Announcements

• Open Lab Next Monday– Lab will be available to finish your towers

• Performance testing next week

• Prepare Material for Oral Presentations and Written Reports

Tips for Great Written Reports

ENGR 10

March 4, 2015

Technical Writing is Everywhere

• Annual Report: 12-month summary and evaluation of finances and activities

• Environmental Impact Report (EIR)

• Feasibility Study: consequences of possible actions

• Final Report: results of completed work

• Lab Report: results of experiments, procedures

• Incident Report: description of injury or hazardous material spill

• Justification Report: explanation for actions taken

• Maintenance Report: product repair and service record for a given period

• Meeting Minutes

• Personnel Report: evaluation of an employee's work

• Preliminary Report: task analysis

• Progress Report: work accomplished to date

• Research Report: summary of research completed

• Sales Report: sales figures for a given period

• Trip Report: expenses and activities

ENGR 10 Reports

Solar Cell Laboratory Report

Wind Turbine Design and Performance

Robot Design and Performance

Goal of your reports

• Reader could replicate what you did without having to talk with you in person

• Synthesize and summarize what you have learned– An important part of the learning process

Getting Started Writing or Speaking

Determine your purpose

What’s my purpose?

Determine your audience

Who is my audience?

What is my purpose?

• Informative

• Persuasive

• Analysis

• Instructional

Who is my audience?

• Business

• Technical

• General Public

• Age Group

• Gender

• Culture

Write to your AudienceAim a report you write in this class toward a fellow engineering student.

Provide enough detail so that an engineering student who hasn’t take ENGR 10 could replicate what you have done.

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction (what and why)• Theory• Experimental Setup (how)• Results (what you found)• Conclusions (what it means)• References• Appendix

Title page lists at minimum:

•Title of the project (descriptive and specific)•Entity

• San José State University, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering, E10 Introduction to Engineering

•Names of the team members •E10 section number and team number •Name of Lab Instructor•Date of submission

Title Page

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction (what and why)• Theory• Experimental Setup (how)• Results (what you found)• Conclusions (what it means)• References• Appendix

Summary/Abstract

• This section goes after the title page but before the table of contents

• Designed for the busy person

• Succinctly introduce project (what it is, what you did)

• Summarize key results (performance data)

• Summarize what you learned

Clicker question

Which might be a good first sentence of your summary?

a. In the beginning the we sat at a computer station and brainstormed ideas about the design of our turbine blades.

b. The purpose of the project was to construct and model a wind turbine by designing our own blade to harness the maximum wind power and a lightweight support structure, stiff enough to resist deflection.

c. First we used the glue to attach PVC pipe to the standard wood base that we were given.

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

•Comes after the Summary

•Start Page 1 as the Introduction page

•Title page has no number

•Other pages before Introduction can be numbered i, ii, iii, etc.

•It should include all the sections / subsections headings with the starting page number for each.

Table of Contents

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

Describes relevant background information (1 to 2 pages).

•What the project was about, first in general – Then present the specific objectives that your design

addresses.

•Make sure that you include sufficient sketches, drawings, and/or photographs and verbiage

– To clearly explain to someone unfamiliar with this project what it is all about.

– You may use sketches from the Project Guidelines, but cite your source.

•Refer to the Project Description regarding goals and specifications found on pages 1-2, Wind Turbine Design Project.

Introduction

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

Describe briefly the theory(ies) that apply to your project, including any applicable formulas.

Examples: Bernoulli, Betz’ Limit, Power Theorem,…

Theory

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

You are answering the question HOW

•Use relevant sketches, drawings, pictures

•Type, shape and dimensions (and possibly cost if known) of the materials used

•Name/describe the major tools used during the “Build” cycle

•Describe the type of tests performed on the project, the purpose of each test and its outcome

•Name/describe the major tools/measuring equipment used during testing

Experimental Setup

State Your Reasoning• No clear reason

– We decided to create a three blade rotor because we believed this would give us the best possible results.

• Clear reason– We decided to create a three blade rotor

because a three blade configuration is the most stable (Jones, 2008).

Use Equations

Instead of a sentence like this:

The factors of the power include voltage (volts), which is equal to the current (amperes) multiplied by the resistance.

Just write:

Power (watts) is calculated using the following equation:

P=VxI (Eq. 1)

where V is voltage (volts) and I is current (amperes).

Use pictures/sketches

• Here is the description from a report:

We took a geometric view on the matter and decided to construct a 90 degree angle using simply two sets of wooden beams after measuring the angles of each beam. We set them parallel to one another to maximize the strength of our design.

• Can you figure out what the structure looked like?

Using Figures to Clarify

As shown in Figure 1, the support structure consisted of a right triangle made of two wood pieces to provide stiffness in the direction of the wind. In addition, two small triangular elements were installed at the base in the perpendicular direction to resist potential loads from the side and minimize oscillation.

Figure 1: Turbine support structure provides resistance to loads in two perpendicular directions.

Note figure caption and its location

Use Headings and Subheadings

3. Design and ConstructionBlah blah blah

3.1 Turbine Blade DesignBlah blah blah

3.2 Support Structure DesignBlah blah blah

3.3 Construction sequenceBlah blah blah

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

Results

• Include tables of key data and graphs of key results– MUST include text to describe what is in each of the tables.– Data plots for the following parameters and briefly discuss the

performance.– Turbine Stiffness– Voltage vs. Current– Power vs. Current

• Compare the actual power generated versus the theoretical power, and calculate the efficiency.

• Create a graph of your load and deflection data, and use Excel curve fitting techniques to determine the stiffness.

A Table is NOT a Figure

Applied Mass

m (gm)

Applied Weight

W= m*g/1000 (N)

Displacement

(mm)

20 0.196 0.02

100 0.98 0.09

500 4.9 0.51

1000 9.8 1.58

Table1: Displacement Data for Turbine Support TowerNote Title Location

Figure 1: Displacement Data for Turbine Support TowerIncorrect

Clicker Question-What does this results graph

represent?

a. I have no idea

b. Voltage vs. current

c. Voltage vs. power

d. Current vs. power

e. Power vs. blade speed

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Series1

Can you figure it out now?Turbine Power versus Voltage

at Wind Speed of 20 mph

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Voltage Reading (volts)

Po

wer

Rea

din

g (

wat

ts)

Figure 1: Turbine power generally decreased with increased voltage. The circled voltage readings are suspect.

What is wrong with this stiffness graph?

a. Nothing

b. Load and displacement axes are reversed

c. Load is in kg

d. Scale on x-axis is not proportional to values

e. b, c, and d

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2

Load (kg)

Dis

pla

cem

ent

(mm

)

Stiffness = 1.1N/mm

The same data plotted correctly

Be Concise – Eliminate Unnecessary Words

• Wordy:– In the graph that shows load against

displacement (Figure 1) displays the stiffness of the structure where the displacement increases as the load increases. The stiffness that we got from our project is 6.08 N/mm.

• Concise– The calculated stiffness was 6.08 N/mm,

which is slope of the linear relationship between load and displacement in Figure 1.

Write in the Third PersonInstead of• We found• Our choice of …• When plotted, we see

that• We used a 75 W lamp

as the source• Our tasks were to…• In this lab we derived…

Try• Results indicated• The choice of …• Plots of the data show

• A 75 W lamp served as the source

• Tasks included …• The purpose of this lab

was to derive …

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Setup (Design Procedures)• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

ConclusionsSUMMARIZE •The work done

•What was learned• Explanation of any anomalies, errors

•The outcomes of the project, • Such as how well it worked or didn't work

•How did the efficiency of your turbine compare with the efficiency of typical turbines in use today?

Recommendations Could be a subheading under Conclusions

•What would you do if you had more time

•What would you do differently, given what you know now

•Give specific recommendations

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction• Theory• Experimental Set up OR Design Procedure• Results• Conclusions• References• Appendix

Reference List• APA Style• Alphabetize by author• If there is no author, use title to alphabetize

ExamplesCunningham, W., & Cunningham, M. (2006). Principles of environmental

science: Inquiry and applications. New York: McGraw Hill.

National Renewable Resource Laboratory (NREL). (2006). U.S. PV Cell Costs. Retrieved September 27, 2008 from Data360 Web site http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=605

Wind Energy FAQ. (2009). Retrieved January 27, 2009 from American Wind Energy Association Web Site http://www.awea.org/faq/rsdntqa.html

Cite Reference in Text

• According to Betz’ Law, only 59% of the kinetic energy in the wind can be converted to mechanical energy using a wind turbine (“Betz’,” 2003).

Reference List

Betz’ Law. (2003). Retrieved October 28, 2008 from Danish Wind Industry Association website http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/betz.htm

Parts of a Report

• Title Page • Summary/Abstract/ Executive Summary• Table Of Contents• Introduction (what and why)• Theory• Experimental Setup (how)• Results (what you found)• Conclusions (what it means)• References• Appendix

Appendices

Contains any other information that might help someone trying to do a similar project (data sheets, catalog pages, etc.).

Required appendix elements

Appendix A - Original data sheet used in the laboratory

Appendix B - Evaluates teamwork by answering questions

Pitfalls to Avoid

• Extremely Long Paragraphs – A paragraph that is one page long is likely too

long• Identify the main points you are trying to make

• Use the main points as topic sentences

• Use three or four sentences in paragraph to build on topic sentence.

• One sentence paragraphs– You can not fully develop an idea in one

sentence

Spellcheck Your Report

I have a spelling checker.It came with my PC.It plainly marks four my revuemistakes I cannot sea.I’ve run this poem threw it.I’m sure your please too no.Its letter perfect in its weigh—My checker tolled me sew.

Proofread Your Report

Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch sduty at an Elingsh uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what order the ltteers in a word are, the only iprmoetnt thing is that the frist and lsat ltteer is at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can still raed it wouthit a porbelm. This is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the word as a wlohe.

Good, Solid Tech WritingHelps You:

• Earn better grades• Get the job you want• Receive promotions• Communicate for a safer world