animal tissues and organ systems - del mar...
TRANSCRIPT
Animal Tissues
and Organ Systems
Chapter 32
Impacts, Issues
Open or Close the Stem Cell Factories?
Only embryonic stem cells can differentiate into
any specialized cell in the body; engineered
stem cells are not yet safe for humans
Homeostasis in Animals
Body parts must interact to perform many tasks
• Coordinate and control individual parts
• Acquire and distribute raw materials to cells and
dispose of wastes
• Protect tissues against injury or attack
• Reproduce, nourish and protect offspring through
early growth and development
• Maintain the internal environment (homeostasis)
32.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
Tissue
• Interacting cells and extracellular substances that carry out one or more specialized tasks
Organ
• Structural unit of two or more tissues organized in a specific way to carry out specific tasks
Organ systems
• Two or more organs and other components interacting in a common task
Animal Cells are United by Cell Junctions
Tight junctions
• Prevent fluid from seeping between epithelial
cells; fluid must pass through cells
Adhering junctions
• Hold cells together at distinct spots
Gap junctions
• Permit ions and small molecules to pass from
cytoplasm of one cell to another
32.1 Key Concepts
Animal Organization
All animals are multicelled, with cells joined by
cell junctions
Typically, cells are organized in four tissue
types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
Organs, which consist of a combination of
tissues, interact in organ systems
32.2 Epithelial Tissue
Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
• A sheet of cells that covers the body’s outer
surface and lines its internal ducts and cavities
Basement membrane
• A secreted extracellular matrix that attaches the
epithelium to the underlying tissue
Microvilli
• Fingerlike projections of absorptive epithelia
General Structure of Simple Epithelium
Fig. 32-3, p. 541
free surface of a
simple epithelium
basement membrane
(material secreted by
epithelial cells)
underlying connective tissue
Describing Epithelial Tissues
Thickness
• Simple epithelium: One cell thick
• Stratified epithelium: More than one cell thick
Cell shape
• Squamous: Flattened
• Cuboidal: Cube-shaped
• Columnar: Tall
Types of Epithelial Tissues
Fig. 32-4a, p. 541
Simple squamous epithelium
• Lines blood vessels, the
heart, and air sacs of lungs
• Allows substances to cross
by diffusion
Fig. 32-4b, p. 541
Fig. 32-4b, p. 541
Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Lines kidney tubules, ducts
of some glands, oviducts
• Functions in absorption an
secretion, movement of materials
Fig. 32-4c, p. 541
Fig. 32-4c, p. 541
Simple columnar epithelium mucus-secreting gland cell
• Lines some airways, parts
of the gut
• Functions in absorption and
secretion, protection
Glandular Epithelium
Glands
• Organs that release substances onto the skin, or
into a body cavity or interstitial fluid
Exocrine glands (glands with ducts)
• Deliver secretions to an external or internal
surface (saliva, milk, earwax, digestive enzymes)
Endocrine glands (no ducts)
• Secrete hormones which are carried in blood
32.3 Connective Tissues
Connective tissues consist of cells and the
extracellular matrix they secrete
Connective tissues connect body parts and
provide structural and functional support to other
body tissues
Soft Connective Tissues
Loose connective tissue
• Fibroblasts secrete a matrix of complex
carbohydrates with fibers dispersed widely
through the matrix
Dense connective tissue (dense collagen fibers)
• Dense irregular: Supports skin, internal organs
• Dense regular: Ligaments and tendons
Specialized Connective Tissues
Cartilage: Rubbery extracellular matrix,
supports and cushions bones
Adipose tissue: Fat filled cells, stores energy,
cushions and protect organs
Bone: Rigid support, muscle attachment,
protection, mineral storage, blood production
Connective Tissues
Connective Tissues
Fig. 32-5a, p. 542
Fig. 32-5b, p. 542
Fig. 32-5c, p. 542
Fig. 32-5d, p. 542
Fig. 32-5e, p. 543
Fig. 32-5f, p. 543
Cartilage and Bone Tissue
Fig. 32-6, p. 543
cartilage at the
end of long bone
compact bone
tissue
spongy bone
tissue
A Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood: Plasma, blood cells and platelets
Fig. 32-7, p. 543
white
blood
cell
red
blood
cell
platelet
32.4 Muscle Tissues
Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract
when stimulated, requires ATP energy
Three Types of Muscle Tissues
Skeletal muscle tissue
• Moves the skeleton (voluntary)
• Long, striated cells with many nuclei
Cardiac muscle tissue
• Heart muscle (involuntary)
• Striated cells with single nuclei
Smooth muscle tissue
• In walls of hollow organs (involuntary)
• No striations, single nuclei
32.5 Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue
• Consists of specialized signaling cells (neurons)
and cells that support them (neuroglial cells)
Nervous tissue detects internal and external
stimuli, and coordinates responses to stimuli
Neurons
Neurons
• Excitable cells with long cytoplasmic extensions
• Send and receive electrochemical signals
Three types of neurons
• Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli
• Interneurons integrate sensory information
• Motor neurons relay commands from brain and
spinal cord to muscles and glands
A Motor Neuron
Coordination of Nervous Tissue
and Skeletal Muscle
32.2-32.5 Key Concepts
Types of Animal Tissues
Epithelial tissue covers the body’s surface and
lines its internal tubes
Connective tissue provides support and
connects body parts
Muscle tissue moves the body and its parts
Nervous tissue detects internal and external
stimuli and coordinates responses
32.6 Overview of Major Organ Systems
In vertebrates, organs arise from three
embryonic germ layers
• Ectoderm (outermost layer) forms nervous tissue
and epithelium of skin
• Mesoderm (middle layer) forms muscle,
connective tissue, and lining of body cavities
• Endoderm (innermost layer) forms epithelium of
gut and lungs
Body Cavities and Directional Terms
Body Cavities and Directional Terms
Body Cavities and Directional Terms
Fig. 32-11a, p. 546
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
thoracic cavity
diaphragm
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
Fig. 32-11b, p. 546
Dorsal Surface
transverse
midsagittal
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
frontal
Ventral Surface
Fig. 32-11c, p. 546
SUPERIOR
(of two body parts,
the one closer to head)
distal (farthest from
trunk or from origin
of a body part)
frontal
plane
(aqua)
midsagittal
plane
(green)
proximal (closest
to trunk or to
point of origin of
a body part)ANTERIOR
(at or near
front of
body)POSTERIOR
(at or near
back of body)
transverse
plane
(yellow)INFERIOR
(of two body parts,
the one farthest from head)
Animation: Human body cavities
Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems
Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems
Fig. 32-12a, p. 547
Integumentary
System
Nervous
System
Muscular
System
Skeletal
System
Circulatory
System
Endocrine
System
Protects body
from injury,
dehydration, and
some pathogens;
controls its
temperature;
excretes certain
wastes; receives
some external
stimuli.
Detects external
and internal
stimuli; controls
and coordinates
responses to
stimuli;
integrates all
organ system
activities.
Moves body
and its internal
parts;
maintains
posture;
generates heat
by increases
in metabolic
activity.
Supports and
protects body
parts; provides
muscle
attachment
sites; produces
red blood cells;
stores calcium,
phosphorus.
Rapidly
transports
many materials
to and from
interstitial fluid
and cells; helps
stabilize
internal pH and
temperature.
Hormonally
controls body
functioning;
with nervous
system
integrates short-
and long-term
activities. (Male
testes added.)
Fig. 32-12b, p. 547
Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
Collects and
returns some
tissue fluid to
the bloodstream;
defends the body
against infection
and tissue
damage.
Rapidly delivers
oxygen to the
tissue fluid that
bathes all living
cells; removes
carbon dioxide
wastes of cells;
helps regulate
pH.
Ingests food and
water;
mechanically,
chemically breaks
down food and
absorbs small
molecules into
internal
environment;
eliminates food
residues.
Maintains the
volume and
composition
of internal
environment;
excretes excess
fluid and
bloodborne
wastes.
Female: Produces eggs;
after fertilization, affords
a protected, nutritive
environment for the
development of new
individuals. Male:
Produces and transfers
sperm to the female.
Hormones of both
systems also influence
other organ systems.
Animation: Human organ systems
32.6 Key Concepts
Organ Systems
Vertebrate organ systems compartmentalize the
tasks of survival and reproduction for the body
as a whole
Different systems arise from ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm, the primary tissue
layers that form in the early embryo
32.7 Vertebrate Skin—
Example of an Organ System
Skin is the body’s interface with the environment
• Sensory receptors, barrier against pathogens,
internal temperature control, water conservation
Vertebrate skin is made up of all four tissue
types arranged in two layers:
• Outer epidermis contain keratinocytes
• Deeper dermis contains nerves, blood and lymph
vessels, hair follicles and glands
Skin Structure
Skin Structure
Skin Structure
Fig. 32-13a, p. 548
hair
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
sensory
neuronoil gland
hair follicle sweat gland
blood vessels smooth muscle
Fig. 32-13b, p. 548
outer
flattened
epidermal
cells
cells
being
flattened
dividing
cells
dermis
Fig. 32-13c, p. 548
hair’s
cuticle
one hair cell
keratin
macrofibril
keratin
polypeptide
chain
Animation: Structure of human skin
Animation: Hair fine structure
Frog Skin
Amphibians may have glands that secrete
mucus, distasteful chemicals, or poisons
• Pigmented cells in dermis warn predators
Fig. 32-14b, p. 549
Fig. 32-14b, p. 549
mucous gland poison gland pigmented cell
Sunlight and Human Skin
Melanocytes in skin make a brown pigment
(melanin) which affects skin color and tanning
Melanin protects against UV radiation
• A little UV promotes vitamin D production
• A lot of UV damages DNA and promotes cancer
32.8 Farming Skin
Commercially grown skin substitutes are already
in use for treatment of chronic wounds
Skin may be a source of stem cells that could be
used to grow other organs
32.7-32.8 Key Concepts
A Closer Look at Skin
Skin is an example of an organ system
It includes epithelial layers, connective tissue,
adipose tissue, glands, blood vessels, and
sensory receptors
It helps protect the body, conserve water, control
temperature, excrete wastes, and detect
external stimuli
Animation: Altering hair structure
Animation: Cell junctions
Animation: Muscle tissues
Animation: Organization of animal cells
Animation: Soft connective tissues
Animation: Structure of an epithelium
Animation: Types of simple epithelium
ABC video: A Saving Graft
ABC video: New Hands
Video: Stem Cells