animal systems. animals as an organism z1. animals are composed of a variety of interdependent...
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Animal Systems
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Animals as an organism
1. Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems
2. No one system can function entirely on its own
3. In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.
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Skeletal System
Function - provides frame and support for all other systems and organs
Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone
BonesFunction -- attach muscles, means of
movement, protect internal organs, storage of minerals, blood formation
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Layers of BonePeriosteum -- outer layer; cushions the hard
portion of the bone; repair of broken bonesCompact Bone -- beneath periosteum,
layer of hard mineral matter; gives bones strength
Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer; fills ends of bones; lines hollow portions
Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy bone; formation of blood cells
Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow portion; fat storage cells; energy storage
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Types of Bone
Long Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers; example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones
Short Bones -- smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility example -- feet and hands
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Types of Bone
Irregular Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect example -- vertebrae
Flat Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs example -- skull
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Joints
where different bones meetLigaments
connect bones together; tough tissueMovement
none; hinge; ball and socket; gliding;
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Muscular System
Function -- to move the animal about, to provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs.
Meat production -- muscles are processed into meat; 30-40% of the animal’s body is muscle.
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Skeletal Muscle
Movement -- movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement; composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax
Tendons -- connect muscles to bonesRed Muscle -- contain many
mitochondria; lots of bood; contract for long periods of time
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White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria; contract faster; fatigue faster.
Smooth MuscleMovement -- Controls movements of the
internal organs; involuntary; non-striated sheets.
Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract
Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing
Stamina -- # of times a heart beats in a lifetime?
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Digestive System
Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms
Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be absorbed.
Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the cells
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Digestive SystemMonogastric System -- Simple stomachExamples of animals-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans Process MouthEsophagusPeristalsis -- contractions of muscles that
move food from the mouth to stomachStomach -- breaks down food by muscle
contractions and gastric juice
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Digestive SystemSmall intestine
duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream ilium -- more absorption takes place her villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food
Large Intestine Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals,
useless in others Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown
by microorganisms Rectum -- passes waste material through to the anus
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Accessory Organs
Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and produces bile
Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc) that break down food
Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as needed.
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Digestive System
Modified Monogastric SystemExamples of Animals --horses and rabbitsDifferences from simple monogastric --
enlarged cecum containing many microorganisms so that cellulose can be broken down and used.
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Ruminate Digestive Track
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Ruminant Digestive SystemExamples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats,
deer, elk Differences from Simple monogastricRumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and
fermented ( lots of microorganisms).Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are
removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”)Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some
waterAbomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like
non-ruminant stomach
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Circulatory SystemFunction -- transports food, nutrients, water,
oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates temperature; removes disease.
Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumps continuously
Four chambersAtria -- receives blood into heart; right from
venacava, left from lungsVentricles -- pumps blood out into arteries;
right to lungs; left to aorta
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Route of blood in the heart
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Blood Vessels
Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart
Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart
Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take away wastes
Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells
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Blood Components
Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen
White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus
Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting
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Circulatory System
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Respiratory System
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Function
Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the animal’s body.
Removes carbon dioxide
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Structures
Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity
Mouth -- brings in airPharynx -- nasal cavity leads
here; common passageway for food, water, and air; controlled by epiglottis
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Structures
Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs.
Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi
Bronchi -- branch out further
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Structures
Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is absorbed
Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out
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Respiratory System Types
LungsGills
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Capillary Network
Alveolus
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Nervous System
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Function
The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body
Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves electric impulses
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Structures
Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body
Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain
Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly
Brain
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Lobes of the Brain
Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and memory
Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain
Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary activities of the body (heart beat, breathing, body temp.,
digestion)
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Endocrine System
Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control)
Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific response
Glands - produce hormones
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Pituitary Gland
base of braincontrols other glandsgrowth and reproduction
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Hypothalamus
lower front of braincontrols body temp., hunger, sleep
and digestion
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Adrenal glands
on top of kidneysadrenaline -- fight or flight
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Thyroid gland
on front of tracheathyroxincontrols metabolism
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Pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagonregulates sugar in the body
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Testes/Ovaries
produce sex hormones
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Excretory System
Function Remove waste products from the body
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Structures
Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia
Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release
Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O
Skin - removes H2O and salts
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Reproductive Systems
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Major Organs of the Reproductive System
Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced.
Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.
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Sex Cells
Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes
Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE)
Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM Semen - the fluid that carries sperm
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Reproductive Terms
Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization.
EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development.
PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetusFertilization -- the union of the EGG
and SPERM nuclei
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Reproductive Terms
CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization
Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female.
Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH
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Female Reproductive Organs Structure
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Female Reproductive Organs Function
Vulva -opening of reproductive tractVagina - channel for birth and copulationCervix - divides vagina and uterusUterus - provides nourishment for fetusHorns of Uterus - where fetus growsFallopian Tube - where fertilization
occursOvaries - produces eggs and hormones
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Male Reproductive Organs Structure
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Male Reproductive Organs Function
Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis - collects and stores spermVas deferens - transports spermAmpulla - temporary storagePenis - places sperm in femaleUrethra - transports urine
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Male Reproductive Organs Function
Cowper's Gland - produces semenProstrate Gland - produces semenSeminal Vesicle - produces semenRetractor Penis Muscle - Scrotum - protects testes, maintains
tempSheath - opening of reproductive tractSpermatic cord - supports testes
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Reproductive Technologies
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Reproductive Technology
Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from NATURAL methods
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Artificial Insemination
Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.
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EMBRYO transfers
The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR female to one or more RECIPIENT females
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Cloning
The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an organism