animal nutrition basics animal technology michelle guthrie, m.a

Animal Nutrition BasicsAnimal TechnologyMichelle Guthrie, M.A.

ObjectivesA. List essential nutrients & their function B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding E. Interpret a feed label F. Balance a ration

What is Nutrition?

• Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform food into body tissues and energy.

Why is Nutrition Important?

• All food come directly or indirectly from plants

• Two-thirds of all animal feed is unsuitable for human consumption

• In feeding animals a nutritious diet people obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffs and convert them to desirable products such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and work.

What is a Nutrient?

• A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.

What is a Digestible Nutrient?

• The portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.

• Not all nutrients can be broken down by all animals (e.g. monogastric animals cannot break down most cellulose).

The Six Essential Nutrients

• Carbohydrates • Fats • Protein• Minerals • Vitamins • Water

A. List essential nutrients & their function

Carbohydrates• Furnish energy for body functions,

growth and reproduction• The largest part of the animal’s

food supply and usually the fibrous part of the diet

• Include sugars, starch and cellulose• Are made of carbon, oxygen and

hydrogen


Carbohydrates• Simple Carbohydrates – Starch • Supply major feed source for monogastric

animals

• Complex Carbohydrates– Cellulose • Supply major feed source for ruminants

and modified monogastric animals (horses)


Lipids (Fats)• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up

to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do

• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds• Found in every cell in the body• Affect the condition of skin and hair• They also provide energy reserves, protection

for vital organs, and they insulate the body• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen


Protein• Needed for growth and

repair • Helps form muscles, internal

organs, skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns • Contain carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen and nitrogen


Protein Feed Sources1. Animal By-products

a. Tankage and meat scraps

b. Meat and bone scraps

c. Blood meal

d. Fish meal

2. Dairy Products and By-products

e. Skim milk and buttermilk

f. Dried skim milk and buttermilk

4. Seed By-products

g. Soybean meal

h. Soybeans

i. Cottonseed meal and cake

j. Linseed meal

k. Peanut meal

5. Legume Roughages

l. Dry Roughages

m. Silage

n. PastureA. List essential nutrients & their function

Crude Protein• Protein contains nitrogen (fat,

carbohydrates and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen).

• If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor (number), depending on the types of protein expected in the food, the total protein can be determined; this value is known as the "crude protein" content.


Crude Protein• On human food

labels the grams of protein is found by the nitrogen content found in the food multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins in the food is about 16%.


Minerals• Minerals are the inorganic

elements of animals and plants• Primarily found in bones and

teeth• Important in blood for the

carrying of oxygen • Regulates heartbeat with

potassium, sodium and calciumA. List essential nutrients & their function

Minerals• Determined by burning off the

organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash)

Free choice or in rationSupplement for deficiency onlySoils deficient in minerals may lead

to deficiencies in the crop.– I.e. selenium, copper,

magnesium, cobalt, iodine.A. List essential nutrients & their function

Minerals2 to 5% of animal are minerals

(bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)Regulate many vital processes18 essential mineral elementsDeficiency in minerals does not

necessarily cause death but economic loss due to lack of production.


MineralsIron- needed for red blood cells– deficiency causes anemia.

Phosphorus- help utilize proteinIodine-deficiency causes fatigue

and rapid pulse


MineralsMagnesium- lack causes muscle

tremorsSodium/Potassium- transfer wastes

through cell membranes.Calcium- bone disease, poor teeth– Removed from bones if not in

feed.


VitaminsHelp bodily functions.Required in minute amounts for

normal growthFat soluble- released as needed

– A,D, E, KWater soluble-consumed every day

– C &B


WATERMost vital of all nutrients

– Regulates body temperature– Use in biochemical processing

40% of fat hog to 80% of newborn lamb

Amount needed is related to activity– gestation/lactation

Free access to clean, fresh water at all times


Are all animal’s dietary requirements equal?......

NO!

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

Factors effecting nutritional needs:

1- Maintenance •Gives energy for basic needs of keeping an animal alive

-Every second an animal is alive it takes energy

•No loss or gain of weight •Known as Basal Maintenance Requirement •50% of animals diet is used for maintenance B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals


2- Growth • Young animals who are not fully grown • Extra energy required to grow bones, support organ systems, develop muscle, etc. • Need high levels of fats and carbohydrates B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals


4- Work •Animals used for heavy work, require more energy For Example: hunting dogs, draft horses, race horses, etc.

B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals

C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

Which Would You Choose?

•Which one would TASTE better? •Which serving would have the most CALORIES?

•1 Snickers bar = 266 calories •1 cup broccoli = 30 calories

•To intake equal amounts of calories, which would FILL YOUR STOMACH -

1 snickers bar OR 9 cups of broccoli?


Three Types of FeedsRoughage

Concentrates

Supplements

Roughage•Contains MORE than 18% Crude Fiber •Feed in HIGH quantities •Contains MINIMAL energy per pound of feed


RoughageCorn Silage

Dry Hay

Grass and Pasture


Concentrates•Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber •Feed in SMALL quantities •Contains HIGH amounts of energy per pound of feed


ConcentratesCorn

Oats

Barley

Cotton SeedC. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics

ConcentratesGRAIN: Factoid: “Grain” is a general term for a mixture of specific grains such as corn, oats, barley, etc.


2 Methods of Feeding:Free Access •Allows animals available feed to eat when they want Scheduled Feeding •Providing a specific amount of feed at a certain time each day

D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding

Free Access Feeding:PROS•Takes less time •Animal can eat as much as it wishes CONS•Problems noticed MUCH slower •Some animals will cause themselves serious health problems if they can eat all they want •More feed wasted


Determining How to Feed:Free Access(Small Animals do well)

•Rabbits •Guinea Pigs •Small Rodents Scheduled •Horses, cows, sheep, goats should ALWAYS be fed concentrates on a schedule •Any animal prone to over eating


D. Interpret a feed label.

List of Nutrients

Feeding Directions

Name of Feed

Percent Contained

Feed Company

List of Ingredients

animal nutrition basics animal technology michelle guthrie, m.a

Documents

animals food supply

animal feed

function protein feed

list examples

feed types

feed label

body processes

energy reserves