animelia. animalia: evolutionary origins animals are heterotrophs all animals are consumers, and...
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Animelia
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Animalia: Evolutionary Origins
• Animals are heterotrophs• All animals are consumers, and some are
decomposers• The first animals are thought to be
descendants of protists• Chordates that possess a backbone are
called vertebrates; all other animals are invertebrates
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What are the most ancient animals?What are the some recent to have evolved?
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Review: The Linnaean System of Biological Classification
Domain……………………….Did
Kingdom……………………..King
Phylum……………………….Philip
Class……………..…………..Come
Order………………………….Over
Family………………………...For
Genus…………………………Great
Species……………………….Soup?
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Animals: Embryo Development
• Embryonic cell layers generate all the different types of tissues found in adult bodies
• Protostomes and deuterostomes develop the digestive system in opposite directions
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Animals: Symmetrical Bodies
• Most have symmetry• Radial symmetry
– divides like a pie getting identical pieces
• Bilateral symmetry– divides the body
into two halves that mirror each other
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Animals: Organ Systems
• Most animals have organ systems
• Organs allow animals to function more efficiently
• Two or more organs working together form an organ system
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Animals: Segmentation Enabled Division of Labor among Body Parts• Segmentation allows division of labor among body
parts • Appendages are specialized body parts that arise
from body segments and allow for evolutionary adaptations
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Animals: Complexity of Body Cavities
• Body cavities allow an animal’s internal organs to grow freely and function independently
• Most body cavities also provide padding and protection for organs
• There are three types of body cavities found in animals:– Acoelomate– Pseudocoelomate– Coelomate
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Shared Derived Traits of all Animals
• Animal cells lack a cell wall and are instead attached to an extracellular matrix
• Velcro-like patches of proteins called cell junctions allow animal cells to attach to each other
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The First Invertebrates:Sponges, Jellyfish, and Relatives
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Sponges• Acoelomates• Shared derived traits:
– Filter feed– No symmetry – No tissue– have “pores”
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Do Sponges have Skeletons?!
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All animals from now on have true tissues
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Phylum Cnidaria• Cnidarians include
corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish
• Acoelomates
• Shared derived traits:– Radial symmetry– A nerve network– A lack of organs and
organ systems– Cnidocytes, stinging
cells– A mouth but no anus
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11,000 species
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All animals from now on have bilateral symmetry
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The Protostomes
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The Protostomes• Protostomes comprise the largest branch of the
evolutionary tree and range in size from microscopic to rotifers to the colossal squid
• Protostomes share the following characteristics– Development of the mouth from the embryonic
blastopore– Cephalization-has a head
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Phylum Rotifera• Rotifers are
important aquatic decomposers
• Shared derived traits:– Cuticle– Corona
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• Scanning electron micrographs showing morphological variation of bdelloid rotifers and their jaws.
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Phylum Platyhelminthes:Flatworms and Flukes
• Flatworms can be free living or parasitic and lack respiratory and circulatory systems
• Acoelomates• Often parasites• Shared derived
traits:• 2 to 3 cells thick• a “mouth” but no
anus!
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Tapeworms!
24 feet long tapeworm out of a mans intestine!
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Tapeworms!
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Liver fluke!
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Phylum Nematoda
• Also known as roundworms
• Examples: hookworms, pinworms
• Pseudocoelom• Shared derived traits
– round worms– full digestive tract
(mouth, intestine, anus)
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Hookworms!!
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All Animals from now on have a True Coelom
• Coelom – A fluid-filled cavity surrounding the digestive
tract and other internal organs
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15,000 species
Annelida
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Annelids: Segmented Bodies
• Full digestive tract, circulatory system
• Shared derived traits– Segmentation
allows division of labor among body parts
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112,000 species
Mollusca
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Phylum Mollusca
• The Mollusca is one of the most diverse phylum of animals and includes shellfish, snails, slugs, squid, and octopi
• Shared derived traits:– A muscular foot at the
base of the body– A compact grouping of
internal organs called the visceral mass
– A mantle enclosing the body cavity and the visceral mass
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Mollusks Constitute the Largest Marine Phylum
• Bivalves hinged shell• Most gastropods have a spiral shell• Cephalopods thought to be the smartest invertebrates
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Phylum Mollusca
Not all Mollusca have shells