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First test next Wednesday In class, Wednesday, January 26th

Bring a blue book (do not write your name on it)

Review opportunities Lecture, Monday, January 24th

CLUE, Thursday, January 20th

First Test Next Wednesday

Format Multiple Choice 20%Theory Identification 20%Short Answer 20%Essay 40%

First Test Next Wednesday Content to be tested

Concepts State Development

Political Economic

Theories Modernization Dependency Statism Neo-liberalism

Case Britain

Political and economic development Parliamentary system Electoral system

First Test Next Wednesday

Sources of information to be tested LectureSyllabus materialClass exercisesShared section content

Industrial Revolution in Britain Industrial Revolution

Defined by shift from human/animal power sources to inanimate energy sources

Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation

Private property rights Enclosure movement in

agriculture Statute of Monopolies

Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation

Free marketsLand

Labor

Capital

Why Did Britain Industrialize First?

Are there free markets in land, labor, and capital? Is there a natural “propensity to truck, barter, and

exchange” land?

Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?

Behind the “free” market and private property rights in land is state coercion Enclosure movement

Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? British Industrial Revolution

Based on mercantilism Generation of wealth for the purpose of state

power

Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?

British Industrial Revolution Mercantilism and British colonies

Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?

British Industrial Revolution Based on mercantilism

British crown chartered companies backed up by military force to generate revenue from colonies

East India Company Virginia Company

Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?

Based on mercantilism British colony in India

Raw materials like cotton Market for British textiles

British colonies in North America

Another source of cotton for textile industry

Tightly linked to Atlantic slave trade

Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation Free market account of

British industrialization Remember Adam Smith

Free markets Specialization Division of labor

Assessment Reflect some dynamics

within Britain itself Ignores Britain’s

exploitation of its colonies

Ignores coercion of state against peasants

Full Democracy in Britain

Recall the definition of democracy

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Definition of democracy

Political RightsOpportunity to participate in choice of political

leadersVoting rightsRight to run for office

Civil LibertiesFreedom of speech, press, assembly, religionTrial by juryProtection against cruel government action

Full Democracy in Britain

Today, focus on voting rightsWhen did full male suffrage occur?When did universal suffrage occur?

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise

1918 universal male suffrage Also women over 30

1928 full female suffrage

Full Democracy in Britain

Modernization theoryPredicts that early and late modernizers

would go through a similar process. Economic development civic culture values

democracy

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Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 What attitudes portrayed by

Lords (1930s) Scene 17 “Common Man Interrogation”

Mr. Stephens (1930s) Scene 17, others

Pub-goers (1950s) Scene 18 “Lift”

Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 Think about Lipset's implications of modernization

and Inglehart's "civic culture" attitudes. Lipset

“Education presumably broadens man’s outlook, enables him to understand the need for norms of tolerance, restrains him from adhering to extremist doctrines, and increases his capacity to make rational electoral choices.” p. 272

“The poorer a country and the lower the absolute standard of living of the lower classes, the greater the pressure on the upper strata to treat the lower as vulgar, innately inferior, …Consequently, the upper strata tend to regard political rights for the lower strata, particularly the right to share power, as essentially absurd and immoral.” p. 276

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Full Democracy in Britain

Achieving universal suffrage Real struggle

Even in countries we think of as having immutable democratic cultures and long-standing democracies

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Full Democracy in Britain

Modernization theory claims that

“civic culture” values and attitudes

lead to democratic institutions

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Modernization Theory: Critical Perspective

Question Is a democratic, “civic culture”—feelings of

interpersonal trust, life satisfaction, political competence—something Britons always had, or is it something that people gained as they lived under democratic institutions?

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Democracy in Britain

“Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships”Muller and SeligsonAmerican Political Science Review (Sept ‘94)

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Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships

Data from 27 countries including Britain, Japan, and Mexico from our 6 cases

World Values Survey data available beginning in 1981

Lack data from early 20th C

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Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships

“Variables included under the rubric of civic culture (trust, satisfaction, competence) do not have statistically significant effects on change in democracy.”

“A country’s long-term experience of democracy… has a positive effect on the percentage of the general public with a high level of interpersonal trust.”

“…the institutional opportunities for peaceful collective action afforded by democratic regimes could be expected to promote relatively high levels of interpersonal trust.”

Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Indeed, the attainment of universal

suffrage was a long and sometimes violent struggle.

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Reform Act of 1832

and subsequent reforms Reflection of shifting

economic power due to industrialization

Sketch of massive workers’ demonstration in 1866 for electoral reform

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Universal male

suffrage 1918 (and women over 30) Reflection of rise of

working class Union strikes, marches

Reflection of impact of WW I

Soldiers and women workers

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Full female suffrage 1928

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Labour Party founded

1906 Roots in trade union

movement of late 19th C Goal to give working class

voters representation in parliament

Grew to become major challenger of Conservative Party

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Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise

Electorate as Share of Adult PopulationYear Percent

1831 4.4

1868 16.4

1914 30.0

1921 74.0

1931 96.6

Labour Party (founded 1906) share of vote

Year Percent1907 7.5

1921 22.2

1945 48.3

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Working class and rise of welfare state

Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? Economic security, well-being

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Institutions and functions of government expanded

Welfare state—why?Class power: newly enfranchised working classWar: legacies of World Wars I and IICrisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930s Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics

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Class politics and rise of welfare state Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? Economic security, well-being

The welfare state emerged in capitalist economies to balance economic efficiency of the labor market with social equality and provision of basic needs

Contrast Britain’s legacy as “laissez-faire” state Neo-Marxists view the welfare state as a way to

“buy off” worker discontent and diffuse class conflict

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Institutions and functions of government expanded in the 20thC Britain Welfare state

state guarantees minimum level of socio-economic welfare and security

Post-WW I Public health care Public education Public housing Some unemployment insurance, old-age pensions

Post WW II “National Assistance” (welfare payments, old-age

pensions, unemployment insurance)

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Rise of the Welfare State in Britain

20th C increases in social expenditures by British stateSpending increased as share of GDP

1910 4% 1950 16% 1970 25%

(b) Social expenditure as a percentage of GDP, 2003UK (20.1%) and selected countries

                                                                           

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Institutions and functions of government expanded

Depression-era protectionism“Death of free trade’

State control of industryPost WWI

Railways, mining

Post WW II Coal, steel, gas, electricity, transportation

In the aftermath of WW II, about 20% of productive capacity run by state

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Institutions and functions of government expanded

Post WW II “Collectivist consensus” around larger stateConservative and Labour parties agree

BUT consensus broken by economic declineOil shock of 1973“Stagflation”

Inflation unemployment

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Homework: StudyRise of the Welfare State in Britain Why did the responsibilities of government

expand so dramatically in the 20th-21st C?Class power: newly enfranchised working

classWar: legacies of World Wars I and IICrisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930s Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics