Announcements

Homework Assignment #1 due today. Hand in class or by 5pm to mailbox in PAS building. I will not accept emailed assignments.

Groups 3A and 4A pick up lab equipment today after lecture.

Exam #1 key and grades will be posted later today. Grades posted by radio IDs for clicker devices. Please check to make sure your posted grade matches the score recorded on your exam. If not, please see me ASAP.

Suggestions for improvement, if you performed poorly on Exam #1…

Set aside a regular time to do written questions from the assigned readings. Make sure you would be able to answer these questions if posed in an exam setting.

Study in group. You all are welcome to use the listserve for this purpose. In your groups, don’t just go over the questions for the “right” answer. Discuss the concepts and formulate your own questions that you can ask each other.

A “flash card” memorization approach is not the way to go. Concentrate on broad concepts and themes.

Approach the material according to your own learning style. For example, do you learn better by reading and writing, talking things out, or drawing pictures?

See myself or TAs during office hours AFTER you have tried to answer the questions—preferably in a group.

If you’re still concerned about your grade…

The first exam is typically the poorest one in this course. Students improve as they become familiar with exam format, can anticipate what kind of questions will be asked, and develop better study habits.

It is not the “end of the world” if you got a poor grade. The grade can be dropped if you’re final exam grade is one letter grade above average of all homeworks and exams.

You are on a flight from Tucson to Denver in January. The pilot approaches Denver airport from the south, passing over Colorado Springs, about 30 minutes prior to landing. You look outside your window.

You’re probably in for a very bumpy ride if you see this type of cloud:

A) Cirrus

B) Low stratus clouds

C) Lenticular

D) Altocumulus

Summary of Lecture 17Hydrostatic balance is the force balance in the vertical. Gravity balances the upward pressure gradient force. This explains the exponential decrease in pressure with height.

Buy’s ballot law gives a crude approximation to where high and low pressure are relative to your position.

Various scales of atmospheric motion are used to classify weather and climate phenomena. Be familiar with them.

Turbulence is irregular atmospheric motion characterized by eddies.Mechanical: Due to wind shearThermal: Due to differential heating leading to thermals.

The local circulations mentioned today are direct thermal circulations driven by the diurnal cycle of solar heating.

Sea-land breezes: Occur because of the difference in heat capacity between water and land.Mountain- valley winds: Occur because of the heating and cooling of elevated terrain. Important for weather in the western U.S.,especially in summer.

NATS 101 Section 4: Lecture 18

Katabatic Winds

and Monsoons

Katabatic Wind: Any downslope wind that is not due to diurnally-forced mountain-valley circulation

They have many regional names, so we’ll just stick to the ones relevant to the ones in our part of the world.

Bora: Cold Downslope Wind

Cold, dense air over elevated plateau

PGF

Cold, dense air over an elevated plateau blows downslope.

If the slope is steep and/or the wind is forced through a narrow passage, a bora can be very strong.

FR

ON

T R

AN

GE

FR

ON

T R

AN

GE

Downslope windstormsColorado Front Range Factors

High elevated plateau to west with mountain peaks upwards of 14,000 ft.

Steep sloped topography in the foothills.

Narrow canyons which can channel the wind.

Result: Windstorms which can have hurricane force winds!

Topographic Map of Colorado

BOULDERBOULDER

Chinook: warm downslope wind

Windward side

Air is forced upslope

Air reaches its lifting condensation level

Clouds forms and precipitation

Heat is added to the air due to latent heat release (i.e. diabatic)

Leeward side

Air flows downslope

As it descends the pressure increases

Air is compressed and warms adiabatically.

The word “chinook” is derived from the Chehalis Indians (Pacific Northwest) and means “snow eater.” It is the reason why snow doesn’t last east of the Rockies for very long.

Chinook wall cloud

Cloud stops when the air begins to descent adiabatically on the leeward side of the mountain range (e.g. the Front Range in CO).

It’s a pretty good bet it’s snowing up in the mountains if you see this!

Santa Ana Wind

Dry and hot Dry and hot elevated elevated plateauplateau

East wind from the Mojave desert is forced through narrow canyons in the mountains east of Los Angeles and San Diego.

Rapid warming due to adiabatic compression occurs.

Other interesting wind phenomena particular to Arizona and

desert places…

Dust Devils

Wind is obstructed by a barrier which disturbs it enough to cause turbulent eddies, which rise in the thermal.

Another example of cyclostrophic balance—their rotation does not depend on whether they happen in Australia or Arizona!

Haboob: Dust or sand storm

Phoenix, Arizona

Caused by rapid movement of air associated with the gust front of a thunderstorm. Common during the monsoon, particularly just as it starts because the preceding months are dry.

Yet another danger our troops have to deal with in Iraq…

Fallujah, Anbar province, Iraq

Monsoon A seasonal shift in winds and rainfall

It is also a thermally direct circulation, but on much larger continental scale.

They occur on every continent, except Europe and Antarctica, but the strongest by far is in Asia—specifically India.

Why is the strongest monsoon in India?

To the north of India is the Himalaya Mountains and the Plateau of Tibet, with an average elevation of over 15,000 ft. and a horizontal extent of more than 1000 miles.

Contrast between the elevated plateau and the surrounding bodies of water south of India sets up a giant thermally direct circulation.

The Indian Monsoon: Winter Dry Season

(Aguado and Burt)

WINTER LOW LEVEL CIRCULATIONTibetan Plateau is relatively cooler than the surrounding ocean off Asia

Cold air over the Tibetan Plateau is relatively more dense

Wind flows from the off the Tibetan Plateau to the ocean.

Offshore flow, no moisture transported to the interior of Asia.

HH

Indian Monsoon: Summer Wet Season

SUMMER LOW LEVEL CIRCULATION

LL

Tibetan Plateau is relatively warmer than the surrounding ocean off Asia

Warm air over the Tibetan Plateau is relatively less dense

Wind flows from the ocean to the Tibetan Plateau.

Onshore flow transports moisture to the interior of Asia.(Aguado and Burt)

A Three-Dimensional View of the Indian Monsoon during the wet season

www.nassmc.org

The monsoon in India is REALLY WET!

Monthly rainfallCherrapunji, India

ONE OF THE WETTEST SPOTS ON EARTH!

If the Indian monsoon is too dry or too wet it can

be a very big deal for rapidly growing Asian

countries.

Consider that India and China alone have a

combined population of over two billion people…New Delhi, India

North America has a monsoon too--and it affects the Southwest U.S. and Mexico

in a very big way!

Today: Monsoon climatology

Later: Monsoon interannual variability and severe weather

Why a North American Monsoon?

Similar to Asia, North America has a giant elevated plateau in the western U.S. and Mexico.

However, in our case, the Mexican plateau is only about 4000-7000 ft. in elevation, depending on where you are.

Though it is not as high as Tibet, it IS high enough that there is a regular seasonal reversal of circulation.

ME

XIC

AN

PLA

TEA

U

ME

XIC

AN

PLA

TEA

U

Average Low-Level Flow: July

(Douglas et al. 1993)

Low level winds (900-mb) are directed onshore.

East of the Rockies, moisture is transported at low-levels from the Gulf of Mexico

West of the continental divide, low-level moisture transport from the Gulf of California and East Pacific.

Upper-level flow (500-mb)

WESTERLIESWESTERLIESALOFTALOFT

DRY IN AZDRY IN AZ

Before monsoon During Monsoon

Westerlies aloft. High pressure ridge to the south.

Little moisture at upper levels.

EASTERLIES EASTERLIES ALOFTALOFT

WET IN AZWET IN AZ

Easterlies aloft.High pressure ridge to north (and east)Moisture transport from Gulf of Mexico

Evolution of Monsoon Ridgeand Upper-Level Moisture

DRY AIRDRY AIR

MOIST AIRMOIST AIR

MO

IST AIR

MO

IST AIR

Shaded areas indicate region of relatively high mixing ratio (i.e. atmospheric moisture content)

(Douglas et al. 1993)

Monthly rainfall in western Mexico

The core of the North American monsoon is in Mexico, not Arizona

It accounts for about 60-70% of the rainfall there, so it is a pretty big deal for the country and its population, as a relatively large percentage of the population depends on subsistence agriculture.BAJA CA

SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL

MEXICAN PLATEAU

(Douglas et al. 1993)

Investigación del Clima del Investigación del Clima del Verano en Norteamérica:Verano en Norteamérica: Estudio con un Modelo Estudio con un Modelo Atmosférico RegionalAtmosférico Regional

Christopher L. CastroChristopher L. CastroDepartamento de Ciencias AtmosfDepartamento de Ciencias Atmosféricaséricas

University of ArizonaUniversity of ArizonaTucson, ArizonaTucson, Arizona

SeminarioSeminarioUniversidad de SonoraUniversidad de Sonora

Hermosillo, Sonora, MHermosillo, Sonora, Méxicoéxico9 de noviembre de 20079 de noviembre de 2007

Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México. Verano de 2004 durante NAME.Foto por Peter Rogers

La importancia del monzón:Disponibilidad del agua

Arizona: depende del deshielo de la nieve de las montañas para la mayoría de los recursos hídricos. La mayoría de esta agua viene del Río Colorado por el acueducto llamado “Proyecto Central de Arizona”

Nieve en las montañas de la cuenca del Río Colorado durante el invierno Flujo de agua en el

Río Colorado

Proyecto Central de Arizona(Central Arizona Project)

La importancia del monzón:Disponibilidad del agua

Sonora: depende de las lluvias del verano para sus recursos hídricos y el flujo máximo de agua en los ríos ocurre al mismo tiempo. Más del sesenta por ciento del agua en la región viene durante el verano.

El flujo de agua en los ríosTormentas durante el monzón

La importancia del monzón:La distribución de la población

y el modo de vivirArizona: El ochenta por ciento de los cinco millones de habitantes viven en dos ciudades (Tucson y Phoenix) y ellos no dependen de la tierra directamente para sobrevivir.

Sonora: Una parte importante de la economía depende de las actividades agrícolas y estas a su vez dependen de las lluvias durante el monzón.

From Los Mochis to Choix

Los Mochis

Topolobampo

Choix

Continental Scale Shift in Rainfall (mm)

(Castro et al. 2007)

As the Southwest U.S. and western Mexico get wet, it dries out in the central U.S.

Summer Average Rainfall During monsoon – before monsoon

Monsoon in Tucson

Old definition: monsoon onset defined as when dew point exceeds 54°F for three consecutive days.

The monsoon from Kitt Peak…

Summary of Lecture 18A katabatic wind is any downslope wind that is not due to a mountain-valley circulation.

Bora: cold downslope windChinook: warm downslope wind

Katabatic winds can be very strong if the topography is steep and the wind can be channeled.

Dust devils and haboobs are examples of wind phenomena particular to desert regions.

A monsoon is a seasonal shift in winds and rainfall. It is caused by thermally direct circulation which reverses between winter (dry) and summer (wet).

The biggest monsoon is in India because of the strong thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding ocean south of Asia.

The North American monsoon is much weaker than India’s because the Mexican Plateau is only about one-third as high, but it is still a very important factor in the climate of western Mexico and the Southwest U.S.

Review Questions and Reading Assignment

Reading: Chapter 10, pp. 255-269 (8th ed.) pp. 260-273 (9th ed.)

Chapter 9 Questions

Questions for Review: 22,25,27 (8th ed.) 23,26,28 (9th ed.)

Questions for Thought: 13

Problems and Exercises: 3(a,b,g,h), 4(a,b,f,g)

Chapter 8 Questions

Questions for Thought: 18