anne m jervell the government’s role in enabling sustainable food production and consumption anne...
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Anne M Jervell
The government’s role in enabling sustainable food
production and consumption
Anne Moxnes Jervell
National Institute for Consumer Research (SIFO)
Food: safety and sustainability, a common project of producers and consumers?
Utrecht, 23rd June 2005
Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University
Anne M Jervell
A Norwegian view..
Inge Grødum, Aftenposten 1999
Anne M Jervell
Farming on the margin..Land Type% of total land area
Mountains 48
Productive Forest 22
Unproductive Forest 15
Bogs and wetland 6
Lakes, glaciers 5
Agricultural land 3
Urban Land 1
Norway: marginal farming
Anne M Jervell
Producer Support Estimates
1
6
13
18
18
18
19
20
22
38
63
64
66
71
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
New Zealand
Australia
Tyrkia
Ungarn
Tsjekkia
Mexico
Canada
Polen
USA
EU-15
Island
Japan
Norge
Sveits
Prosent PSE
Anne M Jervell
Topics• Sustainable food production
– Local production vs trade– Environmental vs social sustainability
• Sustainable food consumption– Food security– Nutrition and health effects
• The role of government– Agricultural policy– Food safety regulation– Consumer and nutritional policy
Anne M Jervell
Sustainable food production and consumption
Definition of sustainability– Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtland Report (World Commission on Environment & Development)
Producing and consuming without reducing the (total) capital available for future use.
Anne M Jervell
Local food production vs trade?
• Local production has local effects– Negative externalities (pollution, lasting effects?)
» Restrictions and regulations, organic agriculture– Positive externalities (landscape)
» Subsidies, basis for tourism, quality of life
• Trade in global commodities can– increase efficiency in resource use– remove consumers from negative external effects of
production
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Local and global markets
MarketsLocal NationalRegional GlobalEU
Niche productsDifferentiated productsValue added products
Local foodAlternative food
Bulk products
Basicproduct
Specialproduct
Differentiation
Figur fra: Forsman 2001: Resource-Based Strategy Analysis: A Case of Local Food Processing Firms in Finland, In Borgen (ed) The Food Sector in Transition- Nordic Research, NILF-Report 2001-2
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Local agenda 21 initiatives
Municipalities focusing environmental costs of imported foods and the question of local food supply
Anne M Jervell
Environmental vs social sustainability:
• Environmental sustainability: production without negative effects on environmental capital
– Effects of farm structure on environment (monocult)– Effects of farming systems on environment (pesticides)– Indirect effects from transport (global warming)
• Social sustainability: production with positive effects on human and social capital
– The regional population and employment effects of local agricultural and food production
– The welfare and distributional effects of trade
Anne M Jervell
Sustainable food consumption?
• Food security– Long term food security
» Productive capacity, management of resources (fisheries)
– A sustainable diet (in periods of shortage ex WW 2)» Meat consumption
• Health effects– National nutrition policies promoting a healthy diet– Rising obesity rates and diabetes prevalence
Anne M Jervell
Nutrition policies
From policies directed towards supplying enough foods dominated the post-war period, focus shifted in the 1970s and 1980s towards reducing the intake of fat.
Protectionism and food prices: countries with higher pSE levels (and food prices) have lower obesity rates..But: prices of food commodities have a diminishing share of total food prices.
Anne M Jervell
Consumption trends
Food Item Norway1980
Norway1998
US1999
France1998
Meat 74.1 85.5 98.4 112.7
Fish 22.0 25.2 6.9 24.82
Eggs 10.8 10.3 14.9 14.9
Cheese 11.8 14.2 12.5 32.13
Fluid milk 165.5 128.6 85.9 69.0
Whole milk 142.6 32.6 31.3
Soft drinks 26.7 67.2 196.6
Vegetables 44.7 60.7 191.0 123.7
Anne M Jervell
Diverging trends in the food markets?
• Globalization and international standardization– Trans-national companies– Globally converging consumption patterns
AND
• Local differentiation – Food related tourism– Interest in speciality products in the high-income population
Anne M Jervell
The case for local or regional food
Value-addingCultural identity and traditional productsFood as part of a tourism productQuality and freshness
Environmental effectsPositive environmental effects of food productionSustainability and self-sufficiency
Development Producer-consumer contact stimulates innovationIncreased diversity and differentiation
Anne M Jervell
The ABC of Policies that affect food productionand consumption
• Agro-food sector policies (agricultural policy, food sector regulation)– Support to production in non-competitive regions– Regulation and competition policy
• Barriers to food trade (tariffs, standards, TBT)– Reductions in tariffs– Increased importance of technical barriers
• Consumer policy and food safety regulations– Nutrition policies, labeling, nutritional information– Hygienic standards, traceability, disease control
Anne M Jervell
Ministry of agriculture and foodhttp://odin.dep.no/lmd/html/multifunc/
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food is responsible for food and agricultural policymaking. The food policy aims to provide consumers with wholesome, high quality food products, and to ensure that the food production process is carried out with environmental, public health and animal welfare concerns in mind.
Multifunctional agriculture: the case of Norway Beyond its primary role of producing food and fibreagriculture also contributes to the viability of rural areas, food security, the cultural heritage and environmental benefits such as the agricultural landscape, agro-biological diversity, land conservation and high standards of plant, animal and public health.
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Organic agriculture
•The role of government:
– Setting goals: Norway – 10% of acreage in organic farming
– Subsidizing conversion
– Certification bodies and labelling systems
BUT: in Norway only 10-30% of organic food is sold and consumed as organic
– Public procurement of organic products (ex Denmark)
Anne M Jervell
Ex. International standards
Anne M Jervell
Ex. Food Safety and consumers
The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is a governmental body. Our goal is that consumers should have healthy and safe food and safe drinking water. We promote human, plant, fish and animal health, environmentally friendly production, and ethically acceptable farming of animals and fish. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority also performs duties relating to cosmetics and medicines, and inspects animal health personnel.
www.mattilsynet.no
Anne M Jervell
Producers
Government
ConsumersFood
Anne M Jervell
Development last 20 years with respect to safety etc. (>1 improvement <1 worse)?
1,5
1,3
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,5
1,3
1,1
1
1,1
1,2
1,1
1,2
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1,1
1
0,3
1,2
1,1
1,1
0,9
0,5
1,1
1
1
0,50,2
1,1
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
G.Britain Denmark Norway E.Germany W.Germany Portugal Italy
Safety Nutrition Farming methods Quality Price
>1 improved
<1 worse
Anne M Jervell
Concluding:
Policies can have negative or positive effects on sustainability – and the evaluation of effects will depend on level (global, regional, local)
National policies are strongly influenced by international context, industry actors (producers), and more recently, consumer interests.