore
sts o
f Ger
man
y an
d ad
jace
nt re
gion
s - a
surv
ey b
ased
on
phyt
osoc
iolo
gica
l dat
abas
es. T
uexe
nia
33: 9
3-10
9.•
Frai
ture
A. &
Di G
iang
rego
rio
M.
(201
3) A
man
ita in
opin
ata,
its e
colo
gy a
nd
expa
nsio
n in
Eur
ope.
Cry
ptog
amie
, M
ycol
ogie
34,
3: 21
2-22
2. (I
F: 1.
044)
• G
odef
roid
S.,
Van
de
Vyv
er
A.,
Lebr
un J.
, Mas
engo
Kal
enga
W.,
Han
djila
Min
engo
G.,
Ros
e C
., N
gong
o Lu
hem
bwe
M.,
Van
derb
orgh
t T. &
M
ahy
G. (
2013
) Ger
min
atio
n ca
paci
ty
and
seed
stor
age
beha
viou
r of t
hrea
tene
d pl
ant s
peci
es fr
om th
e K
atan
ga c
oppe
r be
lt: im
plic
atio
ns fo
r ex
situ
cons
erva
tion.
Pl
ant E
colo
gy a
nd E
volu
tion
146,
2:
183-
192.
htt
p://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.50
91/
plec
evo.
2013
.745 (
IF: 1
.192)
• G
room
Q.J
. (20
13) E
stim
atio
n of
va
scul
ar p
lant
occ
upan
cy a
nd it
s cha
nge
usin
g kr
igin
g. N
ew Jo
urna
l of B
otan
y 3,
1: 33
-46.
• G
room
Q.J
. (20
13) S
ome
pole
war
d m
ovem
ent o
f Bri
tish
nativ
e va
scul
ar
plan
ts is
occ
urri
ng, b
ut th
e fin
gerp
rint
of
clim
ate
chan
ge is
not
evi
dent
. Pee
rJ, 1
, e7
7. do
i:10.
7717
/pee
rj.7
7•
Hae
lew
ater
s D. &
De
Kes
el A
. (2
013)
A n
ew sp
ecie
s of C
anth
arom
yces
(L
abou
lben
iale
s, A
scom
ycot
a) fr
om th
e N
ethe
rlan
ds. M
ycot
axon
123:
467-
472
(IF:
0.70
9)•
Heg
er T
., Pa
hl A
.T.,
Bott
a-D
ukát
Z.,
Ghe
rard
i F.,
Hop
pe C
., H
oste
I., J
ax
K.,
Lind
strö
m L
., Bo
ets P
., H
aide
r S.,
Kol
lman
n J.
Witt
man
n M
.J. &
Jesc
hke
J. (2
013)
Con
cept
ual F
ram
ewor
ks a
nd
Met
hods
for A
dvan
cing
Inva
sion
Ecol
ogy.
Am
bio
42,5
: 527
-540
. htt
p://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.10
07/s
1328
0-01
2-03
79-x
(I
F: 2
.295
)•
Iam
onic
o D
. & V
erlo
ove
F. (2
013)
Pt
ilotu
s spi
catu
s. In
: von
Raa
b-St
raub
e E.
& R
aus T
. (ed
s) N
otul
ae a
d flo
ram
eu
ro-m
edite
rran
eam
per
tinen
tes N
o. 3
0.
Will
deno
wia
43:
152-
153.
(IF:
0.3
28)
• Jü
ttne
r I.,
Ecto
r L.,
Rei
char
dt E
., V
an
de V
ijve
r B
., Ja
rlm
an A
., K
roko
wsk
i J.
& C
ox E
.J. (2
013)
Gom
phon
ema
vari
ored
uncu
m a
new
spec
ies f
rom
no
rthe
rn a
nd w
este
rn E
urop
e an
d re
-exa
min
atio
n of
Gom
phon
ema
exili
ssim
um (G
runo
w) L
ange
-Ber
talo
t &
Rei
char
dt. D
iato
m R
esea
rch
28: 3
03-
316.
htt
p://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.10
80/0
2692
49X
.201
3.79
7924
(IF:
0,7
500)
• K
opal
ová
K.,
Ned
balo
vá L
., N
ývlt
D., E
lste
r J. &
Van
de
Vij
ver
B. (
2013
) Ec
olog
ical
ass
essm
ent o
f the
fres
hwat
er
diat
om c
omm
uniti
es fr
om U
lu P
enin
sula
(Ja
mes
Ros
s Isl
and,
NE
Ant
arct
ic
Peni
nsul
a). P
olar
Bio
logy
36:
933
-948
. ht
tp://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.10
07/s
0030
0-01
3-13
17-5
(IF:
2.0
06)
• K
opal
ová
K. &
Van
de
Vij
ver
B. (
2013
) Str
uctu
re a
nd e
colo
gy o
f fr
eshw
ater
dia
tom
com
mun
ities
of B
yers
Pe
nins
ula
(Liv
ings
ton
Isla
nd, S
outh
Sh
etla
nd Is
land
s). A
ntar
ctic
Sci
ence
25
: 239
-253
. htt
p://
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oi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/
S095
4102
0120
0076
4 (I
F: 1.
630)
• L
ache
nau
d O
., D
rois
sart
V.,
Des
sein
S.
, Sté
vart
T.,
Sim
o M
., Le
mai
re B
., Ta
edou
mg
H. &
Son
ké B
. (20
13) N
ew
reco
rds f
or th
e flo
ra o
f Cam
eroo
n,
incl
udin
g a
new
spec
ies o
f Psy
chot
ria
(Rub
iace
ae) a
nd ra
nge
exte
nsio
ns fo
r so
me
rare
spec
ies.
Plan
t Eco
logy
and
Ev
olut
ion
146,
1: 12
1-13
3. h
ttp:
//dx
.doi
.or
g/10
.509
1/pl
ecev
o.20
13.6
32 (I
F: 1.
192)
• La
hian
i E.,
Duf
aÿ M
., C
astr
ic V
., Le
C
adre
S.,
Cha
rlesw
orth
D.,
Van
R
ossu
m F
. & T
ouze
t P. (
2013
) D
isen
tang
ling
the
effe
cts o
f mat
ing
syst
ems a
nd m
utat
ion
rate
s on
cyto
plas
mic
div
ersi
ty in
gyn
odio
ecio
us
Silen
e nut
ans a
nd d
ioec
ious
Sile
ne ot
ites.
Her
edity
111:
157-
164.
htt
p://
dx.d
oi.
org/
10.10
38/h
dy.2
013.
32 (I
F: 4
.110)
• Le
e S.
S., T
obia
s F.A
.C. &
Van
de
Vij
ver
B. (
2013
) Env
ekad
ea m
etze
ltini
i sp
. nov
., a
new
dia
tom
(Bac
illar
ioph
yta)
sp
ecie
s fro
m th
e su
btro
pica
l kar
stic
w
etla
nds o
f the
Flo
rida
Eve
rgla
des,
U
.S.A
. Phy
tota
xa 11
5: 15
-24.
htt
p://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.11
646/
phyt
otax
a.11
5.1.2
(IF:
1.2
95)
• Lo
we
R.L
., K
ocio
lek
J.P. &
Van
de
Vij
ver
B. (
2013
) Tw
o ne
w O
rtho
seira
sp
ecie
s (Ba
cilla
rioph
yta)
from
lava
tube
s. Ph
ytot
axa
111:
39-5
2. h
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anga
mbu
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D.,
Muh
ashy
H.F
, Ja
nsse
n T.
, Dig
gele
n R
., Rob
brec
ht
E. &
Nta
hoba
vuka
H. (
2013
) Div
ersi
té
des F
ougè
res e
t leu
rs a
lliée
s le
long
du
gra
dien
t alti
tudi
nal a
u se
in d
e l’é
cosy
stèm
e fo
rest
ier d
es m
onta
gnes
du P
arc
Nat
iona
l de
Kah
uzi-
Bieg
a (R
D C
ongo
). In
tern
atio
nal J
ourn
al o
f En
viro
nmen
tal S
tudi
es 70
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83.
• M
anga
mbu
M.J.
-D.,
Van
Dig
gele
n R
., M
wan
gam
wan
ga J.
-C.,
Nta
hoba
vuka
H
. & R
obbr
echt
E. (
2013
) Esp
èces
no
uvel
lem
ent s
igna
lées
pou
r la
flore
pt
érid
olog
ique
de
la R
épub
lique
D
émoc
ratiq
ue d
u C
ongo
. Int
erna
tiona
l Jo
urna
l of B
iolo
gica
l and
Che
mic
al
Scie
nces
7,1:
107-
124.
• M
areš
J., K
omár
ek J.
, Com
père
P. &
O
ren
A. (
2013
) Val
idat
ion
of th
e ge
neri
c na
me
Glo
eoba
cter
Rip
pka
et a
l. 19
74,
Cya
noph
ycea
e. C
rypt
ogam
ie, A
lgol
ogie
34
: 255
-262
. (IF
: 1.17
0)•
Mar
eš J.
, Kom
árek
J., C
ompè
re P
. &
Ore
n A
. (20
13) P
ropo
sal t
o co
nser
ve
the
nam
e G
loeo
bact
er vi
olac
eus a
gain
st
Aph
anot
hece
cald
ario
rum
, Glo
eoth
ece
coer
ulea
and
Glo
eoth
ece l
inea
ris
(Cya
noph
ycea
e). T
axon
62,
5: 10
55. (
IF:
2.78
2)•
Mar
eš J.
, Hau
er T
., K
omár
ek J.
&
Com
père
P. (
2013
) Pro
posa
l to
con
serv
e th
e na
me
Glo
eoth
ece
(Cya
noph
ycea
e) w
ith a
con
serv
ed ty
pe.
Taxo
n 62
,5: 1
056.
(IF:
2.7
82)
• M
erck
x V
.S.F
.T.,
Kis
slin
g J.,
Hen
tric
h H
., Ja
nsse
ns S
.B.,
Men
nes C
.B.,
Spec
ht
C.B
. & S
met
s E.F
. (20
13) P
hylo
gene
tic
rela
tions
hips
of t
he m
ycoh
eter
otro
phic
ge
nus V
oyria
and
the
impl
icat
ions
for t
he
biog
eogr
aphi
c hi
stor
y of
Gen
tiana
ceae
. A
mer
ican
Jour
nal o
f Bot
any
100:
712
-721
. (I
F: 2
.586
)•
de M
orae
s P.L
.R.,
De
Smed
t S.,
Esse
r H
.J., G
alla
gher
C. &
Gug
lielm
one
L. (2
013)
On
som
e Br
azili
an p
lant
s di
stri
bute
d by
Mar
tius i
n 18
27 a
nd
publ
ishe
d by
Col
la in
1833
. Har
vard
Pa
pers
in B
otan
y 18
,1: 2
3-36
.•
de M
orae
s P.L
.R.,
De
Smed
t S.,
Esse
r
Plan
t Eco
logy
and
Evo
luti
on
Toge
ther
with
the
Roy
al B
otan
ical
Soc
iety
of B
elgi
um, t
he G
arde
n pu
blis
hes (
sinc
e 20
10) t
he
peer
-rev
iew
ed jo
urna
l Pla
nt E
colo
gy a
nd E
volu
tion.
In to
tal,
the
jour
nal r
ecei
ved
near
ly 4
50
subm
issio
ns. I
n 20
13, 1
22 m
anus
crip
ts w
ere
rece
ived
; 55 w
ere
reje
cted
with
out r
evie
w fo
r var
i-ou
s ed
itori
al r
easo
ns; 2
2 w
ere
reje
cted
, 18
wer
e ac
cept
ed fo
r pu
blic
atio
n an
d 27
are
stil
l un-
der r
evie
w. T
he in
crea
se o
f hig
h qu
ality
subm
issio
ns a
llow
s us t
o on
ly a
ccep
t the
bes
t pap
ers
with
in th
e sc
ope
of th
e jo
urna
l. T
he Im
pact
Fac
tor o
f our
jour
nal s
light
ly ra
ised
to 1.
192.
55
22
18
27
Rej
ecte
d w
ithou
t re
view
Rej
ecte
d
Acc
epte
d
In r
evie
w
Rej
ecte
d w
ithou
t re
view
Rej
ecte
dA
ccep
ted
In r
evie
wTo
tal
2013
5522
1827
122
%45
.118
.014
.822
.1
Publ
icat
ions
Pap
ers
publ
ishe
d in
201
3 in
inte
rnat
ion
al p
eer-
revi
ewed
jour
nal
s
(co-
)aut
hore
d by
sta
ff
of th
e G
arde
n
• A
guia
r B.,
Vie
ira
J., C
unha
A.E
., Fo
nsec
a N
.A.,
Reb
oiro
-Jat
o D
., R
eboi
ro-J
ato
M.,
dez-
Riv
erol
a F.
F., R
aspé
O. &
Vie
ira
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13) P
atte
rns o
f evo
lutio
n at
the
gam
etop
hytic
self-
inco
mpa
tibili
ty S
orbu
s au
cupa
ria (P
yrin
ae) S
pol
len
gene
s sup
port
th
e no
n-se
lf re
cogn
ition
by
mul
tiple
fa
ctor
s mod
el. J
ourn
al o
f Exp
erim
enta
l Bo
tany
64,
8: 2
423-
2434
.(IF:
5.24
2)•
Apt
root
A.,
Ertz
D.,
Lim
a E.
L., J
esus
K
.A.,
Mai
a L.
C. &
Các
eres
M.E
.S.
(201
3) T
wo
new
spec
ies o
f Roc
cella
ceae
(A
scom
ycot
a: A
rtho
nial
es) f
rom
Bra
zil,
with
the
desc
ript
ion
of th
e ne
w g
enus
Se
rgip
ea. L
iche
nolo
gist
45,
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7-63
4. (I
F:
1.135
)•
Bokh
orst
S.,
Hui
skes
A.,
Aer
ts R
., C
onve
y P.
, Coo
per E
.J., D
alen
L.,
Ersc
hbam
er B
., G
udm
unds
son
J.,
Hof
gaar
d A
., H
ollis
ter R
.D.,
John
ston
e J.,
Jóns
dótt
ir I.
S., L
ebou
vier
M.,
Van
de
Vij
ver
B.,
Wah
ren
C.H
. & D
orre
paal
E.
(201
3) V
aria
ble
tem
pera
ture
eff
ects
of
Ope
n To
p C
ham
bers
at p
olar
and
alp
ine
site
s exp
lain
ed b
y ir
radi
ance
and
snow
de
pth.
Glo
bal C
hang
e Bi
olog
y 19
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74.
(IF:
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10)
• C
arva
lhei
ro L
.G.,
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in W
.E.,
Kei
l P.,
Agu
irre
-Gut
iérr
ez J.
, Elli
, W.N
., Fo
x R
., G
room
Q.,
Hen
neke
ns S
., V
an
Land
uyt,
W.,
Mae
s D.,
Van
de
Meu
tter
F.
, Mic
hez
D.,
Ras
mon
, P.,
Ode
B.,
Pott
s S.G
., R
eem
e, M
., R
ober
ts S
.P.M
., Sc
ham
iné,
J., W
allis
de
Vri
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.F. &
Bies
mei
jer J
.C. (
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cies
rich
ness
de
clin
es a
nd b
iotic
hom
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isat
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W-E
urop
ean
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nato
rs a
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lant
s. Ec
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• C
ham
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ov
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Aca
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ceae
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e D
emoc
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Rep
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ongo
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the
genu
s Jus
ticia
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nt E
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gy a
nd
Evol
utio
n 14
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15 (I
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• C
ocqu
yt C
., Jü
ttne
r I. &
Kus
ber W
.-H.
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3) R
einv
estig
atio
n of
Wes
t Afr
ican
Su
rire
llace
ae (B
acill
ario
phyt
a) d
escr
ibed
by
Woo
dhea
d &
Tw
eed
from
Sie
rra
Leon
e. D
iato
m R
esea
rch
28,2
: 121
-129
. ht
tp://
dx.d
oi.o
rg/1
0.10
80/0
2692
49X
.201
2.75
2411
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0.7
50)
• C
ocqu
yt C
., de
Haa
n M
. & T
aylo
r J.
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3) C
avin
ula
lilan
dae (
Baci
llari
ophy
ta),
a ne
w d
iato
m sp
ecie
s fro
m th
e C
ongo
Ba
sin
Dia
tom
Res
earc
h 28
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57-1
63.
http
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.doi
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1080
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012.
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F: 0
,750
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De
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rijd
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) D
evel
opm
ent o
f rep
rodu
ctiv
e or
gans
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anep
hora
mad
agas
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nsis
(Oct
otro
pide
ae -
Rub
iace
ae).
Plan
t Ec
olog
y an
d Ev
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tp://
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oi.o
rg/1
0.50
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plec
evo.
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mal
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o ra
re P
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les
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Tom
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44)
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iagr
e D
. (20
13) P
ure
scie
nce
or
prac
tical
scie
nce:
The
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cult
choi
ce o
f th
e Br
usse
ls B
otan
ic G
arde
n (18
26-1
914)
. St
udie
s in
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His
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iolo
gy 5
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Die
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ch P
., Er
tz D
., La
wre
y J.D
.,
Facts and figures 60 — 61
enig
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Ver
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e F.
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3) N
ew x
enop
hyte
s fr
om G
ran
Can
aria
(Can
ary
isla
nds,
Sp
ain)
, with
em
phas
is o
n na
tura
lized
an
d (p
oten
tially
) inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s. C
olle
ctan
ea B
otan
ica
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9-82
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Ver
loov
e F.
(201
3) N
on-n
ativ
e va
scul
ar p
lant
s fro
m C
anar
y Is
land
s (S
pain
): N
omen
clat
ural
and
taxo
nom
ical
ad
just
men
ts. L
agas
calia
33:
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5.•
Ver
stra
ete
B., J
anss
ens
S., L
emai
re
B, S
met
s E. &
Des
sein
S. (
2013
) Ph
ylog
enet
ic li
neag
es in
Van
guer
ieae
(Rub
iace
ae) a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith B
urkh
olde
ria
bact
eria
in su
b-Sa
hara
n A
fric
a.
Am
eric
an Jo
urna
l of B
otan
y 10
0,12
: 238
0-23
87. (
IF: 2
.586
)•
Ver
stra
ete
B., J
anss
ens
S., S
met
s E.
& D
esse
in S
. (20
13) S
ymbi
otic
b-
prot
eoba
cter
ia b
eyon
d Le
gum
es:
Burk
hold
eria
in R
ubia
ceae
. PLo
S O
NE
8:
e552
60. (
IF: 3
.730
)•
Wet
zel C
.E.,
Van
de
Vij
ver
B.,
Hof
fman
n L.
& E
ctor
L. (
2013
) A
new
wid
ely
dist
ribu
ted
fres
hwat
er
Plan
othi
dium
spec
ies (
Bacil
lario
phyt
a).
Phyt
otax
a 13
8: 4
3-57
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p://
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oi.
org/
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646/
phyt
otax
a.13
8.1.6
(IF:
1.29
5)
Pap
ers
publ
ishe
d in
201
3 in
nat
ion
al o
r no
n-p
eer-
revi
ewed
jour
nal
s
(co-
)aut
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d by
sta
ff
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e G
arde
n
• C
ocqu
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. & P
lisni
er P
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2013
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topl
ankt
on u
it he
t tan
gany
ika-
mee
r en
Cho
lera
. Dia
tom
eded
elin
gen
37: 2
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De
Beer
D.,
Rey
nier
s J. &
Sti
eper
aere
H
. (20
13) N
ieuw
e en
inte
ress
ante
mos
sen
in V
laan
dere
n. 2
. Mus
cilla
nea
33: 5
5-62
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De
Beer
D. &
Sti
eper
aere
H.
(201
3) P
olyt
richu
m co
mm
une:
een
nom
encl
ator
isch
klu
wen
. Mus
cilla
nea
33: 3
2-36
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De
Beer
D. &
Van
den
Bro
eck
D. (
2013
) Kus
tveg
etat
ies i
n de
W
aasl
andh
aven
: bez
oek
aan
Haa
sop
te
Beve
ren
(25 m
ei 2
013)
. Mus
cilla
nea
33:
37-4
5.•
De
Mey
ere
D. (
2013
) Dag
trip
naa
r Z
wed
en: A
lnar
p, T
rolls
kogs
väge
n &
V
ram
s Gun
nars
top.
In: J
aarb
oek
van
de
Belg
isch
e D
endr
olog
isch
e V
eren
igin
g / A
nnal
es d
e la
Soc
iété
Bel
ge d
e D
endr
olog
ie 2
012:
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157.
• Fr
aitu
re A
. (20
13) M
ycen
astr
um co
rium
(L
ycop
erda
les) r
etro
uvé
en B
elgi
que
aprè
s 80
ans d
’abs
ence
. Doc
umen
ts
Myc
olog
ique
s. N
.S. 3
5: 28
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ture
A. &
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derw
eyen
A.
(201
3) L
es P
uccin
ia d
es P
elarg
oniu
m e
t le
ur p
rése
nce
en B
elgi
que.
Bul
letin
de
la
Soci
été
des N
atur
alis
tes l
uxem
bour
geoi
s 11
4: 2
7-34
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Gee
rinc
k D
. (20
13) Q
uelq
ues
cons
idér
atio
ns ta
xono
miq
ues e
t no
men
clat
ural
es a
u su
jet d
e vé
géta
ux
plan
tés o
u na
tura
lisés
en
Belg
ique
. Ta
xono
man
ia 3
4: 2-
7.•
Gee
rinc
k D
. (20
13) C
atal
ogue
rais
onné
de
s Orc
hida
ceae
du
Con
go-K
insh
asa:
Clé
di
chot
omiq
ue d
es e
spèc
es d
e la
Rég
ion
Soud
ano-
Zam
bésie
nne,
Dom
aine
s So
udan
ien
et Z
ambé
sien.
Tax
onom
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34
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9.•
Gee
rinc
k D
. (20
13) P
olém
ique
co
ncer
nant
la ta
xono
mie
dan
s le
genr
e af
rica
in M
orae
a M
iller
(Irid
acea
e) e
t ses
co
nséq
uenc
es. T
axon
oman
ia 3
4: 4
0-41
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Hos
te I.
& D
iagr
e-V
ande
rpel
en D
. (2
013)
Om
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met
flor
aver
vals
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en
exot
en in
de
19de
eeu
w. V
an n
atuu
rstu
die
naar
nat
uurb
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d. N
atuu
r.Foc
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• H
oste
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013)
Olij
fbom
en, p
alm
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t de
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aine
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istie
k. D
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[htt
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• H
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Not
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e M
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la F
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de
Belg
ique
de
F.
Cré
pin
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Nou
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Man
uel d
e la
Flo
re
de B
elgi
que
et d
es R
égio
ns li
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s de
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UM
OR
TIE
RA
/D
UM
_102
/Dum
_102
_49-
53_C
repi
n%20
et%
20G
offa
rt_H
oste
]•
Lan
ata
F., D
esse
in S
. & N
sim
unde
le
L. (2
013)
The
role
of K
isan
tu B
otan
ical
G
arde
n in
bio
dive
rsity
con
serv
atio
n: a
fir
st e
ffor
t to
sust
aina
bly
man
age
usef
ul
plan
ts o
f Bas
Con
go. B
GJo
urna
l 10,
2: 8
-11.
• M
anga
mbu
M.J
.-D
., V
an D
igge
len
R.,
Mw
anga
mw
anga
J.-C
., N
taho
bavu
ka H
. &
Rob
brec
ht E
. (20
12) C
heck
-lis
t des
Pt
érid
ophy
tes d
e l’é
cosy
stèm
e fo
rest
ier
des m
onta
gnes
du
Parc
Nat
iona
l de
Kah
uzi-
Bieg
a à
l’Est
de
la R
.D C
ongo
. C
ahie
rs d
u C
entr
e de
Rec
herc
hes
Uni
vers
itair
es d
u K
ivu
42,2
: 363
-374
.•
Sánc
hez
Gul
lón
E. &
Ver
loov
e F.
(2
013)
New
reco
rds o
f int
eres
ting
vasc
ular
pla
nts (
mai
nly
xeno
phyt
es) i
n th
e Ib
eria
n Pe
nins
ula.
IV. F
olia
Bot
anic
a Ex
trem
adur
ensi
s 7: 2
9-34
.•
Stie
pera
ere
H. (
2013
) De
mos
sen
van
het K
empi
sch
gede
elte
van
Vla
ande
ren,
he
t arm
ste
en z
uurs
te g
edee
lte v
an h
et
Vla
ams d
istr
ict 3
. De
mos
sen
van
een
frag
men
t van
het
oud
e Bu
lska
mpv
eld,
de
Gul
ke P
utte
n (W
inge
ne).
Mus
cilla
nea
33: 1
2-28
.•
Van
den
Bro
eck
D. (
2013
) Een
lic
heno
logi
sche
exc
ursi
e na
ar D
e M
ost t
e
Bale
n. M
usci
llane
a 33
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.•
Van
den
Bro
eck
D. &
Hel
lem
ans
K. (
2013
) Een
lich
enen
excu
rsie
naa
r ee
n st
ukje
van
de
Kal
mth
outs
e H
eide
. M
usci
llane
a 33
: 8-1
1.•
Van
den
Bro
eck
D. (
2013
) Oxn
eria
hu
culic
a, n
ieuw
voo
r de
Belg
isch
e lic
heen
flora
. Dum
ortie
ra 10
3: 49
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• V
an d
en B
roec
k D
., D
iede
rich
P.
& E
rtz
D. (
2013
) Rep
ort o
n tw
o lic
heno
logi
cal fi
eld
mee
tings
in
Lux
embo
urg
in 2
011 a
nd 2
012.
Bu
lletin
de
la S
ocié
té d
es n
atur
alis
tes
luxe
mbo
urge
ois.
114:
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76.
• V
erlo
ove
F. &
Gui
ggi A
. (20
13) S
ome
new
xen
ophy
tes f
rom
Fue
rtev
entu
ra
(Can
ary
Isla
nds,
Spa
in).
Bout
elou
a 13
: 38
-42.
• V
erlo
ove
F. (2
013)
Ver
der o
nder
zoek
bi
nnen
het
gen
us R
umex
(Pol
ygon
acea
e) in
Be
lgië
. Dum
ortie
ra 10
2: 3-
9.•
Ver
loov
e F.
(201
3) V
icia
tenu
ifolia
su
bsp.
dal
mat
ica (F
abac
eae)
ong
emer
kt
inge
burg
erd
in B
elgi
ë en
om
ligge
nde
gebi
eden
. Dum
ortie
ra 10
2: 4
0-44
.•
Ver
loov
e F.
(201
3) H
et g
enus
C
oton
east
er (R
osac
eae)
in h
et w
ild in
Bel
gië:
ee
n vo
orlo
pig
over
zich
t. D
umor
tiera
103:
3-29
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Van
de
Vij
ver
B. (
2013
) Wan
neer
een
na
am e
en w
eten
scha
ppel
ijk fe
it w
ordt
: ee
n pe
rsoo
nlijk
e m
enin
g. L
ipar
is 19
: 93
-100
.
Sele
ctio
n of
boo
k ch
apte
rs
and
book
s pu
blis
hed
in 2
013
(co-
)aut
hore
d by
sta
ff o
f th
e G
arde
n
• B
eau
N.,
Des
sein
S. &
Rob
brec
ht
E. (
eds)
(201
3) A
fric
an P
lant
Div
ersi
ty,
H.J.
, Gal
lagh
er C
. & G
uglie
lmon
e L.
(201
3) O
n so
me
Braz
ilian
pla
nts
dist
ribu
ted
by M
artiu
s in
1827
and
pu
blis
hed
by C
olla
in H
erba
rium
pe
dem
onta
num
- II
. Har
vard
Pap
ers i
n Bo
tany
18,2
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–210
.•
de M
orae
s P.L
.R.,
De
Smed
t S.,
Esse
r H
.J., G
alla
gher
C. &
Gug
lielm
one
L. (2
013)
On
som
e Br
azili
an p
lant
s di
stri
bute
d by
Mar
tius i
n 18
27 a
nd
publ
ishe
d by
Col
la in
Her
bari
um
pede
mon
tanu
m -
III.
Har
vard
Pap
ers i
n Bo
tany
18,2
: 211
-223
.•
Mul
uwa
J.K.,
Eyi N
dong
H.,
Deg
reef
J.
& B
osto
en K
. (20
13) C
ham
pign
ons
cons
omm
és p
ar le
s Pyg
mée
s du
Gab
on:
anal
yse
lingu
istiq
ue d
es m
ycon
ymes
ba
ka e
t kóy
a. A
fric
ana
Ling
uist
ica
19:
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131.
• N
jouo
nkou
A.-L
., W
atlin
g R
. &
Deg
reef
J. (2
013)
Len
tinus
cyst
idia
tus s
p.
nov.
(Pol
ypor
acea
e): a
n A
fric
an le
ntin
oid
fung
us w
ith a
n un
usua
l com
bina
tion
of b
oth
skel
eton
-lig
ativ
e hy
phae
and
pl
euro
cyst
idia
. Pla
nt E
colo
gy a
nd
Evol
utio
n 14
6,2:
240
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. htt
p://
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oi.
org/
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091/
plec
evo.
2013
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IF: 2
.586
)•
Nov
ais M
.H.,
Wet
zel C
.E.,
Van
de
Vij
ver
B.,
Mor
ais M
.M.,
Hof
fman
n L.
&
Ect
or L
. (20
13) N
ew sp
ecie
s and
new
co
mbi
natio
ns in
the
genu
s Geis
sleria
(B
acill
ario
phyc
eae)
. Cry
ptog
amie
, A
lgol
ogie
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148.
(IF:
1.17
0)•
Pla-
Rab
es S
., To
ro M
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an d
e V
ijve
r B
., R
oche
ra C
., C
amac
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. & Q
uesa
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A. (
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) Sta
bilit
y an
d en
dem
icity
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ben
thic
dia
tom
ass
embl
ages
from
di
ffer
ent s
ubst
rate
s in
a m
ariti
me
stre
am in
Bye
rs P
enin
sula
(Liv
ings
ton
Isla
nd, A
ntar
ctic
a): t
he ro
le o
f clim
ate
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abili
ty. A
ntar
ctic
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2 (IF
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30)
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ikry
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., Ja
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Tin
y w
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t: H
igh
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rsity
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ylog
enet
ic li
neag
es o
f Afr
ican
m
onog
enea
ns. M
olec
ular
Phy
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netic
s an
d Ev
olut
ion
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. (IF
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66)
• R
obbr
echt
E. &
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u N
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13) S
ome
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ures
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he e
dito
rial
pol
icy
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lant
Ec
olog
y an
d Ev
olut
ion,
and
wel
com
ing
new
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embe
rs o
f the
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al te
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0 (I
F:
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)•
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Fern
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nte
E.,
Van
de
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o E.
, Tor
o M
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nt W
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13) C
omm
unity
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ctur
e an
d ph
otos
ynth
etic
act
ivity
of b
enth
ic
biofi
lms f
rom
a w
ater
fall
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e m
ariti
me
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arct
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ar B
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06)
• So
uffr
eau
C.,
Van
orm
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gen
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an d
e V
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r B
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heva
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n E.
, Sab
be
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erm
an W
. (20
13) M
olec
ular
ev
iden
ce fo
r dis
tinct
Ant
arct
ic li
neag
es
in th
e co
smop
olita
n te
rres
tria
l dia
tom
s Pi
nnul
aria
bor
ealis
and
Han
tzsc
hia
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ioxy
s. Pr
otis
t 164
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. htt
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0.10
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tis.2
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01
(IF:
4.14
0)•
Tehl
er A
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iede
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. (2
013)
Pro
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l to
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ct th
e na
me
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en
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atus
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cella
ceae
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xon
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• Te
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3) T
he g
enus
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na (R
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llace
ae,
Art
honi
ales
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isite
d. L
iche
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gist
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(IF:
1.13
5)•
Tehl
er A
., Ir
este
dt M
. & E
rtz
D. (
2013
) A
ustro
rocc
ella,
a n
ew fr
utic
ose
genu
s in
the
fam
ily R
occe
llace
ae. T
he B
ryol
ogis
t
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8. (I
F: 0
.977
)•
Tosh
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esse
in S
., Bu
erki
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Gro
enin
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ouly
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met
s E.F
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e B
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) Ev
olut
iona
ry h
isto
ry o
f the
Afr
o-M
adag
asca
n Ix
ora
spec
ies (
Rub
iace
ae):
spec
ies d
iver
sific
atio
n an
d di
stri
butio
n of
key
mor
phol
ogic
al tr
aits
infe
rred
fr
om d
ated
mol
ecul
ar p
hylo
gene
tic
tree
s. A
nnal
s of B
otan
y 11
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2.
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ew sp
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s in
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liche
n ge
nus P
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ia (B
iato
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ceae
, lic
heni
zed
Asc
omyc
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ant E
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Van
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Ver
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men
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d ge
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al e
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tion
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sm
all s
ub-A
ntar
ctic
fjor
d la
ndsc
ape,
St
rom
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th G
eorg
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ntar
ctic
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The
gen
us S
urire
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acill
ario
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a)
in th
e su
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ntar
tic a
nd m
ariti
me
Ant
artic
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iato
m R
esea
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• V
an d
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ox E
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N
ew a
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d na
vicu
loid
dia
tom
s (Ba
cilla
rioph
ycea
e)
from
a la
va tu
be c
ave
on Il
e A
mst
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m
(TA
AF,
Sou
ther
n In
dian
Oce
an).
Cry
ptog
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ul
tras
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omph
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a au
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Gom
phon
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Cry
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3 (IF
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0)•
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3) N
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nd
inte
rest
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smal
l-ce
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culo
id
diat
oms (
Bacil
lario
phyt
a) fr
om th
e M
ariti
me
Ant
arct
ic R
egio
n. N
ova
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809)
• V
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Ana
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pe m
ater
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f Pi
nnul
aria
div
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ntiss
ima
(Gru
now
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an
Heu
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Cle
ve (B
acill
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a)
Bréb
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n ex
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zing
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w P
lano
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72)
• V
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Plan
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Ver
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xyba
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ew Jo
urna
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Ver
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este
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13)
Cyp
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yper
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n
Facts and figures 62 — 63
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n to
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rnet
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iosp
here
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ter h
ttp:
//w
ww
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-ibi
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ere.
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ews/
4395
_re
com
men
datio
ns%
20on
%20
how
%20
to%
20m
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/•
Kle
ber
J. &
Es
K. (
2013
) O
nder
zoek
end
lere
n, N
eers
lag
van
3 jaa
r IN
QU
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proj
ect v
oor l
eerk
rach
ten
en
educ
ator
en in
de
Nat
iona
le P
lant
entu
in
van
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ië, M
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• V
ande
rbor
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Nat
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l Bo
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, Lis
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• V
an d
e V
ijve
r B
. (20
13) 4
th N
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D
Taxo
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gila
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s – a
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ours
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.
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X
IXth
AET
FAT
Con
gres
s, h
eld
at
Ant
anan
ariv
o, M
adag
asca
r, 26
–30
Apr
il 20
10. S
crip
ta B
otan
ica
Belg
ica
50. M
eise
, N
atio
nal B
otan
ic G
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n of
Bel
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201
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e Be
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) Rec
omm
enda
tions
on
how
to m
ove
the
nam
ing
of o
rgan
ism
s
Facts and figures 64 — 65
• K
eres
dedj
ian
And
rée
• K
ozlo
ski E
lisab
eth
• Le
com
te Jo
• Li
pper
t Maï
a•
Loka
di L
a K
embe
Hya
ngo
Val
ère
• M
aes B
art
• M
ager
Ger
trud
e•
Mar
ivoe
t Jos
• M
igno
let V
inci
ane
• M
igue
l Gám
iz B
eatr
iz•
Min
ost C
lair
e•
Moe
sen
Piet
• Pe
eter
s Hen
rica
• Pu
tman
Did
ier
• Pu
ttem
ans B
arba
ra•
Ray
Ann
e•
Ros
e N
atha
lie•
Sala
zar R
enal
do•
Sani
n R
obay
o D
avid
• Sa
sson
Dia
ne•
Sche
ers P
atri
cia
• Sc
heib
a R
ia•
Scho
tte
Mar
leen
• Se
mer
ia C
laud
ia•
Shut
t Ric
hard
• Sp
eeck
aert
Cla
udin
e
• St
erck
x M
arie
-Lou
ise
• St
rack
Van
Sch
ijnde
l Maa
rten
• Su
tter
man
Mar
ina
• Sw
ynco
p M
urië
l•
Tack
Flo
rent
• Ta
nase
Ionu
t•
Thi
elem
ans L
ea•
Thi
elem
ans M
arc
• V
alle
s Mar
ia•
Van
Asc
h So
lang
e•
Van
Ass
che
Hild
e•
Van
Bue
ren
Ger
d•
Van
Cap
elle
n G
isèl
e•
Van
De
Cas
teel
e G
eert
rui
• V
an d
er S
trae
ten
Els
• V
an R
osse
m M
ieke
• V
ande
loo
Rita
• V
erlin
den
Hug
o•
Ver
swyv
el M
yria
m•
Viv
ek R
ao•
Viv
igni
s Pat
rick
• W
agem
ans M
iel
• W
agem
ans P
hilip
• W
ens M
oniq
ue•
Wür
sten
Bar
t
Hon
orar
y re
sear
ch a
ssoc
iate
s
• Bi
lliet
Fri
eda
• C
ham
pluv
ier D
omin
ique
• C
ompè
re P
ierr
e•
Gee
rinc
k D
anie
l•
Jans
sens
Tho
mas
• Jo
ngki
nd C
arel
• M
alai
sse
Fran
çois
• Pa
uwel
s Luc
• R
amm
eloo
Jan
• R
obbr
echt
Elm
ar
• Sa
nín
Dav
id•
Shar
p C
athy
• So
nké
Bona
vent
ure
• So
tiaux
And
ré•
Tari
q St
évar
t•
Stie
pera
ere
Her
man
• V
ande
rwey
en A
rthu
r•
Van
heck
e Le
o•
Ver
stra
ete
Brec
ht•
Vri
jdag
hs A
lexa
nder
A G
arde
n w
ith a
long
his
tory
…O
lder
than
Bel
gium
, the
ear
liest
root
s of B
otan
ic G
arde
n M
eise
can
be
trac
ed to
1796
, mea
ning
th
at w
e ha
ve b
een
wor
king
with
pla
nts
for
over
two
cent
urie
s. T
he G
arde
n co
mpr
ises
92
ha
and
incl
udes
man
y hi
stor
ical
bui
ldin
gs, i
nclu
ding
a c
astle
that
dat
es b
ack
to th
e 12
th c
entu
ry.
With
uni
que c
olle
ctio
ns…
The
Gar
den
has a
larg
e he
rbar
ium
hou
sing
abo
ut 4
mill
ion
spec
imen
s and
con
tain
ing
for e
x-am
ple
the
larg
est r
ose
herb
ariu
m o
f the
wor
ld an
d im
port
ant h
isto
rica
l col
lect
ions
from
Bra
zil
and
Cen
tral
Afr
ica.
It a
lso
has a
bot
anic
al li
brar
y ho
ldin
g ov
er 2
00,0
00 v
olum
es, c
ompr
isin
g pu
blic
atio
ns fr
om th
e 15
th c
entu
ry ti
ll m
oder
n da
y.
With
the m
issi
on to
cons
erve
pla
nts…
The
Gar
den
hold
s a c
olle
ctio
n of
abo
ut 18
,000
diff
eren
t kin
ds o
f liv
ing
plan
ts, a
mon
g w
hich
se
vera
l are
thre
aten
ed, s
uch
as th
e La
uren
t cyc
ad (E
ncep
hala
rtos
laur
entia
nus)
. The
Gar
den
also
ho
uses
an
inte
rnat
iona
lly r
ecog
nise
d se
ed b
ank
incl
udin
g in
ter
alia
the
see
ds o
f nu
mer
ous
wild
bea
n sp
ecie
s.
To
stud
y pl
ants
and
fung
i...
Act
iviti
es o
f our
sci
entis
ts to
inve
ntor
y an
d st
udy
plan
t, fu
ngal
and
alg
al d
iver
sity
spa
n th
e gl
obe;
from
Ant
arct
ica t
o th
e ra
info
rest
s of C
ongo
. The
scie
ntifi
c w
ork
focu
ses o
n th
e co
rrec
t an
d sc
ient
ific
iden
tifica
tion
of p
lant
spe
cies
. Wha
t are
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of a
spe
cies
? H
ow
man
y sp
ecie
s are
ther
e? H
ow d
o w
e di
stin
guis
h on
e sp
ecie
s fro
m a
noth
er? W
ithou
t ans
wer
s to
thes
e qu
estio
ns n
o ec
onom
ic a
ctiv
ity b
ased
on
plan
ts o
r pla
nt d
eriv
ed p
rodu
ct c
ould
func
-tio
n. K
now
ing
the
corr
ect s
cien
tific
nam
e of
a sp
ecie
s is t
he k
ey th
at u
nloc
ks a
ll in
form
atio
n on
this
spec
ies.
Cor
rect
ly id
entif
ying
a sp
ecie
s hel
ps u
s to
reco
gnis
e po
ison
ous s
peci
es fr
om
rela
ted
med
icin
al o
nes.
It h
elps
us t
o es
tabl
ish
if a p
lant
spec
ies i
s thr
eate
ned
by e
xtin
ctio
n an
d in
nee
d of
pro
tect
ion.
To
teac
h ab
out p
lant
div
ersi
ty...
On
a ye
arly
bas
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 10
0,00
0 pe
ople
vis
it th
e G
arde
n. M
ost o
f our
vis
itors
com
e to
exp
lore
the
glas
shou
ses a
nd th
e ga
rden
s, b
ut, o
f cou
rse,
ther
e is
mor
e. O
ur sc
ient
ists
fully
re
alis
e th
e im
port
ance
of s
hari
ng th
eir
know
ledg
e, p
assio
n an
d en
thus
iasm
with
the
publ
ic.
Bota
nic
Gar
den
Mei
se h
as d
evel
oped
a r
ange
of t
ools
to s
prea
d kn
owle
dge
abou
t pla
nts a
nd
to ra
ise
publ
ic aw
aren
ess a
bout
pla
nt co
nser
vatio
n. O
ur w
ebsi
te w
ww
.bot
anic
gard
en.b
e of
fers
an
ove
rvie
w o
f cur
rent
act
iviti
es in
the
Gar
den.
Bot
anic
Gar
den
Mei
seA
por
trai
t
• Sc
haill
ée D
avid
• Sc
heer
s Elk
e•
Scho
emak
er E
rika
• Sc
hoev
aert
s Joh
an•
Schu
erm
an R
iet
• Se
rgea
nt R
olan
d•
Sose
f Mar
c•
Spel
iers
Wim
• St
eppe
Eri
c•
Stof
fele
n Pi
et•
Stue
r Ben
oît
• Sw
aert
s Dan
iel
• Ta
vern
ier W
illy
• Te
lka
Bran
don
• Te
lka
Dom
iniq
ue•
Thi
elem
ans T
om•
Till
ey M
aart
en•
Tyte
ns L
ilian
e•
Van
Bel
le F
erna
nd•
Van
Cae
kenb
ergh
e Fr
ank
• V
an C
ampe
nhou
t Gee
rt•
Van
De
Ker
ckho
ve O
mer
• V
an d
e V
ijver
Bar
t•
Van
de
Vyv
er A
nn•
Van
den
Bor
re Je
roen
• V
an D
en B
roec
k D
ries
• V
an d
en B
roec
k M
aria
• V
an D
en M
oort
el Je
an•
Van
den
Tro
ost G
ery
• V
an d
er B
eete
n Ir
is•
Van
der
Jeug
d C
elie
n•
Van
der
Jeug
d M
icha
el•
Van
der
Pla
ssch
e T
hier
ry•
Van
Eec
khou
dt Jo
zef
• V
an E
eckh
oudt
Kev
in•
Van
Eec
khou
dt L
ucie
nne
• V
an E
eckh
oudt
Rita
• V
an G
ijseg
hem
Jean
nine
• V
an G
ompe
l Jul
ie•
Van
Gri
mbe
rgen
Die
ter
• V
an H
amm
e Lu
cien
ne•
Van
Her
p A
nita
• V
an H
erp
Mar
c
• V
an H
erp
Mic
hiel
• V
an H
ove
Siem
en•
Van
Hoy
e M
anon
• V
an H
umbe
eck
Joze
f•
Van
Hum
beec
k Li
nda
• V
an L
aeth
em S
teve
n•
Van
Ona
cker
Jean
• V
an O
psta
l Jan
• V
an O
ssel
Anj
a•
Van
Pae
sche
n Bé
nédi
cte
• V
an R
ente
rghe
m K
oen
• V
an R
iet L
aure
ns•
Van
Ros
sum
Fab
ienn
e•
Van
wal
Rita
• V
an W
ambe
ke P
aul
• V
ande
look
Fili
p•
Van
derb
orgh
t Thi
erry
• V
ande
rstr
aete
n D
irk•
Van
win
ghe
Petr
a•
Vek
ens O
dett
e•
Ver
dick
t Joz
ef•
Ver
dick
t Nat
halie
• V
erdo
nck
Car
ina
• V
eris
sim
o Pe
reir
a N
uno
• V
erlin
den
Kev
in•
Ver
linde
n W
illy
• V
erlo
ove
Filip
• V
erm
eerb
erge
n Jo
chen
• V
erm
eers
ch B
art
• V
ersa
en F
ranç
ois
• V
ersa
en Il
se•
Ver
schu
eren
Alic
e•
Vle
min
ckx
Kev
in•
Vle
min
ckx
Sabi
ne•
Vlo
eber
ghen
Jose
ph•
Wet
s Rut
ger
• W
illem
s Ste
faan
• W
ürst
en B
art
• Ya
man
i Kam
al•
Zem
agho
Lis
e•
Zer
ard
Car
ine
• Z
ucka
Ser
ge
Gui
des
• Ba
illy
Fran
cine
• Be
nit D
anie
lle•
De
Coc
k M
aria
nne
• D
e C
uype
r Jef
• D
e V
rien
dt F
ranc
is•
Gee
rnae
rt In
ge•
Koz
losk
i Elis
abet
h •
Proo
st A
lida
• Si
lver
ans M
iche
l•
Tallo
en P
aul
• Ta
vern
ier P
atri
ck
• T
hiel
eman
s Kat
inka
• V
an A
cole
yen
Rog
er•
Van
Con
kelb
erge
Luc
• V
an d
en B
roec
k M
artin
e•
Van
derh
erte
n Fr
ank
• V
an d
e V
ijver
Mar
tine
• va
n Li
dth
Béné
dict
e•
Ver
schu
eren
Fra
ns
• W
ayem
berg
h Li
sian
e•
Wym
eers
ch M
iet
Vol
unte
ers
• A
dam
s An
• A
pari
cio
Teje
rina
Osc
ar•
Baill
y Fr
anci
ne•
Bas O
sman
• Ba
stin
Dom
iniq
ue•
Belm
ans L
ucie
• Be
rckx
Mie
ke•
Bock
stae
l Ann
ie•
Bout
et D
idie
r•
Boyk
er V
icto
r•
Buel
ens L
uc•
Cam
mae
rts L
iset
te•
Cap
pelle
man
Ingr
id•
Cha
shan
ovsk
i Zvi
• C
laes
Phi
lippe
• C
laes
sens
Alfo
ns•
Coe
n M
arie
-Lau
re•
Con
nrot
Cla
ire
• C
uvry
Bru
no•
De
Beer
Dirk
• de
Bor
man
San
drin
e•
De
Coc
k M
aria
nne
• de
Con
inck
Han
s•
De
Cuy
per J
osep
hus
• D
e M
eute
r Pas
cale
• D
e Pr
aete
re C
laud
e•
De
Smet
Fra
nçoi
se•
De
Wit
Dan
iël
• D
ehae
s Mim
i•
Del
eu A
nn•
Del
ière
San
dra
• D
evol
der C
hris
• D
outr
elep
ont H
ugue
s•
Dub
ois T
inne
• D
umon
t Ann
e-M
arie
• D
uran
t Dan
iël
• Ex
stee
n W
alte
r•
Eyke
ns Jo
s•
Fabr
é Li
sett
e•
Ghe
ysen
s Lie
ve•
Goo
ssen
s Flo
rent
• H
ardi
ng S
teve
n•
Hor
ions
Chr
is•
Hou
ben
Gui
do•
Hue
t Dim
itri
• H
uria
ux T
hier
ry•
Jaco
bs L
udo
• Je
ssen
Geo
rget
te
Facts and figures 66 — 67
The
six
guid
ing
valu
es o
f the
Gar
den,
nec
essa
ry to
kee
p us
gro
win
g an
d flo
uris
hing
.
Bui
ldin
g a
sust
aina
ble f
utur
e thr
ough
dis
cove
ry,
rese
arch
and
cons
erva
tion
of p
lant
s.
Our
mis
sion
Org
anis
atio
n ch
art
Our
valu
es One
team
, one
mis
sion
The
sta
ff o
f th
e Bo
tani
c G
arde
n ar
e te
am p
laye
rs. W
e co
mbi
ne o
ur t
alen
ts to
re
alis
e ou
r go
als;
thro
ugh
a pr
oces
s of
con
sulta
tion
we
are
all r
espo
nsib
le fo
r its
succ
ess.
Res
pect
for d
iver
sity
We
shou
ld b
e re
spec
tful
and
con
sider
ate
to e
very
one
with
who
m w
e co
me
into
co
ntac
t. W
e ap
prec
iate
thei
r ind
ivid
ualit
y an
d di
vers
ity. O
ur co
lleag
ues d
eser
ve
resp
ectf
ul c
oope
ratio
n an
d pr
ofes
siona
lism
.
Del
iver
ing
a pr
ofes
sion
al se
rvic
eIn
per
form
ing
our t
asks
and
deve
lopi
ng n
ew id
eas w
e al
way
s hav
e th
e ne
eds a
nd
expe
ctat
ions
of o
ur in
tern
al a
nd e
xter
nal c
usto
mer
s in
min
d.
An
eye f
or su
stai
nabi
lity
As
prof
essio
nals
in e
nvir
onm
enta
l sci
ence
s, w
e ha
ve a
res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r be
ing
role
mod
els i
n cr
eatin
g a
heal
thy
envi
ronm
ent f
or p
eopl
e an
d pl
ants
.
Ope
n co
mm
unic
atio
nW
e sh
ould
com
mun
icat
e op
enly
and
hon
estly
in o
ur d
aily
wor
k an
d de
cisio
n m
akin
g. S
hari
ng u
sefu
l inf
orm
atio
n se
rves
the
com
mon
goo
d. P
robl
ems s
houl
d be
shar
ed a
nd so
lutio
ns so
ught
toge
ther
with
dis
cret
ion
whe
re n
eces
sary
.
Stri
ve fo
r exc
elle
nce
Our
obj
ectiv
es a
re a
chie
ved
to a
hig
h st
anda
rd in
an
effic
ient
and
hon
est m
an-
ner.
We
are
alw
ays o
pen
to c
onst
ruct
ive
criti
cism
and
we
shou
ld c
ritic
ally
eva
l-ua
te o
ur w
ork
and
dare
to m
ake
adju
stm
ents
whe
re n
eces
sary
.
DIR
ECT
ION
DEP
T.
Bryo
phyt
es &
Tha
lloph
ytes
SEC
TIO
N
Alg
ae a
nd M
osse
s
SEC
TIO
N
Fern
s, G
ymno
sper
ms
and
Mon
ocot
s
SEC
TIO
N
Livi
ng P
lant
C
olle
ctio
ns a
nd
Park
SEC
TIO
N
Libr
ary
and
Arc
hive
s
SEC
TIO
N
Mus
eolo
gy a
nd
Educ
atio
n
SEC
TIO
N
Fung
i and
Lic
hens
SEC
TIO
N
Dic
ots
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Acc
ount
ing
Hum
anR
esou
rces
Info
rmat
ics
Hea
lth
& S
afet
y
Tech
nica
lSu
ppor
t
Rec
eptio
n
Secu
rity
Mai
nten
ance
DEP
T.
Sper
mat
ophy
tes
& P
teri
doph
ytes
Supp
ortin
gse
rvic
es
Text:Botanic Garden MeiseBotanical Values
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© Botanic Garden Meise, 2014