ankur prasad_industrial training report

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RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION (RDSO)

Submitted for partial fulfillment of Industrial Training Report

By

ANKUR PRASAD

Enrollment No: A7605110044

B.Tech-ECE (2010-2014)

Under guidance of

Mrs. Sumita Mishra

Sr. Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGENIEERING

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

Submitted to:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

LUCKNOW CAMPUS 2013

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DECLARATION

I, Ankur Prasad, student of B. Tech (Electronics and Communication

Engineering) 2010-2014 hereby declare that the Industrial training entitled

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING at Dept. of Telecommunication-RESEARCH

DESIGNS & STANDARDS ORGANISATION which is partial fulfillment

of 7th semester industrial training report. This is a comprehensive study,

training survey and brief review based on existing knowledge and technology

which is produced in best possible manner.

Place: Lucknow

Date:

(Ankur Prasad)

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CERTIFICATE

On the basis of declaration submitted by name student of B.Tech. Electronics

and Communication batch 2011-2015. I hereby certify that project titled

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING at RESEARCH DESIGNS & STANDARDS

ORGANISATION which is submitted to the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology,

Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, in partial fulfillment of 7 th

semester term paper is a contribution with existing knowledge and faithful

record of work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision.

Place: Lucknow

Date:

(Mrs.Sumita Mishra)

Faculty Guide

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards all the wonderful people

who have helped me and guided me throughout my project.My deepest thanks to the Faculty Guided and Telecommunication lab Incharge

of RDSO, Lucknow for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with

attention and care. They have trained us with immense dedication and without

their hardwork this training cant be possible.

I would like to express heartiest thanks to Brig. U.K Chopra Deputy Director

ASET, Prof. S.T.H. Abidi, Director, and ASET for their constant

encouragement and providing necessary facilities required for completion of my

work.

I consider myself privileged to express deep sense of gratitude to my faculty

guide Mrs Sumita Mishra of Amity School of Engineering and Technology,

Lucknow for his valuable guidance, sincere co-operation, keen interest,

encouragement and constructive suggestions which helped me in completing

this summer training report.

(Ankur Prasad)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION6-8

2. SIMRAN...9

3. RailTel10

4. Internet Access in Running Trains using WiMax..11

5. GPS Synchronized Clock...12-13

6. Fibre Distribution Management System....14

7. Voice Data Logger.15-16

8. LC Gate Communication System..17-18

9. Integrated Passenger Information System.19-20

10. Working of Signaling at Railways ..21-23

11. Controlling of Telephone Exchange at RDSO 24-26

12. KVM Switch.27-28

13. LAN Extender..29

15. Core Switch. 30

16. Switches31-32

17. Conclusion.33

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1. INTRODUCTION

Railways were introduced in India in 1853 and it developed eventually through the twentieth

century and during this duration large number of companies managed to grow successfully.

The Indian Railway Conference Association (IRCA) was set up in the 1903 for

standardization and coordination among different railway systems. This organization was

followed by the Central Standards Office (CSO) in 1930 in order for the preparation of

designs, specifications and standards. Alas, until independence most of these designs and

manufacture of railway equipments was under the control the foreign consultants. After

Independence and with the gradual increase in population the demands of rail transportation

increased in bounds due to which a new organization called Railway Testing and ResearchCentre (RTRC) was setup in the 1952 at Lucknow for testing and conducting applied research

for development of the railways. Soon the CSO and RTRC were integrated or combined

together to form a single unit called as the RDSO- RESEARCH DESIGNS AND

STANDARDS ORGANISATION in 1957, under Ministry of railways at Lucknow.

1.1 RDSO Lucknow

1.1 Organization:

RDSO is headed by a Director General, who is assisted by Additional Director General,

senior Executive Directors and Executive Directors. All the directorates of RDSO except

Defence Research are located at Lucknow. Cells for Railway Production Units inspection and

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development work are located at Bangalore, Bhagalpur, Bhopal, Mumbai, Burnpur, Kolkata, ChiSahibabad,

Bhilai and New Delhi.

1.2 Quality Policy:

To develop safe, modern and cost effective Railway technologies that are in accordance with Statutory andRegulatory require Designs and Standards and Continual improvements in Quality Management System to

fulfill the growing railway demands.

1.3 Quality Assurance:

The quality assurance function in liu of vendor approval and purchase inspection vendor directories was being

looked after by individual technical directorates of RDSO along with their normal functions of research and

standardization. To impart greater thrust to quality assurance, Railway Board has approved the creation of a

Organization at RDSO in September 2002 for Technical disciplines like Mechanical Engg. Including M&C,Civil Eng by Executive Director under the overall charge of an HAG officer.

1.3 Functions:

RDSO is the main and crucial R&D organization of Indian Railways and functions as the technical advisor to

Railway Board and Production Units and performs a number of important functions like:

Development of new and improved designs.

Development, adoption, absorption of new technology for use on Indian Railways.

Development of standards for materials and products specially needed by Indian Railways. Technical investigation, statutory clearances, testing and providing consultancy services.

Inspection of critical and safety items of rolling stock, locomotives, signaling & telecommunication

equipments.

1.4 Governing Council:

Governing Council is a body that comprises of Chairman, Railway Board as Chairman and Financial

Commissioner, Member Mechanical, Member Staff, Member Electrical, Member Traffic, Addl. Member

Railway Board and Director General. Main functions of the Governing council are:

To identify and approve the R&D projects for technology development on Indian Railways. To review the progress of projects.

To determine the quantum of direct investment in technology development within the overall allocation of

funds under the plan head Railway Research'.

To give direction for improving the working of RDSO.

1.5 Central Board Of Railway Research:

Board of Railway Research (CBRR) consists of DG/RDSO as Chairman, Addl. Member (Civil Engg.), Addl.

Member (MAddl. Member (Sig), Addl. Member (traffic), Advisor (Finance), Executive Director (E&R),

Executive Director (Plg.Director General/RDSO as member secretary. Non- Railways members of CBRR

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consist of eminent scientists, technologists other research organizations, academic institutions and industrial

units related to railway technology and materials.

Functions of CBRR are:

To consider and recommend the program of research on Indian Railways.

To review the research program from time to time.

To ensure coordination and assistance from other research laboratories.

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2. SIMRAN SIMRAN stands for Satellite Imaging for Rail Navigation.

It is basically a Real Time Train Tracking System which is based on Global Positioning

System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) technologies.

This pilot project is jointly developed by RDSO/Lucknow and IIT/Kanpur. It is fitted in

the locomotive.

Apart from Real time live train tracking it is also used as Unmanned Level Crossing Gate

Warning System which provides Audio Visual warning to the nearby pedestrians,

whenever a train fitted with SIMRAN locomotive equipment approaches the level

crossing gate and has reaches a predetermined distance from the level crossing gate.

LC Gate warning system uses Solar Power as primary source of Power Supply. RF

Message continuously being generated by SIMRAN Locomotive Equipment (which

contains information like its Location Co-ordinates, Time & Speed) will be received by

LC Gate Equipment and decoded so that the location of train from the LC Gate to

generate Audio-Visual Warning to Road Users.

RF Message generated by SIMRAN Locomotive Equipment shall be received by

Unmanned LC Gate atleast from a distance of 2 Km. Main Processing Unit(MPU) to be

installed at Unmanned Level Crossing Gate shall comprise of RF Transceivers, Central

Processing Unit, Memory, I/O Interfaces, etc.

The GSM network used here is of BSNL and Airtel because of its widespread

connectivity. Both the network SIM are present in this equipment and uses the master-

slave relationship so that if one networks goes out of range the other one takes over.

Each equipment box is assigned with a particular code along with each stations or LC

gate crossing. Whenever the locomotive approaches the station or LC gate SIMRAN

sends the location i.e basically the Latitude & Longitude to the central Server in the

encoded form and then it is made available to the public for real time train update.

The data which SIMRAN provide includes Train Speed, Closest Station, Next Stop and

Train Status.

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3. RailTel

3.1 Logo of Railtel

It is the largest neutral telecom infrastructure providers in the country that owes a Pan-India optic fiber network on exclusive Right of Way (ROW) along Railway track.

The OFC network of RailTel includes all important towns & cities of the country and a

number of rural areas covering 70% of Indias population.

With its strong nationwide presence it brings cutting edge technology and offer

innovative services to the Indian Telecom market.

It provides nationwide Broadband Telecom & Multimedia Network in all parts of the

country in addition to modernization of Train operations and administration network

systems.

3.1 Telecom & IT Services to Indian Railways:

Long haul connectivity: RailTel provides Wide Area Network which is known as

Railnet to support the managerial data communication needs of various field

organizations of Indian Railways. This networking chain interconnects Ministry of

Railways with its 16 Zonal HQs, 66 Divisions offices, Production units, Training

Institutions for sharing of information from all its departments. The network reach of

RailTel is also being extended to operational areas like major yards, workshops &

other far units. Internet access is also extended to all Railway offices on RailNet, as

required. RailTel has also undertaken the task of creating secured L3 MPLS VPN

network for Vigilance directorate connecting across all Zonal Railways and Railwayunits.

NGN for voice traffic : All major telephone exchanges of Indian Railways are

connected with future proof NGN technology. This infrastructure is very critical for

day to day administrative functioning of Railways.

Facilitating CUG (Closed User Groups) services : It has facilitated Mobile CUG

connections for 175,000 officers of Indian Railways which is arguably the largest

CUG plan within India as well as worldwide. It provides seamless communication

among the officials for improved train operations

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4. Internet Access in Running Trains using WiMax

4.1 WiMax used in railway

In order to fulfill the ever increasing demand of internet access by passengers, availability of

broadband internet to passengers in running train is made readily available now with the

increasing technology. Trial for provision of internet in running train on WiMAX technology

has also been conducted. Radios on the train, which are termed wan devices may be WiMax

radio, cellular modems, wifi clients, or satellite terminals.

WiMax radio base stations is the one with which the train wans communicate

An intelligent router on the train called the communications control unit (ccu) that will

direct traffic to and from the train according to the currently best placed wan, and

additionally performs system and application functions like web server for a 'logon' or

landing page for wifi, and firewall functionality.

The CCU also collates gps data and telemetry from network components and streams it to

the fleet manager database server.

A home agent server in a central location that is the 'end point' for traffic to and from train

(the home agent server may in reality be a cluster of machines to provide high

availability)

WiFi network inside the train are termed as LAN DEVICES.

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5 .GPS Synchronized Clock

5.1 GPRS clock at railway stations

Digital clocks with GPS synchronization used at the Railway Stations are highly readable

systems consisting of one master clock and several slave clocks.

The Master clock system updates its time from precisied GPS data and periodically sends &

syncs to slave clocks for synchronization. Slave clocks can also be used for workingstandalone mode by updating its time from GPS receiver.

5.1 Salient Features :

Microprocessor control

Wired/Wireless communication between master and slave clocks

Real time clock backup for GPS reception

Automatic synchronization of Real time clock, from GPS Receiver

Automatic intensity control to daylight saving time.

Master clock can also be optionally driven by PC software

Manual setting of Real time clock, Hours and Minutes,12 Hr 24 Hr format toggle throughUser Interface (master clock)

Front Panel LED indicators for communication health in master clock

1 second flash on time display networked/standalone, microprocessor/micro-controller

based led digital clocks designed to give correct and clearly visible time information.

All digital clocks located at different locations give correct and same time with help of

GPS synchronization.

System operates in an intelligent network in master-slave configuration and gives real

time link status.

Designed to be immune from elctro-magnetic induction to elctro-static induction.

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Very low power consumption.

Higly reliable system conforming to is ISO:9000 standards.

5.2Applications:

Suitable for applications requiring accurate synchronized time displays such as Time

Displays in

Railway stations

Airports

Process industries

Sporting Arenas

Customer Service Centers

Emergency and Police Services

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6.Fiber Distribution Management System

Name Of Item: Fiber Distribution Management System

6.1 FDMS equipment

Specification No.: Rdso/Spn Tc 037/2000 Rev.3 Amnd. 1

Scope: It Is Used For Management i.e: 24 Of Fibers Of Armored Optical Fibre Cable.

Main Features:

1. It Is A Sheet Metal Box With Pull Out Drawers Type Of Splicing & Patching Shelves.

2. It Has Sufficient Storage Space For Storing Extra Length Of Loose Tubes And Patch

Cards.

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3. Each Patching Shelf Can House Max. 24 No. Of Fc/Pc Adaptors. Mounted On An

Adaptor Fixing Plate.

4. The FDMS Modules Are Suitable For Mounting On A Standard 19 Rack

5. 3M Fiber Distribution & Management System: The 3M Fiber Distribution &Management System (FDMS) provides a cost-effective & organized rack to manage &

protect high-density fiber optic installations. The system provides maximum protection to

rough service field applications, while maintaining a clean appearance in the central

office and equipment closet. The FDMS allows users to obtain the fiber management

components they need from a single source. Each component is part of a large family of

fiber optic products including couplings, cable assemblies, pigtails, splices & more.

6. 3M Point of Interconnect Rack (POI) :The 3M POI Rack System (19 inch Rack)

maintain various equipments required in a POI (Point Of Intersection) , viz. Fiber

Management Systems, DSDB Shelf (with MCB), Digital Distribution Frame and other

OLTE & Mux Equipments.

7.VOICE DATA LOGGER/MONITOR FOR

CONTROLCIRCUIT

7.1 Voice Data Logger

NAME OF ITEM: VOICE DATA LOGGER/MONITOR FOR CONTROL CIRCUIT.

SPECIFICATION NO.:RDSO/SPN/TC/38-2002. rev-1,Amd.No.1

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PURPOSE: The system is used for recording voice communication on 4w/2w control

circuit and telephone lines and wireless communication also.

SALIENT FEATURES:

Event logging facility for minimum 10 Lac events is provided in a Data logger.

Data shall be recorded on first in first out basis so that latest data is available in thesystem. There should be no loss of data from the data logger memory in case of power

supply failure of data logger.

Secondary data backup is provided with isolation [of power supply and data] and not plu

ggable by the user. It is not possible to copy data from data logger in to secondary data

backup device on request by user.

Necessary hardware and software tools shall be available to post data from the device intodata base through NMDL. Its capacity is 10 lakh events.

Scanning interval for digital inputs shall be less than 20 milliseconds.

Change in status of digital signal shall only be recorded.

Central monitoring unit shall be state of art PC ( of reputed brand ) based systemworking on commercial supply of 230VAC, 50Hz. The minimum configuration

shall be as specified by RDSO from time to time.

System can record upto 16 voice channel.

It also keeps the record of missed calls, particular date and time can be replayed. Wireless

instrument can also interfaced with system.

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APPROVED SOURCES: One

8.LC GATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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8.1 Gate Telephone

NAME OF ITEM: LC Gate Communication System using wired and wireless data

Communication with private number Exchange & Voice logging facilities.

SPECIFICATION NO.: RDSO/SPN/TC/49/2003 VER.3

PURPOSE: For communication between station/cabin and LC Gates

SALIENT FEATURES:

Facilities of private number exchange, voice recording and data storage, retrieving in ASM

control equipment and gate equipment also, password protection.

Electronic LC gate telephone system is design to facilitate communication between the

ASM/cabin of a railway station with the gate men at different gates.

This system consist of 1 master telephone and a no. of gate telephones (6 nos) and a

specially designed power supply unit with build in rechargeable battery and charger.

Master telephone is used at the ASM/Cabin and the gate telephone is to be used at LV

gates.

All the telephones work in 2 wire circuit and are connected through a signal cable pair.

Through telephones are connected in omnibus mode, gates can not hear or speak to any

other telephone unless activated by the master.

Master can activate any gate or all the gates by pressing the corresponding switches.

Gates can also call the master by pressing CALL switch located on Gate telephones.

All the telephones work from a signal 24V DC Power Supply Unit which is normally

located at a convenient place near the Master Telephone.

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The Gate Telephone needs no local Power Supply Unit or Battery within a distance of 6

KM for a 0.9mm dia Cu conductor. For Gates at longer distance, local Power may be

necessary.

Power Supply:

Specially designed PSU with 24V DC MF Battery and Charger to be located at

ASM/Cabin.

No PSU or Battery is required at LC Gates within a distance of 6 km from the station.

APPROVED SOURCE: 2

9.INTEGRATED PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM

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9.1 IPIS equipment

NAME OF ITEM: Integrated Passenger information system (train indication, coach

guidance and PC based Announcement system).

SPECIFICATION NO. :RDSO/SPN/TC/61/2007,REVISION 2.0

PURPOSE: To give train information to passengers by LED based display and pc based

announcement at railway stations.

SALIENT FEATURES:

Supplied to Indian Railways by G.G Tronics India Pvt. Ltd.

System consists of Central Data controller, Platform Data Controller, True color Display

Boards at different sizes & input signals to CCTV and Audio Announcement system.

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Display's Train Number, Name of Train, Expected Train, Arrival/Departure of Trains and

Platform Number for multiple trains at a time on IVD & OVD Boards. IVD & OVD shall

displays the commercials, entertainment programs and other information for passengers.

Integrated user friendly system having operation from single PC for announcement,

display of train information on display boards (Multiline display and coach guidance

display board) and CCTV network.

Microprocessor/Micro-controller based modular LED display board designed to give

correct and clearly visible information.

System operates in an intelligent networked and gives real time network log and link

status.

Display boards and announcement system at various station can be networked for

operation from centralized location.

Design to be immune from electro-magnet or electro-static interferences.

Very low power consumption.

Highly reliable system conforming to ISO:9000 standards.

NO. OF APPROVED SOURCES: 3

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10. WORKING OF SIGNALING AT RAILWAYS

10.1 Signals:

These have aspects and indications where aspect is the visual appearance of the signal and

the indication is the meaning. Different railroads historically assigned different meanings to

the same aspect, so it is common as a result of mergers to find that different divisions of a

modern railroad may have different rules governing the interpretation of signal aspects.

Types of signals

Color signals

The color of each individual light is subsumed in the overall pattern. For example, it is

common to see a "Clear" aspect consisting of a green light above a red light. The red light

in this instance does not indicate "Stop"; it is simply a component of a larger aspect.

Operating rules specify that when there is some error in the display of an aspect the

indication should be read as the most restrictive indication consistent with what is

displayed.

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They convey information about the state of the next signal to be encountered. When a

train is waiting at a signal it is "in rear of" that signal and the danger being protected by

the signal is "in advance of" the train and signal.

10.1 Color light signal

Position Light Signal

It is one where the position of the lights, rather than their color, determines the meaning.

The aspect consists solely of a pattern of illuminated lights, which are all of the same

color In many countries, small position light signals are used as shunting signals, while

the main signals are of color light form.

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10.2 Position light signal

Searchlight signals

These are most often used signal type, although these have become less popular due to

vandalism.

In these, a single incandescent light bulbis used in each head, and either

an A.C. orD.C.relay mechanism is used to move a colored spectacle (or "roundel") in

front of the lamp. In this manner, gravity returns the red roundel into the lamp's optical

path.

10.3 Search light signal

10.2 Switching:

Switch consists of a pair of linked tapering rails, known as points lying between the

diverging outer rails. These points can be moved laterally into one of two positions to

make a train coming from the narrow end towards the straight path or the diverging path.

A train moving from the narrow end toward the point blades is said to be executing

a facing-point movement.

Before the switch is locked, a train coming from either of the converging directs will pass

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through the points onto the narrow end, regardless of the position of the points, as the

vehicle's wheels will force the points to move.

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11. Controlling of Telephone Exchange at R.D.S.O

For controlling and switching R.D.S.O is using CoralFLEXICOM 6000 manufactured

by Tadiram Telecom, Israel.Coral Flexicom 6000 is capable of handling 4000subscribers at a time.

It is a digital, hot standby, redundant, communications switching system.

It is based on Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) switching technology. The active circuitry

of the system is contained on removable printed circuit assemblies, or cards, nearly all of

which may be used in any system in the series.

The active circuitry of the Coral system is divided into two major functions: Common

Control and Peripheral.

The Common Control circuitry directs call traffic through the system, establishing audio

connections between Peripheral ports.

The Peripheral circuitry provides the hardware necessary to establish those connections.

It uses IDF technology i.e Integrated Distribution Frame technology.

Flexicom 6000 contains various cards which performs specific set of functions depending

on the type and use, some of them are as follows:

11.1 32GC Group Controller Card:

The 32GC card contains the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) bus interface

circuitry, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) bus interface circuitry, clock circuitry to

synchronize the peripheral section of the system, and digital tone generators (dial, busy,

ringing, ringback, DTMF, MFC, and test).

Additionally, the 32GC card contains circuitry to synchronize the Coral peripheral clock

to an external clock derived from a digital trunk interface.

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It is capable of establishing a maximum of 2000 calls between ports on its maximum

peripheral shelf capacity. This matrix allows for a constant frame delay operation mode.

The 32GC card also houses the proprietary Mirrored Memory and Switching Matrix

essential for the Hot Standby control system. With this technology, the Standby control

system set snoops relevant information from the Active control system set. With this

information it readies its control card set for takeover of the control functions at any time

it may become necessary.

The voice port for peripheral cards is supported only from the Active32GC card.

The base memory of the 32GC card contains a 2Mbyte memory in which the system

database is housed. The memory is SRAM and is protected by 3V battery backup, so that

data is saved and maintained during power loss.

11.2 32GC Front Panel:

The 32GC front panel includes diagnostic indicators, an SAU(Software Authorization Unit)

interface and a CLA Reset button as shown in Figure 8-13. The items are described below.

Main- Red - lights during card initialization, is not lit when card is functioning properly.

If this indicator is lit, the 32GC is faulty.

A- Flashing Green - lights when this system side is in Active mode, the flashing is slower

when the system is most active.

S- Green - lights when this system side in Standby mode

M- Red - lights when this system side is in Maintenance mode

F- Red - lights when the this system side is in Faulty mode

SAU- COM1 Port for the SAU unit

11.3 MCP Card:

It consist of a Pentium Processor

It contains 64 MB RAM

It has RS 32 Port

11.3 RPS Card:

RPS stands for Ringing Power Supply

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Provides power supply for ringer and dial tone pulse

Ringing power supply is generally of 75V& has a frequency of 25 Hz.

11.4 24SLS Card:

SLS stands for Serial Line Subscriber

It is an analog card

Capable for handling 24 users connection

11.5 CNF Card:

Stands for Conference Card

Capable of handling two types of conference channels i.e 8 Party and 16 Party.

11.6 MFR Card:

Stands for Multi Frequency Card

Used for generating frequency of Dial, Ring back & Call back tone

11.7 PRI30 Card:

It is an EI card

It is used for MUXing

It is a 30 channel card

It is used for Inter Exchange communication and is used for channelizing communication

inside the organization.

Has caller I.D facility

Beside these few many other cards are used DTD Card (Dual Tone Detector), DTR Card,RMI, 8DRCF, CFM Card(Complex Flex Mem.; 64 MB)

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12. KVM SWITCH

It is an abbreviation for keyboard, video, mouse switch, a hardware device that enables a

single keyboard, video monitor and mouse used for controlling more than one computer at

one time.

These are popular among users who have their home PC systems upgraded and want to still

use their old computers but do not want to invest in a second keyboard, monitor and mouse.

Also used by business to save money when one person uses more than one computer and in

server farms where it is only necessary to periodically access each separate server in the farm

one at a time, they are quite useful.

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It is a hardware device which allows a user to control multiple computers from one or more

keyboard, mouse and video monitor. Although there are multiple computers connected to the

KVM but typically a smaller number of computers can be controlled at any given time.

12.1(a. and b.): KVM Switches

Types Of KVM

These are based on different types of core technologies in terms of how the KVM switchhandles USB I/O devices--including keyboards, mouses, touchscreen displays, etc.

12.2: USB based KVM Switch

USB Hub Based KVM: Also called an Enumerated KVM switch, which requires a

connected/shared USB device to go through the full initiation process every time the

KVM is switched to another target system/port. This switching to different ports is just as

if someone were to physically plug and unplug a USB device into their targeted system.

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Emulated USB KVM: Here, to emulate special sets of USB keyboard or mouse

switching control information to each connected/targeted system, dedicated USB console

port(s) are assigned. Emulated USB provides an instantaneous and reliable switching

action that makes mouse switching and keyboard hotkeys possible.

Use

The KVM switches are useful where there are multiple computers, but there is no need

for a dedicated monitor, keyboard and mouse for each one.

These are frequently used in the data-centers where multiple servers are placed into a

single rack with a single monitor, keyboard and mouse.

These then allows data center personnel to connect to any of the servers in the rack. An

example of home use is to enable the use of the full-size keyboard, monitor and mouse of

the home PC with a portable device such as a tablet PC, laptop or PDA, or a computer

using a different operating system is common.

14. LAN EXTENDER

The LAN extender (also network Ethernet extender) is any device that is used to extend a

network segment beyond the inherent distance limitation specified for it which is

approximately 100 Mtr. (330 ft) for most of the common forms of twisted pair Ethernet.

A LAN (Local Area Network) extender is such a device which is used to forward traffic

between LANs that are transparent to the higher network-layer protocols over the extensive

distances, which do go beyond the limits of standard Ethernet. Some other devices used in

LANs excluding the LAN extenders include bridges, repeaters, hubs, switches and routers.

These devices do employ a huge variety of transmission technologies and also physical media

(wireless, fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, copper wire,).

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14.1a LAN Extender

14.1b LAN Extender

15. CORE SWITCH

It is also known as a tandem or a backbone switch.

In a public WAN, a core switch is the one that interconnects the edge switches that are

positioned on the edges of the related networks. In a local area network (LAN), this switch

does the work of interconnecting work group switches, which are relatively the low-capacity

switches that are usually positioned into geographic clusters.

As the name suggests, core switch is central to the network and also needs to have a

significant capacity to handle the load that is sent to it. There is not a precise definition

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explaining as to how powerful is this, but it is clear that it is much bigger than the average

desktop switch.

15.1 Core Switch

16. SWITCHES

Managed switches are the ones that use Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to

supply the owner with a good variety of intelligence regarding the operating speeds traffic

flow and bandwidth potentials. Individuals who use these networks often share and also edit

expansive files that need maximum bandwidth for the data transfers. With the help of these

switches the user can customize each of the connections, adding and reducing the speeds

necessary to provide an efficient system performance.

This very unique design gives you a control over each of the switch ports, providing the

information about who can access the shared LAN also communication and connectionspeeds. One can activate certain ports when they are needed and then turn them off to prevent

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the outside users from connecting to your network. These are specifically designed switches

to optimize performance and security in an Ethernet based system.

16.1.a

16.2.b Switches

Layer 1

A network hub, or a repeater, is a simple network device. The Repeater hubs do not manage

the traffic that comes through them. Any packet that enters a port is flooded out or "repeated"

on every of the other port, except for just the port of entry. Since, every packet is repeated on

the every other port, packet collisions do affect the entire network, thereby limiting its

capacity. There are also specialized applications where a hub can be useful, eg: copying the

traffic to multiple network sensors. High end switches do have a feature which enables the

same thing called port mirroring.

Layer 2

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A network bridge that operates at data link layer, may interconnect some small number of

devices in home or office. This is known as a trivial case of bridging, where the bridge learns

the MAC address of each of the connected devices.

Single bridges can also provide extremely high performance in some specialized applications

such as of storage area networks.

Managed switches- These have one or more ways or interfaces, for modifying the operation

of the switch. Common methods include:

- a serial console or Command Line Interface accessed via telnet or a Secure Shell;

- an embedded Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP agent that allows

management from a remote console or a management station;

- a web interface for management from a web browser.

CONCLUSION

This 4 week summer training in Telecommunication Lab at Research Development &

Standard Organization, Lucknow which is an organization of Ministry of Railways has

provided me with an immense and deep knowledge about the working and functioning of

various types communication channels that forms the backbone of Indian Railways.

Getting a hand on demonstration of various equipment which is currently being deployed and

which is yet to be deployed is the best part of this training. Since, the equipments listed here

is not easily available and accessible to the common public. Furthermore, getting knowledge

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of I.T, OFCs, surveillance services, network services, WiMax and working of Switching

cards at telephone exchange is yet an other achievement to be embarked which helped me in

boosting up of my technical knowledge and skills. Thus helping me to understand the various

communication setups of Indian Railways in a better way.

REFERENCE

www.wikipedia.com

www.rdso.org.in

Google e-book on Telecommunication by Thyagarajan

www.efftronics.com
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.rdso.org.in/http://www.efftronics.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.rdso.org.in/http://www.efftronics.com/

ankur prasad_industrial training report

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