annex 1: greenland mineral deposit descriptions

Annex 1: Greenland mineral deposit descriptions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHROMIUM ........................................................................................................................... 3

COPPER ................................................................................................................................. 5

GRAPHITE .............................................................................................................................. 8

IRON .................................................................................................................................... 10

NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM .................................................................................................. 13

PGE ..................................................................................................................................... 15

REES -WITH FOCUS ON ND/DY ........................................................................................... 18

TUNGSTEN ........................................................................................................................... 21

ZINC .................................................................................................................................... 23

CHROMIUM

- Where in Greenland is chromium found and

where is the potential 1. In Southwest Greenland about hundred kilometres south of Nuuk, the

Fiskenæsset stratiform anorthosite complex occurs, with a combined strike

length of 200 km. The complex stretches from the coast to the edge of the

Inland Ice and is likely to continue under the Ice Cap. The anorthosite

complex has been metamorphosed in amphibolite facies and locally up to

granulite facies. The complex has furthermore suffered several phases of deformation, whereby the complex

has been broken up in sections ranging from

kilometres down to a few tens of metres in length.

Chromium occurs in the mineral chromite, which

is the dominating mineral in chromitites. Other

minerals in chromitites are hornblende and

plagioclase locally pyroxenes. Sulphides are rare

in chromitites. Chromitite bands occur in nearly

all stratigraphic units of the anorthosite complex.

Most commonly chromitite bands are found in

anorthosite and gabbro anorthosite, but chromitite

is also found in several ultramafic units. The

width of the chromitites ranges from centimetres

up to a few metres. In fold closures up to 20

metre thick chromitite bands are seen.

Composition of the chromite concentrates from

168 analysis varies considerably: Cr2O3: 27-35%;

FeO (total iron): 33-42%; Cr/Fe ratio: 0.60-0.93.

The general low Cr/Fe ratio shows that the

chromitite is not metallurgical ore. Rutile (TiO2)

occurs frequently as inclusions in chromite

amounting up to 0.35%. If mining of chromitite

takes place, rutile may be a valuable by-product

(Ghisler 1976).

2. At Ujaragssuit Nunât some 150 km northeast of Nuuk a small body of ultramafic rocks occur embedded in

gneisses. The ultramafic intrusion displays a complete magmatic evolution with seven cycles from dunite

through harzburgite to gabbro anorthosite. Chromitite layers up to ten centimetres thick each and metre thick

chromitite pods are seen. The presently exposed width of the intrusion is ~45 metres and length is ~150 m.

Chromite makes up 90 vol. % of the chromitite pods and less in the chromitite layers. The chemical

composition of chromite gave the following ranges: Cr2O3: 22-49%, FeO (total iron): 24-51%. Cr/Fe ratios

and range was not determined (Appel et al. 2002).

Greenland potential

3. The Seqi Olivine deposit which is located around 100 km north of Nuuk in southern West Greenland is a

fairly large dunite body (around 100 Mt) that has been exploited for olivine from 2005-2009. The deposit has

earlier been explored for chromite by the Cryolite

Company in the 1960’ies. However, the company

closed down decades ago and the reports describing

their findings have since been lost. The deposit thus

might have an undiscovered potential for Chromium.

- Known resources and reserves of

chromium in Greenland The chromium potential of the Fiskenæsset

anorthosite complex was investigated in some detail in

the 1970 to 1980’ies by the Canadian junior company Platinomino. No drilling was undertaken.

On the island of Qeqertarssuatsiaq a fairly continuous

chromitite band with width ranging from 1 to 7 metres

can be traced for ~1400 metres. The estimated tonnage

of this occurrence is of 2.5 Mt of chrome ore. For the

whole anorthosite complex an estimated 100 Mt of

chromium ore may be found.

The chromium potential of the chromitite banded intrusion northeast of Nuuk is, from an industrial purpose,

slightly more attractive than the chromite in the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex. However, size of the

intrusive body is much smaller. The intrusive body was heavily deformed so there are likely extensions of

the intrusions in the general area, but they have not been found yet.

- Overview and status of projects exploring for chromium Only very limited exploration has been carried out for chromium in Greenland during the last thirty years.

While the world market for chromium seems to be well supplied, the exploration and the development of

some of the known chromite resources in Greenland might be triggered and led by their interesting PGE

contents.

- References Appel, C. C., Appel, P.W.U. & Rollinson, H.R., 2002: Complex chromite textures reveal the history of an

early Archaean layered ultramafic body in West Greenland. Mineralogical Magazine Dec. 202: vol.

66(6); p. 1029-1041.

Ghisler, M., 1976: The geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the pre-orogenic Archaean stratiform

chromite deposits at Fiskenaesset, West-Greenland. In: Borthcert, H. (ed) Minograph Series on

Mineral Deposits, Borntraeger 126 pp.

Layered Archaean anorthosite with layers of chromitite. from the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex

COPPER

- Where in Greenland is copper found and where is

the potential Although underexplored, many parts of Greenland could hold a good potential

for undiscovered sediment-hosted copper deposits. Sediment-hosted copper

deposits account for c. 23% of the world’s copper production and known reserves. They are also important sources of silver and cobalt, and some deposits are also produce other

metals such as lead, zinc, uranium, gold and platinum-group metals. Sediment-hosted copper are formed in

basins that contain large sedimentary formations of marine or large-scale lacustrine (lake) environments. In

Greenland, 40% of the ice-free landmass is made up of such environments and several smaller occurrences

of copper are known. However, the larger ones remain to be found.

Especially the sub-type, ‘Reduced-facies Cu’ deposit type, of sediment-hosted copper is important as they

characterized by good grades of 1–5% Cu and tonnages between 2.5 to above 450 million tons. This type of

deposit is sometimes also referred to as the Kupferschiefer-deposit after the type examples within a large

sedimentary basin in Poland; a basin that formerly were interlinked with similar basins in East Greenland

were similar, but smaller, copper occurrences also are known. Also the important copper deposits in DR

Congo are of a similar deposit type. Two other sediment-hosted copper sub-types, the so-called ‘Redbed Copper’ and ‘Revett Copper’ are found in Greenland; however, these constitute normally lower grades and lower tonnages.

The other main source of copper world-wide is ‘Porphyry-type deposits’ which constitute two-third of the

world’s copper. However, the potential for this type of deposit is thought to be smaller in Greenland as the typical geological environment of this type of deposit is not

present and as the crustal-exposure level in Greenland is too

deep compared to areas elsewhere in the world that contain

the major copper porphyry-deposits. Copper is also produced

as by-products from igneous nickel-deposits.


copper in Greenland Very limited exploration for sediment-hosted copper

mineralisation has been carried out in Greenland. However,

the activity that have been carried out have, mostly based on

traditional surface-prospecting on exposed rock, successfully

identified several smaller copper occurrences throughout

many of the sedimentary basins in Greenland. Only a few of

these have been investigated in detail to a level which allow

for a geological estimate of overall tonnage and grade and

none of these, are of economically viable.

Distribution of tracts with sedimentary successions that are regarded as having potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in Greenland. From Stensgaard et al. 2011.

Greenland potential

A first estimate of undiscovered resources in Greenland is included in the table below. The undiscovered

copper resource estimates are derived from a statistical simulation which used globally tonnage/grade models

for known deposits worldwide and bids on number of undiscovered sediment-hosted copper deposits within

different sedimentary basins in Greenland. The bids are from the 2009 workshop on the “Assessment of the sediment-hosted copper potential in Greenland” (Stensgaard et al. 2011). The exact estimates should be used

with precautions and will, besides always being a statistical derived estimate, be a reflection of confidence

and how much is known and how many data that is available from an area.

Estimate of undiscovered copper resources (metric tons of Cu metal)

Areas Reduced Cu Revett Cu Redbed Cu Source

Permian, Jameson Land Basin, East Greenland 240,000 t 568,000 t none Stensgaard et al. 2011

Triassic, Jameson Land Basin, East Greenland 1,130,000 t none 38,000 t Stensgaard et al. 2011

Neoproterozoic, Eleonore Bay Basin, East

Greenland

1,540,000 t none none Stensgaard et al. 2011

Neoproterozoic, Thule Basin, Norht-West

Greenland

160,300 t none none Stensgaard et al. 2011

- Overview and status of projects exploring for copper In terms of copper exploration in Greenland a couple of projects are presently carried out. The junior

exploration company Avannaa Resources Ltd. is in partnership with Angle American exploring for

sediment-hosted copper in central East

Greenland. Another company, China

Nordic Mining Company Ltd. is also

carrying out exploration for copper in

central East Greenland. China Nordic

Mining Company Ltd. is backed by the

Jiangxi Copper, which is China’s biggest producer of the metal.

In the context of igneous nickel-deposits

and copper as by-products in such

deposits, the Maniitsoq nickel-copper-

cobalt-PGM project owned by North

American Nickel should be mentioned.

- Recommendations Most of the exploration that has been carried out for copper in Greenland has been based on traditional

surface prospecting assisted by geochemical prospecting. Only very seldom have surface sampling, even

though it has resulted in good grades and continuity resulted, been followed up e.g. geophysical methods or

drilling that would widen up the search-space and make it possible to look beyond the surface exposure.

Geophysical surveys include aeromagnetic, gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys covering the most

prospective sedimentary basins is recommended, as well as more detailed survey programs around some of

the known surface-identified copper occurrences. These surveys can assist in identifying main structures

controlling the distribution of mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field

reconnaissance expeditions. These would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to

new discoveries. Considering the high exploration costs, matched-grants to exploration and drilling

programs, to facilitate discoveries, could also be considered.

A more complete evaluation of the potential sedimentary-basin prospective for copper would greatly benefit

from funding dedicated to deepening the cooperation with e.g. researchers and copper producing companies

Malachite-stained outcrop of quartzitic sandstone from the Brogetdal copper occurrence in Strindberg Land, North-East Greenland. From Stensgaard et al. 2011.

in Europa, e.g. with Poland, as the basin that holds some of the larger copper deposits in Poland continues to

East Greenland.

Field work studies, both for research and exploration, require the availability of key logistical platforms in

remote areas, particularly in East, North and North-West Greenland. Likewise, research on effective and

mobile mining infrastructure / energy supplies in high Arctic areas are strongly recommended.

- References Geology and Ore, No 18: Sediment-hosted copper in Greenland, Geological Survey of Denmark and

Greenland, 12 pp.

Stensgaard, B.M., Kalvig, P. & Stendal, H. 2011: Quantitative mineral resource assessment: Sedimentary-

hosted copper in Greenland - Reporting the copper assessment workshop, GEUS, Copenhagen,

March 2009. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2011/104, 170 pp + 1 CD-

ROM.

International Copper Study Group, ICSG. www.icsg.org

USGS Minerals Information, Copper, Statistics and Information,

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity//copper/

http://www.icsg.org/

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/

GRAPHITE

- Where in Greenland is graphite found and where

is the potential The reworked, deformed and metamorphosed Palaeoproterozoic orogeny and

the Palaeoproterozoic mobile belts of Greenland have relatively high abundance of graphitic material, mostly

hosted in supracrustal rocks. In many cases it seems that the greatest abundance of graphite is located in or

near large scale faults or shear zones.

- Known resources and reserves of graphite in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of known occurrences with resource estimates in Greenland is included in

the table below.

Resources in known deposits

Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source:

Amitsoq 250,000 t @ 20-24% Graphite Geological resource (Non complient)

Bondam 1992; Mosher 1995

Akuliaruseq (Eqalussuit) 5.3 Mt @ 9.5% Graphite

Geological resource (Non complient)

Kalvig 1992

1.37 Mt @ 14.1% Graphite Mineable resource (Non complient)

Bondam 1992

Kangikajik 500,000 t @ ? Geological resource (Non-complient)

Kalvig 1992, 1994

Grænseland 10,000 t Geological resource (Non complient)

- Overview and status of projects exploring for graphite Graphite occurrences are known from many localities in Greenland as indicated on the map; however most

of them are too small to be commercially exploitable or needs more exploration activities to develop the

projects.

Akuliaruseq is the only graphite occurrence that is

currently being investigated by an exploration company.

The deposit is located in central West Greenland around

140 kilometers from the International airport at

Kangerlussuaq. Knowledge of the Akuliaruseq deposit

goes back as far 1912-1916 where sporadic mining took

place. No further work was done until the 1980s.

From 1982 to 1986 the Danish Cryolite Company

carried out exploration work to test the extent of the

graphite layers including 5,700 m drilling. In 1990 and

2000 the quality of the deposit was tested by Nunaoil

and NunaMinerals.

The current license-holder of the Akuliaruseq deposit,

21st North are planning 5,000 m of drilling, bulk

sampling of both low-grade and high-grade material to

test the flake size distribution throughout the

mineralised sequence and beneficiation/test mining

Greenland potential

studies on bulk samples in order to indicate ash melting points, level of purification and recovery and

grade upgrade.

The graphite layer and old entrance at the Amitsoq graphite mine in South Greenland.

- Recommendations The discovery potential for graphite deposits with the Palaeoproterozoic parts of Greenland is moderate to

high and could benefit from high-resolution geophysical and remote sensing surveys. Recommended surveys

thus include aeromagnetic, gravimetry and hyperspectral surveys covering the tracts with potential indicated

on the map. These surveys can assist in identifying the large scale structures controlling the distribution of

mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field reconnaissance expeditions. These

would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries.

- References 21st North Website: http://www.21stnorth.com/Projects.html

Bondam, J. 1992: Graphite occurrences in Greenland - A review. GGU Open File Series 92/6, 32 pp.

Kalvig, P. 1992: Geologiske undersøgelser af grafitforekomsten Kangikajak, Tasiilaq Kommune. Internal

report, Tasiilaq Kommune, 41 pp.

Kalvig, P. 1994: Industrial mineral occurrences in Greenland - a review. GGU Open File Series 94/4, 94 pp.

Mosher, G. 1995: Summary of mineral occurrences and mineral exploration potential of South Greenland

(Sheet 1 Geological map of Greenland). GGU Open File Series 95/3, 35 pp.

http://www.21stnorth.com/Projects.html

IRON

- Where in Greenland is iron found and where is

the potential The Greenland iron ore potential is mainly based on Archaean sedimentary

and chemical iron deposits (BIF) of the so-called Algoma type, which are

typical for Archaean greenstone belts formed in continental rifts or at

continental margins. BIF type occurrences deliver the majority of iron ore

and are amongst the world’s most important iron sources. However, notable occurrences related to Palaeoproterozoic magmatism have recently been

demonstrated to account for prominent iron ore

accumulations in Inglefield Land, in North Greenland, and

at Isortoq in the Gardar province in South Greenland.

The last decades renewed interest in exploration for iron

ore in Greenland reflects an increase in iron-ore prices,

driven by demand from emerging Asian economies. Most

exploration in Greenland has been focused on the known

and proven deposits like the Isua and Itilliarsuk BIF’s, but since 2011 the more remote and less-explored part of the

Melville Bay area in North-West Greenland has been

explored for BIF’s hosted by a sequence of

metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks that share

a common evolutionary history with the Mary River and

Prince Albert Groups of Baffin Island and mainland

Nunavut, Canada.


iron in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of known indicated and

inferred iron resources in Greenland is included in the

table below.

Resources in known deposits

Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source: Isua 380 Mt @ 33 % Fe Indicated JORC resource London Mining 727 Mt @ 32 % Fe Inferred JORC resource London Mining

Isortoq 70 Mt @ 29.6% Fe, 10.9 % TiO2, 0.144 % V2O5

NI43-101 compliant inferred resource

West Melville Metals

Havik (Melville Bay) 67 Mt @ 31.4 % Fe JORC Inferred resource Red Rock Resources

- Overview and status of projects exploring for iron There are a fairly large amount of known iron occurrences in Greenland as indicated on the map, but most is

too small to be commercially exploitable or needs more exploration activities to develop the projects.

Greenland potential

In order to mature the Isortoq Iron project towards exploitation stage, West Melville Metals is planning to do

more infill drilling and metallurgy testing as well as conducting high–resolution airborne magnetic survey

covering the entire property. In addition

Environmental baseline studies and

meetings with the local communities will

be completed.

Red Rock Resources have identified

additional exploration targets of up to 200

Mt haematite and 1 Bt magnetite in the

Melville Bugt region and thus need to

conduct more drilling in the area. The

company is currently looking for potential

farm-in partners and has no plans for

exploration in 2014.

In terms of planned production, the most

advanced project is the Isua project, by

London Mining, which has just been

granted an exploitation license ultimo 2013. The mining operation will have an expected mine life of 15

years, with a production rate of 15 Mt/a from an open pit mining operation. London Mining needs an initial

capital investment of USD2.35 billion for the development of the project and is thus currently looking for

investors.

- Recommendations The technical demands of maintaining mining and export operations in the high Arctic necessitates a degree

of capital expenditure, however the scale of deposits that have been identified in recent years proves that

Arctic exploration is worth investment.

Most of the exploration that has been carried out for iron in Greenland has been based on traditional surface

prospecting assisted by geochemical prospecting and regional geophysical surveys. However, the fairly

recent discoveries of the Havik and Isortoq deposits by high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys suggest that

there is a large potential for undiscovered iron deposits in Greenland. Therefore, it is recommended to

conduct detailed aeromagnetic geophysical surveys in selected regions in Greenland that also includes,

gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys. This would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly

lead to new discoveries as seen in Nunavut after the Government completed a regional detailed aeromagnetic

survey. Considering the high exploration costs, matched-grants to exploration and drilling programs, to

facilitate discoveries, could also be considered.

One of the main challenges facing burgeoning iron producers is the logistics of transporting ore to world iron

customers. Various iron projects have been identified worldwide with many currently stalled in development

due to delays caused by inadequate rail and port logistics. Governments are slow to react to changing

requirements and affected communities adopt a hostile approach, resisting and blocking expansion.

Therefore one of the keys to developing a successful iron ore project is ensuring that the project has a

pathway to market.

- References

London Mining Greenland A/S website: www.londonmining.com/

Red Rock Resources website: www.rrrplc.com/

Close-up of the BIF sequence at Pingorssuit, North-West Greenland.

http://www.londonmining.com/

http://www.rrrplc.com/

Stendal, H. & Secher, K. 2011: Iron ore potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore No. 19, 12 pp.

Thomassen, B. 2008: The Thule Iron Province, North-West Greenland. A compilation of geological data. 2.

Revised edition. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Rapport 2008/61. 28 pp. + CD-ROM

West Melville Metals website: www.westmelville.com/

http://www.westmelville.com/

NIOBIUM AND

TANTALUM

- Where in Greenland is niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta) found and

where is the potential Niobium and tantalum does not occur as native elements, but most frequently in Nb-Ta-oxides including

minerals like columbite, tantalite and pyrochlor. Nb-Ta deposits are normally hosted in three types of

deposits: Carbonatite-hosted deposits (Nb); alkaline to peralkaline granites and syenites (Nb, REE, Zr, Sn

and Ta) and in peraluminous pegmatites and granites (Ta, Nb, Sn, W, Zr, Ce and Ta).

In Greenland the Mid-Proterozoic Gardar Province of South Greenland has by far the highest potential for

Nb and Ta deposits, encompassing the Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne deposits of the Ilimaussaq Complex, and

the Motzfeldt Center of the Igaliko Complex, hosting evolved syenites and granites. A few of the known

carbonatite occurrences on the West coast of Greenland are enriched in Nb (and Ta).

- Known resources and reserves of Nb and Ta in Greenland A compilation of known Nb and Ta deposits in Greenland is included in the table below. The resource

estimates are derived from license holder websites.

Locality Type of resource

estimate

Tonnage

(Mt)

Grade (%

Nb2O3)

Grade (%

Ta2O3)

Licensee

Motzfeldt Altered

syenite

(Not JORC

complient) Scoping

>500 0.18 – 0.22 0.01 RAM Resources

Motzfeldt Peralkaline

sheet complex

(Not JORC

complient) Scoping

>80 0.4 -1.0 0.01 RAM Resources

Ilímaussaq Kringlerne JORC Indicated 4300 0.2 0.02 Tanbreez

Sarfartoq JORC Indicated 0.19 4.6 ? Hudson Resources

- Overview and status of projects exploring for Nb and Ta in Greenland The following projects that mainly explores for REE´s also contain Nb/Ta as by-project and could thus be a

future provider of these commodities.

The Kringlerne Project: The REE-deposit occurs in the eudialyte mineral of the kakortokite, constituting

the lower layered part of the Illimaussaq Complex, grading 0.6% TREO, 0.25% Nb2O3, and 0.025 Ta2O3.

The license holder Tanbreez Ltd. submitted exploitation license Nov. 2013, and anticipates start of operation

in 2016. The project intends to mine open pit near the fjord; the ore will be trucked to an adjacent process

plant, producing three products: (i) eudialyte concentrate; (ii) feldspar concentrate, and (iii) arfvedsonite

concentrate, which will be shipped for further processing and/or use outside Greenland. The planned annual

production is 500,000 ton, equivalent to a maximum of 1,250 ton Nb2O3, and 125 ton Ta2O3.

Greenland potential

Kvanefjeld REE-Project: The Kvanefjeld REE-U-

deposit also hosts Nb-carrying minerals, and thus

carries the potential to become a by-product Nb

producer; feasibility studies are on-going. However,

no production of neither Nb nor Ta is considered at

the moment.

Motzfeldt Sø Project: Australian company Ram

Resources Ltd. has acquired the Motzfeldt

polymetallic deposits. The Motzfeldt Centre

consists of a number of igneous intrusions of

peralkaline syentie and nepheline syenite covering.

In addition to the Nb and Ta, the Motzfeldt Sø

syenite holds significant amounts of REE at the

Aries Prospect mainly hosted by pyrochlore and

eudialyte. The mineralisation of REE and Nb-Ta are

only weakly correlated. Exploration is ongoing and

more work is required to define a JORC compliant

reserve/resource estimate.

The Sarfartoq Project: The central zone of the

complex surrounded by a series of ring-like dykes

containing numerous carbonate breccia veins.

Mineralisation of Nb and REE has been recorded from separate zones, where hydrothermal activities have

caused enrichment of Nb (and Ta). The license holder, Hudson Resources is undertaking scoping studies on

REE, U, and Nb-Ta.

- Conclusion The World’s primary reserves and resources of niobium and tantalum are estimated to be more than sufficient to meet global demand for many years ahead. This is why the interest in the new Nb/Ta-

exploration campaigns is rather modest and typically only occur in connection with REE deposits, where

Nb/Ta often is contained within the same minerals as the REEs.

- References Hudson Resources website: www.hudsonresources.ca

Ram Resources website: www.ramresources.com.au

Tanbreez website: www.tanbreez.com

Tukiainen. T. 1986: Pyrochlore in the Motzfeldt Centre of the Igaliko Nepheline Syenite Complex, South

Greenland, Final Report. Unpublished internal GGU report. 98 pp.

Tukiainen. T. 1988: Niobium-tantalum mineralisation in the Motzfeldt centre of the Igaliko nepheline

syenite complex, South Greenland. In: Boissonnas J, Omenetto P (eds) Mineral deposits within the European

community. Springer, Berlin, p. 230–246.

USGS 2013: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013. US Geological Survey 2013, 198 pp.

http://www.hudsonresources.ca/

http://www.ramresources.com.au/

http://www.tanbreez.com/

PGEs

- Where in Greenland are PGE found and where

is the potential 1. The PGE-gold mineralisation in the Skaergaard intrusion, also referred

to as the Platinova Reef, is the most intensively studied and explored PGE

deposit in Greenland. The mineralisation defines its own class the

“Skaergaard-type” (Miller & Andersen, 2002). It is located at ~68 degrees N in East Greenland.

The mineralisation is concordant with the magmatic layering in the upper part of Middle Zone gabbros in the

Layered Series of the intrusion (Holwell & Keays, 2014) and comprises a lower main PGE “reef” followed by up to four additional PGE-rich levels of mineralisation. Only the central part of the intrusion show all five

levels significant PGE (>300ppb). The PGMs are totally dominated by the intermetallic alloy skaergaardite

(PdCu) with up-section increase in gold. The main gold resource is in the uppermost of developed PGE

levels and a level above. Au is dominantly hosted in intermetallic alloys such as tetra-auricupride (Au3Cu)

and auricupride (AuCu). At the margins of the intrusion only few meters separate the PGE and gold rich

levels of mineralisation, whereas in the centre of

the intrusion they are separated by >40m.

2. In Southwest Greenland about hundred

kilometres south of Nuuk, the Fiskenæsset

stratiform anorthosite complex occurs with a

combined strike length of 200 km. The complex

stretches from the coast to the edge of the Inland

Ice and is likely to continue under the Ice Cap.

The anorthosite complex has been

metamorphosed in amphibolite facies and locally

up to granulite facies. The complex has

furthermore suffered several phases of

deformation, whereby the complex has been

broken up in sections ranging from kilometres

down to a few tens of metres in length.

Chromitite layers are seen in several stratigraphic

levels in anorthosite and gabbro anorthosite.

Some of the chromitite layers contain sparse

sulphides. Many of the chromitites in the

anorthosites and gabbro anorthosites show

elevated PGE contents up to 600 ppb Pt, 300 ppb

Pd and 300 ppb Au (Appel et al. 2011).

The most promising PGE mineralisations so far found are in the coastal area in a 5 km long and up to 1 km

wide ultrabasic unit of the anorthosite complex. The zone was not broken up during deformation of the

Greenland potential

anorthosite complex. The mineralised rocks comprise olivine-rich peridotites, hornblende peridotites and

pyroxenites. Detailed mapping of the mineralised

zone has been carried out as well as channel

sampling along several profiles. The best results

obtained are found in the so-called Ghisler reef

which grades 690 ppb Pt, Pd and Au over 5

metres. Local higher grade parts contain 2 ppm

Pt, Pd and Au with 20 ppb Rh over 1 meter.

Ghisler reef displays an unusual geochemical

signature with near perfect correlation of Pt, Pd,

Au and Cu with Bi, thereby resembling the PGE

deposits in Sudbury (Canada), Great Dyke

(Zimbabwe) and the Monchegorsk intrusion on

Kola Peninsula (Russia) (Appel et al. 2011).

3. Lesser investigated occurrences with a potential includes:

a) The Norite Belt of the Maniitsoq region in West Greenland the (64 degrees N in West

Greenland, is presently understood as the result of meteoric impact and sulphide mineralisation

rich in nickel and Cu, as well as PGE, and compared to the Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE district (www.

northamericannickel.com).

b) Palaeogene sulphide deposits in the feeder systems of the West Greenland Flood Basalt

Province (www.avannaa.com). The deposit type is expected to be similar to those of the

Noril´sk region (Russia).

c) Additional occurrences, mostly little investigated, are found in mafic intrusive bodies in the

Precambrian of West Greenland, e.g., the Amikoq mineralisation (www.nunaminerals.com),

and Palaeogene intrusions in East Greenland (Nielsen, 2002). A review of PGE potential in

Greenland can be found in Secher et al. (2007)

- Known resources and reserves of PGE in Greenland At Skaergaard, the geologic estimate suggests a >500 Mt resource with a total of ~36 million oz PGE and

~12 million oz. gold, classifying the deposit as a giant (Nielsen et al., 2005). The Pd/Pt is near 13 in the

deposit. No other PGE are present in economic concentrations. On the basis of cores drilled by the present

concessionaire, only, the sum of indicated and inferred resources is ~10 million oz. PGE and 6 million oz.

gold. Grades may reach ~5 g/t PGE and ~10 g/t gold, dependent on sample size (Watts, Griffis & McOuat,

1991)

- Overview and status of projects exploring for PGE The challenge in the Skaergaard mineralisation is the development of exploitation methods for the low grade

but large deposit type. The structure, mineralogy and continuity of the mineralisation is well documented. In

all other Paleogene occurrences in East Greenland the lack of exploration and the remoteness of many of

these constitute obvious constraints to their development. In addition, all other observed occurrences appear

to be discontinuous and related to contacts between intrusions and host rocks or between intrusive phases of

the intrusions. The potential for Noril´sk type mineralisations in the Palaeogene of West Greenland, appears

unquestioned at the present level of information. The potential related to the Ni-Cu-PGE occurrences in the

Norite Belt appears to increase with the accumulation of drill core data.

Channel sampling of mineralised layers in the Upper Zone, of the Skaergaard Intrusion, southern East Greenland.

As for many Palaeogene occurrences, the lack of focussed exploration is evident for anorthositic as well as

other mafic complexes in West Greenland, whose potential remains significant.

- References Appel, P. W. U., Dahl, O., Kalvig, P. & Polat, A. 2011: Discovery of new PGE mineralisations in the

Precambrian Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex, West Greenland. Danmarks og Grønlands

Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2011/3 2nd edition 48 pp.

Holwell, D. & Keays, R.R. 2014: The formation of low-volume, high-tenor magmatic PGE-Au sulfide

mineralisation in closed systems: evidence from precious and base metal geochemistry of the

Platinova reef, Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Economic Geology, 109, p. 387-406.

Miller and Andersen, J.C.O. 2002: Attributes of Skaergaard-Type PGE Reefs. In Boudreau, A. (ed.).

Extended abstracts, 9th internat. Platinum Conf. p. 305-308.

Nielsen, T.F.D. 2002: Palaeogene intrusions and magmatic complexes in East Greenland, 66 to 75o N. GEUS

report 2002/113, 249 pp.

Secher, K., Appel, P. & Nielsen, T.F.D. 2007: The PGE potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore no. 8,

February 2007, 12 pp.

Watts, Griffis & McOuat 1991: 1990 Skaergaard project, Platinova/Corona concession, East Greenland.

Exploration report, 55 pp. and appendixes (in archive of the Geological Survey of Denmark and

Greenland, GRF no. 20848).

REEs -WITH FOCUS ON Nd/Dy

- Where in Greenland is REE found and where is

the potential Several REE-occurrences are known in Greenland; the largest deposits by

far are the igneous alkaline intrusions related to the Gardar Province in

South Greenland, hosting the deposits around Kvanefjeld, Kringlerne, and

Motzfeldt Sø; additionally four carbonatite related deposits are known

from the West coast, one alkaline intrusion and one fossil placer deposits,

both located in East Greenland.

- Known resources and reserves of REE in Greenland An overview of the resource figures for the most important Greenlandic REE-deposits is given in the table

below; additionally the potential co- and/or by-product grades are listed. Elevated radioactive mineralisation

are associated with most of the deposits; though the Kringlerne deposit is known to host only very little

uranium and thorium.

Locality Metallogenetic

type

Type of

resource

estimate

Exploration

status

Tonnage

(Mt)

Tonnage

TREO

(Mt)

Grade (%)

TREO

HREE

(%)

Grade Co-/by

products

Kvanefjeld Alkaline igneous JORC-

Indicated Feasibility 437 4.77 1.09 12

U: 274 ppm

Zn: 0.22%

F: n.a.

Sørensen Alkaline igneous JORC -

Inferred Feasibility 242 2.67 1.1 13

U: 304 ppm

Zn: 0.26%

F: n.a.

Zone 3 Alkaline igneous JORC –Inferred

Feasibility 95 1.11 1.16 12

U:300 ppm

Zn: n.a.

F: n.a.

Kringlerne Alkaline igneous JORC -

Inferred Feasibility 4,300 28 0.65 31

Zr3O8: 1.8%

Nb2O3: 0.2%

Motzfeldt Alkaline igneous n.a.-

Inferred Exploration 340 0.9 0.26 19

Ta2O3:120 ppm

Nb2O3:1850 ppm

ZrO2:4600 ppm

NIAQ Karrat Carbonatite

associated? n.a. Exploration 26 0.3 1 13 n.a.

Sarfartoq (ST1) Carbonatite

associated

NI 43-101

- Inferred Scoping 14.1 0.2 1.53 2 n.a.

Qeqertaasaq Carbonatite/Vein

associated n.a. Exploration 45 0.5 1 1 Nb2O3

Milne Land Fossil placer n.a. Exploration 5 0.1 1 13 2% ZrO2

- Overview and status of projects exploring for REE The Kvanefjeld Project encompasses the deposits Kvanefjeld, Sørensen, and Zone 3, of which the first is the

main target. The license holder Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd (GME), expect to submit an application

for exploitation early 2015, enabling the company to commence production in 2018. The mining technique

will be by open pit, and the ore will be treated in an adjacent metallurgical plant, extracting the sphalerite by

flotation, and subsequently the steenstrupine concentrate will be fed into a hydrometallurgical leaching

circuit and uranium and REE are recovered by solvent extraction. GME has recently decided to locate the

hydrometallurgical leaching plant in Greenland and to undertake the REE-separation in China.

Greenland potential

GME estimates that neodymium and dysprosium will

contribute respectively c. 32% and 13% to the overall

value. Planned annual production: 10-20,000 ton

TREO, encompassing 1.200–2.400 ton Nd2O3 and

100–200 ton Dy2O3.

Kringlerne: The REE-deposit occurs in the lower

layered part of the Illimaussaq Complex. The license

holder Tanbreez applied for an exploitation license in

Nov. 2013, and expects to start operation in 2016. The

project intends to mine open pit near the fjord; the ore

will be trucked to an adjacent process plant, producing

three products: (i) eudialyte concentrate; (ii) feldspar

concentrate, and (iii) arfvedsonite concentrate, which

will be shipped for further processing and/or use

outside Greenland. Planned annual production: 3,250

ton TREO, encompassing c. 400 ton Nd2O3 and c. 90

ton Dy2O3.

Motzfeldt Sø: The Motzfeldt Centre consists of a

number of igneous intrusions of peralkaline syentie and

nepheline syenite covering. In addition to the REE, the

Motzfeldt Sø syenite holds significant amounts of Nb-

Ta at the Aries Prospect (estimated 500 Mt grading

120 ppm Ta; 130 Mt grading around 0.5% Nb2O5);

Nb-Ta and the REE are only weakly correlated.

Exploration is ongoing.

Sarfartoq: The central zone of the complex surrounded by a series of ring-like dykes containing numerous

carbonate breccia veins. Mineralisation of Nb and REE has been recorded from separate zones.

Qeqertaasaq: The license holder, NunaMinerals undertakes

simultaneous exploration and metallurgical tests on a new site, in

which promising surface samples yielding up to 13.2% TREO. The

mineralisation is LREE-dominated. NunaMinerals have ultimo

2013 signed a joint exploration agreement with Korea Resources

Corporation (”KORES”) in order to advance the project.

NIAQ Karrat: License holder, Avannaa Resources. Initial drilling

was undertaken in 2010. The average drill intersections yielded

about 1% TREO, and the HREO-ratio is c. 13%; initial

metallurgical testing on a bulk sample graded 1.1% TREO, Nd

0.2% and Dy 0.02%.

- Recommendations The planned annual production from the two most advance REE-projects in Greenland, Kvanefjeld and

Kringlerne, is in the range of 13,000-23,000 tons TREO. Öko-Institut (2011) estimates the 2014-supply for

neodymium and dysprosium to be about 33,000 and 2,000 tons/y respectively; if so the Greenlandic

Drilling at Kvanefjeld. Copyright GME.

production then may contribute to 5-8% of the global neodymium supply and 10-16% of the global

dysprosium supply.

The REE-deposits in Greenland contribute significantly to the global TREO-resource base, as well as the

anticipated production on particularly dysprosium carries a significant supply potential against the 2016

global demand.

The current global TREO resource base is estimated to be sufficient for 800 years of production based on a

200 K ton/y. This is contrast to the increasing undersupply of CREO, mainly due to the Chinese monopoly of

the REO-market. In order to erodate the Chinese monopoly on the REE-value chains, it is important to

support viable alternatives. Greenland offers two world-class REE deposits (Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne)

which theoretically have a strong market potential. Thus development of the South Greenland region in

terms of hydropower, local airport and harbour facilities would not only benefit the general development of

this region, but may as well make Greenlandic REE-operations more competitive.

- References

Naalakkersuisut 2012: Status for råstoffer. Presentation by Jørn Skov Nielsen, Departementet for Erhverv,

Råstoffer og Arbejdsmarked.

Roskill 2012: Rare Earths & Yttrium: Market Outlook to 2015. 527 pp., Fourteenth Edition, 2011. Roskill

Information Services Ltd., UK

Schüler, D., Buchert, M., Liu, R., Dittrich, S. & Merz C. 2011: Study on Rare Earth and Their Recycling.

Final Report for the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament, Öko-Institut, 162 pp.

Sørensen, L.L. & Kalvig, P. 2011: The rare earth element potential in Greenland. Geology & Ore No. 20, 12

pp.

Technology Metals Research 2014: TMR Advanced Rare-Earth Projects Index.

http://www.techmetalsresearch.com/metrics-indices/tmr-advanced-rare-earth-projects-index/

http://www.techmetalsresearch.com/metrics-indices/tmr-advanced-rare-earth-projects-index/

TUNGSTEN

- Where in Greenland is tungsten found and where is

the potential Economic tungsten (W) deposits are mainly of two types (vein and skarn)

related to granitic intrusions or medium to high-grade metamorphic rocks.

Numerous tungsten mineralisations are known from east and west Greenland, but they are especially

concentrated along a ~500 km belt in central East Greenland (see map below). Here outcropping tungsten

occurrences (occur as the mineral scheelite) are known from at least 12 areas with footprints varying from 1

to 20 km2 in size, and scheelite-bearing

boulders have been located in another two

areas.

It is possible to divide the scheelite-mineralised

areas in central East Greenland into three

groups on account of their geological setting.

The groups and their respective areas are as

follows:

Scheelite mineralisation in Upper

Proterozoic meta-sediments, often

spatially associated with Cale-donian or

older granitic intrusions.

Scheelite mineralisation in the Lower

Neoproterozoic sediments, up to 7 km

from outcropping Caledonian granites.

Scheelite mineralisation in fault zones in

Upper Neoproterozoic sediments without

spatial relation to granitic rocks. The areas

of this group comprise among others

North and South Margerie Dal on Ymer Ø.

- Known resources and reserves of tungsten in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of potential undiscovered and known tungsten resources in Greenland is

included in the table below. The potential undiscovered tungsten resource estimates are derived from a

workshop in 2013 on the “Assessment of the tungsten potential in Greenland” (Sørensen et al. 2014):

Undiscovered tungsten resources

(metric tons W metal) Resources in known deposits

Greenland potential

Areas Vein Skarn Source Deposits Tons/grade Type Source

Central east and

northeast

Greenland

179 267 Sørensen et al. (2014)

Ymer Ø – South

Margerie Dal

75,000 t @

2.5 % WO3

Scoping

study

Sørensen et al.

(2014)

Ymer Ø – North

Margerie Dal

42,000 t @

0.7 % WO3

Scoping

study

Sørensen et al.

(2014)

Northwest

Greenland 4.5 2.2

Sørensen et al. (2014)

South Greenland

43.2 4.8

Sørensen et al. (2014)

Summary of resource estimates for tungsten potential in Greenland and reported resources from known deposits.

- Overview and status of projects exploring for tungsten Current projects exploring for tungsten are few. NunaMinerals A/S holds a license on Ymer Ø exploring for

tungsten, antimony and gold. In May 2014, NunaMinerals A/S signed a Memorandum of Understanding with

the Canadian company, Northcore Resources Inc. to advance the development of the Ymer Ø project towards

exploitation.

- Recommendations Considering the limited exploration activity

for tungsten and the limited amount of data

and information available, future exploration

activity is likely to benefit greatly from new

regional geophysical and remote sensing

surveys in central East Greenland.

- References Hallenstein, C.P., Pedersen, J. L. 1983. Scheelite Mineralization in Central East Greenland. Mineralium

Deposita 18, p. 315-333.

Harpøth, O., Pedersen, J.L., Schønwandt, H.K. & Thomassen, B. 1986: The mineral occurrences of central

East Greenland, Geoscience 17, 139 pp.

Sørensen, L.L., Stensgaard, B.M. & Rosa, D. 2014: Tungsten potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore, vol.

25, 12 pp.

Close-up of the tungsten deposit located at South Margerie Dal/ Colinedal on Ymer Ø in central East Greenland. Photo: 21st North

ZINC

- Where in Greenland is zinc found and where is

the potential Greenland has an excellent potential for sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) and Mississippi-Valley type (MVT) zinc and lead deposits. The former tend to be large deposits, found in clastic sedimentary rocks, particularly shales, with reserves and resources in individual deposits exceeding 100 million tonnes and with typical grades of about 10–15% Zn and 2–5% Pb. The latter are hosted in carbonate rocks and tend to be smaller than SEDEX deposits, though they often occur in clusters in a single

district. MVT deposits tend to have lower grades, typically 2–6% Zn and 1–3% Pb, but are of easy beneficiation. In addition to Zn and Pb, these deposit types can yield Ag, Cd, Ge, In, barite, and fluorite as by-products. In addition to these sedimentary zinc deposits, zinc is also found in the unusual context of an alkaline intrusion, in the Kvanefjeld deposit, in South Greenland. At this locality, zinc concentrates are planned to be produced as a by-product of rare earth and uranium mining. Despite its potential, in Greenland zinc has only been mined at the Black Angel MVT mine (West Greenland) and at the Blyklippen mine (East Greenland). In the former, 11.2 million tons at 12.3% Zn were mined between 1973 and 1990, and in the latter and unquantified but small amount of zinc concentrate was produced between 1956 and 1962.

- Known resources and reserves of zinc in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of potential undiscovered and known zinc resources in Greenland is included in the table below. The potential undiscovered Zn resource estimates are derived from a workshop in 2011 on the “Assessment of the zinc potential in Greenland” (Sørensen et al. 2013):

Undiscovered Zn resources (Mt Zn metal) Resources in known deposits

Areas SEDEX MVT Source: Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source:

North Greenland (Franklinian Basin)

13.7 2.7 Sørensen et al (2013) Citronen Fjord

132 Mt @ 4.1% Zn

JORC indicated

Ironbark Zinc

East Greenland (Jameson Land Basin + Krummedal and Eleonore Bay Basin)

1.5 1.4 Sørensen et al (2013)

West Greenland (Karrat Group)

1.2 0.3 Sørensen et al (2013) Black Angel 4.4 Mt @ 8.6% Zn

JORC measured

Angel Mining

Northeast Greenland (Hekla Sund Basin)

2.1 0 Sørensen et al (2013)

Northwest Greenland (Inglefield Land + Thule Basin)

1.6 0.2 Sørensen et al (2013)

South Greenland (Alkaline intrusions)

NA NA Kvanefjeld 956 Mt @ 2.4% Zn

JORC indicated

Greenland Minerals & Energy

- Overview and status of projects exploring for zinc Depressed zinc prices have long subdued exploration for zinc. Furthermore, the capacity of China, the largest world producer, to respond to possible rises in prices with additional output remains a possibility that disincentives exploration. However, the planned closure of several large mines (Brunswick and Perseverance, in Canada; Skorpion, in Namibia, Lisheen, in Ireland; Century, in Australia) has encouraged some major companies (Glencore Xstrata, Nyrstar and Boliden) to recently launch or support zinc exploration projects, until recently of interest mostly to junior companies only. The effects of this change of attitude towards zinc exploration also translated into Greenland. As a result, Boliden signed an agreement with Avannaa to explore for zinc in the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland, namely in Washington Land (Petermann prospect). Glencore Xstrata, on the other hand, is funding Ironbark, who is committed to Greenland, recently finishing a feasibility project for the Citronen Fjord SEDEX deposit and engaged in exploration in Washington Land (Cass Fjord prospect) and Eastern Greenland (Blyklippen area).

Greenland potential

Further developments in exploration initiatives in the most prospective area, the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland, remain however constrained by a temporary closure for new mineral applications in the area north of latitude 81°N due to new nature preservation areas. While current licenses and license applications, namely those held by Ironbark and Avannaa, are not affected and will continue under current license terms, this closure effectively has kept most of Franklinian Basin out of reach for exploration. It is expected, however, that a new set of licensing terms, including definition of the license blocks, will be established soon, possibly prompting a new wave of exploration. In terms of planned production, the most advanced project is the Kvanefjeld project, by Greenland Minerals and Energy, which is directed towards the production of U and rare earth elements but which is planned to have significant zinc produced as a by-product. The feasibility study on the Citronen Fjord deposit, by Ironbark, projects an expected mine life of 14 years, with a production rate of 3.3 Mt/a, with an average zinc grade of 5.85% from the initial underground mining and an average zinc grade of 3.10% from the final open pit mining.

- Recommendations The potential of the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland for zinc, but also germanium and fluorite, warrants dedicated high-resolution geophysical and remote sensing surveys. Recommended surveys include aeromagnetic, gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys covering the whole basin. These surveys can assist in identifying main structures controlling the distribution of mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field reconnaissance expeditions. These would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries. A more complete evaluation of the potential of the Franklinian Basin would greatly benefit from funding dedicated to deepening the cooperation with Canada, as this basin extends into this country and several Canadian researchers are engaged in its study. Field work studies, both for research and exploration, require the availability of key logistical platforms in remote areas, particularly in North Greenland. Therefore, the maintenance and possible expansion of facilities such as Station Nord

(operated by the Joint Arctic Command of the Danish Defense) is recommended. Likewise, the availability of an ice-reinforced expedition vessel is also recommended as a means of extending mineral reconnaissance efforts to more remote areas. Finally, to better assess the feasibility of possible future mining projects, a prerequisite to attract mineral exploration, the existence of bathymetry data on the fjords, needed to evaluate locations for deep water ports, would be beneficial. Likewise, research on effective and mobile mining infrastructure / energy supplies in high Arctic areas are strongly recommended.

- References Angel Mining, website: www.angelmining.com Geology and Ore, No 5 – The Blyklippen Mine lead-zinc mine at Mesters Vig, Eastern Greenland, Geological Survey

of Denmark and Greenland, 12 pp. Greenland Minerals and Energy, website: www.ggg.gl Ironbark zinc, website: www.ironbarkgold.com.au/ Sørensen, L.L., Stensgaard, B.M., Thrane, K., Rosa, D. & Kalvig, P. 2013: Sediment-hosted zinc in Greenland -

Reporting the mineral resource assessment workshop 29 November - 1 December 2011, Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2013/56, 184 pp.

http://www.angelmining.com/

http://www.ggg.gl/

http://www.ironbarkgold.com.au/

1

Annex 2: EU industry needs & Greenland raw material deposits

2

CHROMIUM

- Mining sites in Europe Tornio, Kemi (FI)

- European mining companies with national or global activities Cronimet Group (DE)

ENRC (UK)

Outokumpu (FI)

Glencore Xstrata (CH)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners / smelters) Cronimet Group (DE)

ENRC (UK)

Outokumpu (FI, Chromite)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products) Plansee (AT)

Delachaux (FR)

Elektrowerk Weisweiler (DE)

Manifold stainless steel mills and stainless steel processing companies

- Relevant association ICDA (International chromium development association)

EU industry* and

applications

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

3

- Main products - Applications and end-use

90% of chromium is used in stainless

steel which is an essential material

for large industrial sectors

(automotive, construction,

engineering) Refractory materials Chemical specialty products (e.g.

colours, leather tanning)

- Relevant sectors

Mechanical engineering Automotive Transport Building construction Metallurgical industry Refractories/Foundries chemistry

Figure: End-use of chromium in the USA 2012

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014,

Figure 32 on page 31

Figure: World ferrochromium supply and demand forecasts to 2020

(´000s tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 33 on page 32

4

- Future technologies The emerging technologies are not expected to have significant influence on Cr-demand up to 2030:

o Redox flow battery

o Desalination of sea water

o Orthopedic implants

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014

(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

USGS, 2014, Chromium (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/mcs-2014-

chrom.pdf)

Outokumpu-Homepage (www.outokumpu.com)

ARS Mining Homepage (http://www.arsiminen.de/)

Cronimet Homepage (http://www.cronimet.de/en/)

ENRC Homepage (http://www.enrc.com/about-us/glance)

Glencore Xstrata Homepage (http://www.glencorexstrata.com/)

Plansee Homepage (http://www.plansee-group.com/)

Delachaux Homepage (http://www.delachaux.fr/En/)

Elektrowerk Weisweiler GmbH Homepage (http://www.elektrowerk.de/en/index2.html)

ICDA (International chromium development association) Homepage

(http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?lang=en)

ICDA Uses of chrome

(http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=167&lang=en)

Asian Metal (http://www.asianmetal.com)

USGS, 2011 Minerals Yearbook Chromium; April 2013

(http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/myb1-2011-chrom.pdf)

http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=167&lang=en)

http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=167&lang=en)

5

COPPER

EU industry* and

applications

- Mining sites in Europe Rudna (PL)

Aguas Tenidas Mine (ES)

Neves-Corvo (PT)

Zinkgruvan (SE)

Aitik (SE)

Garpenberg (SE)

The Boliden Area (SE)

Aguablance (ES)

- European mining companies with national or global activities KGHM Polska Miedź (PL) Boliden (SE)

Lundin Mining Corporation (CA/SE)

Trafigura (UK)

Anglo American (UK)

Rio Tinto (UK)

Cronimet Group (DE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) Atlantic copper (ES)

Aurubis (DE)

Boliden (SE)

Metallo Chimique (DE)

Montanwerke Brixlegg (AT)

KGHM (PL)

6

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)

Cupori (FL)

Halcor Metal Works (GR/BG)

KME (DE)

La Fraga (ES)

Luvata (UK)

Mueller Industries (UK)

Nexans (FR)

Wieland (DE)

Cronimet Group (DE)

Mansfelder Kupfer und Messing GmbH (DE)

Numerous small, medium and large enterprises in the end-use manufacturing

- Relevant association European Copper Institute


Cable

Wires

Transformers

Motors

Electronic components

Switchgear

Tubes

Pipes

Construction

Transport equipment

Plumbing

Air-conditioning

Refrigeration

Figure: End-use of copper in Europe 2011

Source: Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level,

2014, Figure 13 on page 22

- Relevant sectors

Electrical applications Building Construction Automotive and other transport

- Trend Rising demand in all sectors.

7

Exports are an important demand driver since Europe is a net exporter of semi-finished goods.

Europe is a net exporter of semi-finished goods.

- Future technologies Additional demand will arise from electric cars.

- References

Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-

materials/files/docs/crm-non-critical-material-profiles_en.pdf)

USGS, 2014, Copper (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity//copper/mcs-2014-coppe.pdf)

ICSG: International Copper Study Group (http://www.icsg.org/)

ICSG The World Copper Factbook 2013 (http://copperalliance.org/wordpress/wp-

content/uploads/2012/01/2013-World-Copper-Factbook.pdf)

Trafigura Homepage (www.trafigura.com)

Lundin Mining Homepage (http://www.lundinmining.com)

Boliden Homepage (http://www.boliden.com/Operations/Mines/)

KGHM Homepage (http://www.kghm.pl/ und andere Homepages)

Anglo American Homepage (http://www.angloamerican.com/)

Rio Tinto Homepage (http://www.riotinto.com/)

Cronimet Group Homepage (http://www.cronimet-mining.com/en/mining/operations/)

Aurubis Homepage (http://www.aurubis.com/)

Metallo Chimique Homepage (http://www.metallo.com)

Montanwerke Brixlegg Homepage (http://www.montanwerke-

brixlegg.com/)

Atlantic Copper Homepage (http://www.atlantic-copper.es)

Wieland Homepage (http://www.wieland.de/)

European Copper Institute (http://www.copperalliance.eu/)

Copper development association (http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/environment/recycling.shtml)

London Metal Exchange (http://www.lme.com/en-gb/metals/non-ferrous/copper/#tab2)

Copper development association: Annual Data 2013. Copper supply & consumption - 1992-2012

http://www.kghm.pl/%20und%20andere%20Homepages

8

BGR Deutschland - Rohstoffsituation 2012, November 2013

(http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Downloads/Rohsit-

2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9)

9

GRAPHITE

- Mining sites in Europe Kringel mine (SE)

Skaland mine (NO)

Romania

Kaisersberg (AT)

Data on European production in 2012: Romania: 7.000 t; Norway 7.000 t

Very low in comparison to world production of 1.100.000 t in 2010

- European mining companies with national or global activities IMERYS - timcal (FR)

Norwegian Graphite AS (NO)

Skaland Graphite AS (NO)

Grafitbergbau Kaisersberg (AT)

- Processing companies in the European Union AMG (NL) and subsidiary Kropfmühl (DE)

SGL Carbon SE (DE)

TOKAI ERFTCARBON GmbH (DE)

Numerous end-use manufacturers in Europe, e.g. for batteries: Axeon, Varta, Saft

- Relevant association European Carbon and Graphite Association

EU industry* and

applications


10


Electrodes in steel productions

Electrodes in batteries and fuel cells

Furnace lining

Molds for casting

Carbon brushes

Lubricants

Brake linings

Figure: Worldwide use of natural graphite in

2010

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, (2014),


- Relevant sectors

Steel industry

Construction (building) industry

Automotive industry

Electrical industry

- Applications by type of natural graphite

Natural: Amorphous

(Most abundant type; least valuable;

account for 44% of global

production)

Natural: Flake

(Less common and of higher purity

than amorphous graphite; account for

55% of global production)

Natural: Vein

(most valuable and rarest form of

graphite; accounts for 1% of world

production)

Carbon brushes Heat sinks Coated conductors Refractory applications Brake pads Clutches Foundry applications Steel alloys Lubricant additives Pencils Paints Rubber and polymer

composites Thread compounds

Batteries Carbon brushes Heat sinks Coated conductors Lubricant additives Pencils Refractory applications Graphite shapes Coated conductors brake

pads Clutches Foundry applications Powder metallurgy Drilling mud additives Nuclear reactors Flame retardants

Foundry applications Lubricants Powder metallurgy Electrical components Carbon brushes

11

Synthetic diamonds

- Trend Rising demand in most sectors. Graphite demand is expected to grow in the near future at around

3.4% per year to 2010 (Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014).

Higher growth is expected for flake grades graphite (for batteries, friction products, lubricants etc).

Rising prices may lead to increasing substitution (e.g. by synthetic graphite).

Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles will be an important demand driver in the mid and long term. A

growth by 25% a year up to 2020 is expected.

Improving refining qualities are likely lead to new high-tech applications

Figure: World natural graphite supply and end-use forecast to 2020

(´000 tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 105 on page 106

- Future technologies Lithium-ion batteries (mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, electric vehicles) [relevant

demand driver!]

Fuel cells [potentially relevant demand driver!]

Graphene (as a better conductor of heat and electricity than copper – for electronics, solar cells etc)

Vanadium redox batteries

Pebble bed nuclear reactors

In R&D: carbon nanotubes in electronics, solar cells, hydrogen storage and others

12

- References


(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm)

USGS 2014, Graphite (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/graphite/mcs‐2014‐graph.pdf)

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile, September

2013

Flinders Resources Homepage (http://www.flindersresources.com/s/NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=509924)

Industrial Minerals Report: The Natural Graphite Industry in 2012 (http://americanresources.org/wp-

content/uploads/2012/12/Industrial-Minerals-Data-Report.pdf)

Homepage IMERYS (http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/SBDD-

8QGETA?OpenDocument&Lang=EN)

Homepage AMG (http://www.amg-nv.com/Home/default.aspx)

Homepage SGL Group (http://www.sglgroup.com/cms/international/company/index.html?__locale=en)

Homepage TOKAI ERFTCARBON GmbH (http://www.tokai-erftcarbon.com/en/)

Homepage European Carbon and Graphite Association (http://www.carbonandgraphite.org/)

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/graphite/mcs‐2014‐graph.pdf

http://www.flindersresources.com/s/NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=509924

http://americanresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Industrial-Minerals-Data-Report.pdf

http://americanresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Industrial-Minerals-Data-Report.pdf

http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/SBDD-8QGETA?OpenDocument&Lang=EN

http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/SBDD-8QGETA?OpenDocument&Lang=EN

http://www.amg-nv.com/Home/default.aspx

http://www.sglgroup.com/cms/international/company/index.html?__locale=en

http://www.tokai-erftcarbon.com/en/

http://www.carbonandgraphite.org/

13

IRON

- Mining sites in Europe Malmberget (SE)

Very small iron ore mining in Austria, the Slova Republic and Germany

- European mining companies with national or global activities LKAB Minerals (SE)

Anglo American (UK)

Rio Tinto (UK)

London mining (UK)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) There are more than 50 steel works in EU-28 and numerous iron foundries.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products): There are numerous large companies in the processing of steel and iron materials in sectors such as

o Automotive

o Construction

o Mechanical engineering

o Infrastructure

o etc.

- Relevant association EUROFER (European Steel Assocation)

EUROmetal

CAEF (European Foundry Association)

EUROALLIAGES

EU industry* and

applications


14


"Nothing is manufactured, processed or

transported without steel" - due to the large

number of products no main products are

listed here

Figure: End-use of iron in Europe in 2010



- Relevant sectors

Automotive & transport Construction Engineering Tubes Infrastructure Domestic applicances

- Trend Rising demand in proportion to the GDP.

The demand for stainless steel, is expected to increase in the range of 4-5% per year to 2020.

- References

USGS 2014, Iron Ore (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/)

Macro business: A brief history of iron ore markets, from August 2013, retrieved April 2014

(http://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2013/08/a-brief-history-of-iron-ore-markets/)

BGR Deutschland - Rohstoffsituation 2012, November 2013

(http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Downloads/Rohsit-

2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9)

Homepage EUROFER (European Steel Association) (http://www.eurofer.org/)

Homepage EUROmetal (The voice of European steel, tubes and metal intermediation)

(http://www.eurometal.net/)

Homepage CAEF (European Foundry Association) (http://www.caef.org/default.asp)

Homepage EUROALLIAGES (European Association of ferro-alloys and silicon producers)

15

(http://www.euroalliages.com/)

World steel consumption 2012 (http://www.steelonthenet.com/consumption.html)

World Steel Association, Steel Applications, retrieved on 13May2014

(http://www.steeluniversity.org/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=2&pageid=-424514437)

World Steel Association, Fact sheet The three Rs, retrieved on 13May 2014

(http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/fact-sheets/Fact-

sheet_3Rs/document/Fact%20sheet_3Rs.pdf)

World Steel Association, World steel in figures 2013

(http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/Word-Steel-in-Figures-

2013/document/World%20Steel%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf)

World Steel Association, Fact Sheet Raw Materials

(http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/fact-sheets/Fact-sheet_Raw-

materials2011/document/Fact%20sheet_Raw%20materials2011.pdf)





16

NIOBIUM

- Mining sites in Europe No mining sites in EU (only scrap available as raw material source)

- European mining companies with global activities Anglo American (UK)

Eramet (FR)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) No primary niobium production in Europe, but production of niobium alloys from recycling (e.g.

Cronimet (DE))

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products) H.C. Starck (DE)

A&M Group Ltd (UK)

AMC Group (UK)

Heraeus (DE)

All steel works

EU industry* and

applications


17

Figure: Supply chain map of niobium

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 106 on

page 109

- Relevant associations

Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center (TIC)


Ferro-niobium largest market for

niobium (90% of worldwide niobium

demand) High-strength and corrosion resistant

steel

Specific alloys, chemicals

- Relevant sectors

Construction (high-strength low alloy

steel) Automotive (HSLA steel) Oil and gas supply (HSLA steel) Nuclear industry (alloys) Aircraft industry (alloys) Chemistry

Figure: Worldwide end-use of niobium

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, (2014),


18

- Trend Growing demand (analogous to the rising steel demand)

The world outlook for ferro-niobium demand is expected to increase by around 8% per year due to

rising global demand for steel in construction, infrastructure and automotive applications as well as

trend towards greater use of HSLA steel.

Figure: World ferro-niobium capacity and consumption forecast to 2020 (´000

tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 112

on page 115

- Future technologies The future Nb-demand will highly depend on the future steel demand.

Future technologies are assumed to require much lower amounts of Nb:

o miniaturized capacitators

o supraconductors in medical and research applications

19

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise

materials/critical/index_en.htm

http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf, page 101

Critical raw materials for the EU, 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pd

Mineral Commodity Summaries: Niobium, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014

Anglo American Homepage: http://www.angloamerican.com/

H.C. Starck Homepage: http://www.hcstarck.com/de/home.html

A&M Group Ltd Homepage: http://www.amgroup.uk.com/

TIC: wordwide association representing the tantalum and niobium industry http://tanb.org/

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile, September 2013

AMC Group Homepage: http://www.amcgroup.com/

Asian Metals Homepage: http://www.asianmetal.com/

Eramet Homepage: http://www.eramet.com/

USGS 2011 Minerals Yearbook Niobium and Tantalum (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niob

niobi.pdf)

CBMM Homepage Operations (http://www.cbmm.com/us/p/76/operations.aspx)

Fraunhofer Institut 2009: Rohstoffe für Zukunftstechnologien

http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf,%20page%20101

20

TANTALUM

- Mining sites in Europe No mining sites in Europe

- European mining companies with global activities No European mining companies

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) H.C. Starck (DE)

Advances Metallurgical Group (NL)

Plansee (AT)

Treibacher (AT)

Heraeus (DE)


H.C. Starck (DE)

Tantec (DE)

EPCOS (DE/PT)

Tantaline (DK)

Hitachi Europe

- Relvant associations: TIC (Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center)

Minor metals trade association

EU industry* and

applications


21


Tantalum capacitators

High-temperature resistant materials

(e.g. for aicraft engines)

Corrosion resistant materials

High-strength steels and carbides

(cutting tools)

Sputtering targets for semiconductor

components

Surface acoustic wave filters

Chemical apparatus engineering

Laboratory equipment

- Relevant sectors

Electronics Automotive Aerospace Medicine Optical industry Chemical industry

Figure: Worldwide end-use of tantalum in 2011



- Trend Roskill assumes a slow but steady growth in demand with highest growth rates in the segments

superalloys, sputtering targets and tantalum chemicals.

- Future technologies Tantalum is already used in a wide range of high-tech technologies which are expected to develop

further.

Besides these manifold applications, no mass-relevant additional future field was identified.

22

- References



USGS 2014, tantalum http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/


2013

Plansee Homepage: http://www.plansee-group.com/


Tantec Homepage: http://www.tantec-online.de/en_index.php?lang=en



Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Homepage: http://tanb.org/

Minor metals Trade Assocation Homepage: http://www.mmta.co.uk/

AnnexV, critical raw materials for the EU 2010, page 193 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-

materials/files/docs/annex-v_en.pdf)

Polinares EU Policy on Natural Resources, Fact Sheet: Tantalum; March 2012

(http://www.polinares.eu/docs/d2-1/polinares_wp2_annex2_factsheet2_v1_10.pdf)

Assessment of due diligence compliance cost, benefit and related effects on selected operators in relation to

the responsible sourcing of selected minerals; European Commission, September 2013

(http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/march/tradoc_152230.pdf)

ERAMET (http://www.eramet.com/sites/default/files/cp/resultats2013_eramet_21_02_2014_fr.pdf)

USGS 2013, An Exploration in Mineral Supply Chain Mapping Using Tantalum as an Example

(http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1239/pdf/ofr2013-1239.pdf)

Minor metals Trade Assocation (editor); authors: Patrick Stratton, Roskill Information Services and David

Henderson, Rittenhouse International: Tantalum Market Overview; http://www.mmta.co.uk/

23

PGEs

- Mining sites in Europe No mining sites in EU

- European mining companies with national or global activities Anglo American (UK)

Lonmin (UK)

Cronimet (DE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) Johnson Matthey (UK)

Heraeus (DE

H.C. Starck (DE)

Chimet (IT)

Anglo American (UK)

Glencore Xstrata (CH, UK)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products): Umicore (BE)

Johnson Matthey (UK)

Heraeus (DE)

BASF (DE)

Heimerle+Meule Group (DE)

- Relevant association EPMF (European Precious Metals Federation)

International Platinum Group Metals Association

ECMA (European Catalyst Manufacturers Association)

EU industry* and

applications


24


Autocatalysts

Catalysts in chemical industry

Jewellery

Alloys for electronic components

Medical products

Catalysts in fuel cells

Financial investment

- Relevant sectors

Automotive Chemical industry Electronicsl Medical technology Jewellery Finance

Figure: Word demand for PGMs for 2012


Table 36 on page129

Figure: World natural graphite supply and end-use forecast to 2020

(´000 tonnes)


page 131

26

- Trend

Rising demand in all sectors.

Overall strong demand is expected for platinum, palladium and rhodium at around 4-5 % per year.

The strongest increase is expected in the autocatalysts market.

The demand for platinum jewellery is also expected to remain strong, particularly in China.

- Future technologies Lithium-ion batteries (mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, electric vehicles) [relevant

demand driver!]

Fuel cells [potentially relevant demand driver!]

Graphene (as a better conductor of heat and electricity than copper – for electronics, solar cells, etc.)

Vanadium redox batteries

Pebble bed nuclear reactors

In R&D: carbon nanotubes in electronics, solar cells, hydrogen storage and others

- References



USGS 2014, Platinum-Group Metals; http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/

Anglo American Homepage: http://www.angloamerican.com/

Lonmin Homepage: http://www.lonmin.com/

Cronimet Homepage: http://www.cronimet.de/en/

Aurubis Homepage: http://www.aurubis.com/

KGHM Homepage: http://www.kghm.pl/

Umicore Homepage: http://www.umicore.com/en/

Johnson Matthey Homepage: http://www.matthey.com/

Heraeus Homepage: http://heraeus-precious-metals.com/

BASF Homepage: http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index


EPMF Homepage: http://www.epmf.be/

International Platinum Group Metals Association Homepage: www.ipa-news.com

ECMA Homepage: http://www.cefic.org

Johnson Matthey Prices retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/price-charts)

http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/price-charts

27

NEODYMIUM

- Mining sites in Europe Project in pre-mining phase: Norra Kärr (SE) by Tasman metals (Canadian company with Swedish

subsidiary) Skaland mine (NO)

- European mining companies with global activities (all projects are still

in the pre-mining phase!): Avannaa Resources (UK)

Rare Earths Minerals (UK)

CGRG Ltd. (CZ)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) No primary production from ores in Europe

The French Rhodia (Solvay Group) processes smaller amounts of high-concentrated rare earths

oxides.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products) Solvay (BE/FR) (former Rhodia)

Vacuumschmelze (DE)

Silmet/Molycorp (EE, subsidiary of US Molycorp)

Arnold Magnetic Technologies (UK)

Less Common Metals (UK, subsidiary of Canadian GWMG)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems (NL)

Siemens AG (DE)

ALSTOM (FR)

BASF (DE)

Treibacher (AT)

EU industry* and

applications


28


Large wind turbines with direct gears

Motors for hybrid vehicles

Motors for electric vehicles

Permanent magnets in industrial and

household applications (e.g. energy

efficient washing machines)

Hard disk drives

Loud speakers

NiMH-batteries

Figure: Neodymium end-use, 2012



- Relevant sectors

Wind energy Automotive Mechanical engineering

Electronics

- Trend Worldwide rising demand in wind power and automotive industry, particularly in Chinese wind

power installations.

The global neodymium demand is expected to increase by around 7% per year according to the 2014

report on critical materials for the EU.

29

Figure: World neodymium supply and demand forecast to 2020 (tonnes)


page 167

- Future technologies Motors for e-mobility

Large wind turbines with direct gear

- References



USGS 2014 (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2014-raree.pdf)

UNEP International Resource Panel 2011, Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report

Asian Metals, retrieved on 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Schüler et al, Study on Rare Earths and Their Recycling, 2011

ALKANE Resources Ltd.: Chart on rare earth resource by country excluding China, published on the

website http://www.australianrareearths.com/current-issues.html, download at 04 Nov 2010

Ministry of Environmental Protection In: The Explanation of Compiling Emission Standards of Pollutants

30

from Rare Earths Industry 2009 viewed 11 October 2010,

Tansman metals Homepage (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/REEProjects.asp)

Avannaa Resources Homepage (http://www.avannaa.com)

Rare Earth Minerals Homepage (http://www.rareearthmineralsplc.com/)

CGRC Homepage (http://www.cgrg.cz/)

Nuna Minerals Homepage (http://www.nunaminerals.com/)

Vacuumschmelze Homepage (http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/index.php?id=30)

Arnold magnetic Technologies Homepage (http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/)

Solvay Homepage (http://www.solvay.com/)

Treibacher Industrie AG Homepage (http://www.treibacher.at/de/home.html)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems Homepage (http://www.goudsmit-magnetics.nl/EN/)

Siemens AG Homepage (http://www.siemens.com)

ALSTOM Homepage (http://www.alstom.com/)

Osram Homepage (http://www.osram.de/osram_de/)

Philips Homepage (http://www.philips.co.uk/?locale_org=de_de)

BASF Homepage (http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index)

ERECON (European Rare Earths Competence Network Homepage

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/erecon/index_en.htm)

Lynas annual report 2013

(https://www.lynascorp.com/Annual%20Reports/Lynas_Annual%20Report_2013%20FINAL%201272078.

pdf)

CRS Report for Congress: Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain, December 2013

(http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41347.pdf)

31

DYSPROSIUM

- Mining sites in Europe Project in pre-mining phase: Norra Kärr (SE) by Tasman metals (Canadian company with Swedish

subsidiary)

- European exploration companies with global activities (all projects

are still in the pre-mining phase!): Avannaa Resources (UK)

Rare Earths Minerals (UK)

CGRG Ltd. (CZ)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters): No primary production from ores in Europe

The French Rhodia (Solvay Group) processes smaller amounts of high-concentrated rare earths

oxides.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products): Solvay (BE/FR) (former Rhodia)

Vacuumschmelze (DE)

Silmet/Molycorp (EE, subsidiary of US Molycorp)

Arnold Magnetic Technologies (UK)

Less Common Metals (UK, subsidiary of Canadian GWMG)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems (NL)

Siemens AG (DE)

ALSTOM (FR)

Treibacher (AT)

- Relevant association ERECON (European Rare Earths Competency Network)

EU industry* and

applications


32


Motors for hybrid vehicles Motors for electric vehicles Large wind turbines with direct

gears Laser (small amounts) Nuclear reactor control (small

amounts)

Figure: Dysprosium end-use, 2012



- Relevant sectors

Automotive Wind energy Nuclear and optical industry (small

amounts)

- Trend

Worldwide rising demand in wind power and automotive industry, particularly in Chinese wind

power installations.

The global dysprosium demand is expected to increase by around 9% per year according to the 2014

report on critical materials for the EU.

The recent developments of permanent magnets for high-temperature applications with a lower

dysprosium content (savings of 30-50 %) may slow down this trend.

Figure: World dysprosium supply and demand forecast to 2020 (tonnes)

33


page 177

- Future technology

Motors for e-mobility

Large wind turbines with direct gear

- References



USGS 2014 (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2014-raree.pdf)

UNEP International Resource Panel 2011, Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report

Asian Metals, retrieved on 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Schüler et al, Study on Rare Earths and Their Recycling, 2011

ALKANE Resources Ltd.: Chart on rare earth resource by country excluding China, published on the

website http://www.australianrareearths.com/current-issues.html, download at 04 Nov 2010

Ministry of Environmental Protection In: The Explanation of Compiling Emission Standards of Pollutants

from Rare Earths Industry 2009 viewed 11 October 2010,

Tansman metals Homepage (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/REEProjects.asp)

Avannaa Resources Homepage (http://www.avannaa.com)

Rare Earth Minerals Homepage (http://www.rareearthmineralsplc.com/)

CGRC Homepage (http://www.cgrg.cz/)

Nuna Minerals Homepage (http://www.nunaminerals.com/)

Vacuumschmelze Homepage (http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/index.php?id=30)

Arnold magnetic Technologies Homepage (http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/)

Solvay Homepage (http://www.solvay.com/)

Treibacher Industrie AG Homepage (http://www.treibacher.at/de/home.html)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems Homepage (http://www.goudsmit-magnetics.nl/EN/)

Siemens AG Homepage (http://www.siemens.com)

ALSTOM Homepage (http://www.alstom.com/)

Osram Homepage (http://www.osram.de/osram_de/)

34

Philips Homepage (http://www.philips.co.uk/?locale_org=de_de)

BASF Homepage (http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index)

ERECON (European Rare Earths Competence Network Homepage

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/erecon/index_en.htm)

Avalon Enters into Rare Earth Refining Agreement and Strategic Partnership, March 2014,

(http://web.tmxmoney.com/article.php?newsid=66144515&qm_symbol=AVL)

35

TUNGSTEN

- Mining sites in Europe Barruecopardo Tungsten project (ES)

Panasqueira mine (PT)

Mining in Mittersill (AT, Salburg)

Property Pöhla-Globenstein (DE)

Canadian companies operate mines in Portugal

- European mining companies with national or global activities Ormonde Mining Plc (IE)

Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (PT)

Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG (AT)

SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG (DE)

Tasman (CA/SE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters) Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG (AT)

Cronimet (DE)

SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG (DE)


A&M Group Ltd. (UK)

AMC Group (UK)

Eurotungstene metal powders (FR)

Umicore (BE; silver-tungsten carbide)

- Relevant association ITIA (International Tungsten Industry Association)

EU industry* and

applications


36


Corrosion-resistant materials

Lighting technology

High-temperature resistant materials

(e.g. furnaces, power stations)

Extremely hard cutting tools

Materials with high density

Vibration motor of mobile phone

Space travel and aircraft devices

Laser technology

- Relevant sectors

Construction and mechanical

engineering Mining Military Electronics

Figure: Worldwide end-use of tungsten in 2010



- Trend Overall market growth is expected to be strong with an annual growth forecast at around 4.5% per

year to 2020.

The tungsten chemicals sector is expected to double by 2020.

The more established cemented carbides, steel alloy and tungsten products will increase more

moderate at 3% - 4% per year.

Overall, the production is expected to increase due to development projects mainly in Europe, North

America and Australia.

By 2017 and 2020 demand is expected to catch up the increased supply.

37

Figure: World total tungsten supply and end-use forecasts to 2020 (tonnes)


page 200

- Future technologies No additional future technologies identified.

However, the listed application fields (high-temperature resistant and corrosion-resistant materials

and extremely hard cutting tools) will expand to more sophisticated application fields (e.g. deep

drilling for raw materials).

38

- References



European Commission: Critical metals in the path towards the decarbonisatio of the EU Energy sector

http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf, page 101

Critical raw materials for the EU, 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-

materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pdf

Mineral Commodity Summaries: Tungsten, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014

Ormonde Mining Plc.: http://www.ormondemining.com/

Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram: no company homepage http://www.itia.info/sojitz-beralt-tin-wolfram-

portugal-sa.html

Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG: http://www.wolfram.at/wolfram_at/wEnglisch/index.html

SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG: http://www.smeag.de/


2013

ITIA (International Tungsten Industry Association); www.itia.info

Plansee Homepage: http://www.plansee-group.com/



Eurotungstene metal powders Homepage: http://www.eurotungstene.com/

Umicore Homepage: http://www.umicore.com/en/

Asian Metal retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Tasman Metals (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/Projects.asp)

Metal Pages: Word Tungsten Report, September 2012

http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf,%20page%20101

http://www.ormondemining.com/

http://www.wolfram.at/wolfram_at/wEnglisch/index.html

http://www.smeag.de/

39

ZINC

- Mining sites in Europe Navan Tara Mine (IE)

Garpenberg (SE)

Boliden Area (SE)

Neves-Corvo (PT

Zinkgruvan (SE)

Aguas Tenidas Mine (ES)

Pyhäsalmi (FI)

Lisheen (IE)

Galmoy (IE)

- European mining companies with national or global activities Boliden (SE)

Lundin Mining Corp. (CA/SE)

Trafigura (UK)

Nyrstar (CH)


- Primary production companies in EU (refiners / smelters) Boliden (SE)


Nyrstar (CH)

HCM S.A. (PL)

KCM 2000 Group (BG)

ZGH Bolesław (PL) Sometra (RO)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products) Grillo Werke (DE)

Rheinzink (DE)

Umicore (BE)

Numerous galvanizing plants and foundries

EU industry* and

applications


40

- Relevant association IZA-Europe (International Zinc Association Europe


Galvanized steel products (e.g. car

body, ventilation ducts, facade

elements) Brass products (e.g. door handle,

fittings etc.) Die castings for automobiles Rolled zinc (e.g. US Penny) Chemicals (e.g. paints,

pharmaceutical, animal feed)

- Relevant sectors

Building construction Mechanical engineering Automotive and transport Consumer goods Electrical appliances

Figure: Worldwide use of zinc



- Trend

Rising demand.

Major global drivers will be the increasing demand of zinc for galvanizing steel from construction

sector, demand of zinc alloys and die-casting in automobile sector, and investment in infrastructure

development.

- Future technologies Zinc-air-batteries

41

- References



Business line (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/market-strategy/excess-

supply-to-keep-zinc-price-ranged/article5358571.ece)

USGS 2014, Zinc (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/mcs-2014-zinc.pdf)

Boliden Homepage (www.boliden.com)

Lundin mining Homepage (http://www.lundinmining.com/s/Home.asp)

Trafigura Homepage (www.trafigura.com)

First quantum Homepage (www.first-quantum.com)

IZA-Europe (International Zinc Association Europe) Homepage (http://www.zinc.org/about/profile)

Minerals Education Coalition Homepage (http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals/zinc), retrieved

on 16th April 2014

Asian Metal, retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

HCM S.A. Homepage (http://www.hcm.com.pl)

Sometra Homepage (http://www.sometra.ro)

Recyclex Homepage (http://www.recylex.com/)

Umicore Homepage (http://www.umicore.com/en/)

KCM 2000 Group Homepage (http://www.kcm2000.bg)

Ecorys 2011: Competitiveness of the EU Non-ferrous Metals Industries

(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/metals-minerals/files/fn97624_nfm_final_report_5_april_en.pdf)

Minerals Ireland Exploration & Mining Divison Homepage: Current Mining in Ireland, retrieved 26th August

2014 (http://www.mineralsireland.ie/Mining+in+Ireland/Current+Mining.htm)

Market Research Homepage: Global Zinc Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Profit, and Forecast Analysis; retrieved

26th August 2014 (http://www.marketresearch.com/Lucintel-v2747/Global-Zinc-Trend-Profit-Forecast-

7504078/)

http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals/zinc

http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals/zinc

http://www.mineralsireland.ie/Mining+in+Ireland/Current+Mining.htm

http://www.mineralsireland.ie/Mining+in+Ireland/Current+Mining.htm

http://www.marketresearch.com/Lucintel-v2747/Global-Zinc-Trend-Profit-Forecast-7504078/



annex 1: greenland mineral deposit descriptions

Documents