Animal

Disease

Control

Training on Applied Veterinary Epidemiology and Animal Disease Diagnosis for Animal Health Research Personnel,

Central Luzon State University Science City of Munoz , Nueva Ecija, 23-27 May 2016

Noemi Diloy- Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpiAssistant Professor 1

Cavite State UniversityDon Severino Delas Alas Campus, Indang,

Cavite

Session objectives

At the end of this topic, the participants should be able to:

• Assess the importance of localdiseases based on selected criteria;

• Distinguish prevention, control anderadication; and

• Describe the various strategies foranimal disease control.

DISEASE

The Philippine economy grew faster than most other regions in Asia.

DISEASE:TRADE BARRIER

ANIMAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Reduction, elimination or eradication of livestock and poultry diseases and the

prevention of the introduction or outbreak of foreign or domestic diseases.

Prevention - prevent disease occurrence

Disease control - reduction of the prevalence ofa disease to a level where it is no longerconsidered a major health and/or economicproblem

Disease elimination – near eradication stage

– WHO (1991) defines it as “reduction of prevalenceto a level below one case per million population

Eradication - total elimination of a disease

– no further cases of a disease occurring anywhere,and continued control measures are unnecessary

OIE GUIDELINES FOR OBTAINING RECOGNITION AS BEING FREE FROM AN EPIZOOTIC DISEASE

• Stage 1: Provisional Freedom from Disease– Absence of disease from the country– No vaccination

• Stage 2: Freedom from Disease– Ceased vaccination for a prescribed period– No outbreaks of the disease– Surveillance

• Stage 3: Freedom from Infection– Absence of causative agent– Preventive measures

How do you know a good disease control officer?

1. He/she knows how to make a “priority” list

2. He/she responds quickly

3. He/she can mobilize the right persons for the task: diagnose, control, and monitor disease problems.

4. He/she can control the disease with the least cost.

Choose the disease to control

Public Health Significance Impact on the livestock industry

1. What zoonotic diseases occur more frequently?

2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe sickness in humans?

3. Present mortality and morbidity rates

1. How easily is the disease transmitted from farm to farm?

2. What are the losses due to morbidity? 3. What are the losses due to mortality? 4. What are the effects on trade and

commerce?

Prioritization

• Ranking of items based on their “perceived or measured importance or significance”

• LIMITED RESOURCES

PRIORITIZATION TOOL

Estimate the Monetary ValueCost of disease Cost of disease

control Benefits of disease control

Costs due to mortality

costs due to morbidity

Costs associated with

treatment

Extra labor to nurse the sick

animals

Prohibition of sales of animal

products (ex. milk)

Increase in food conversion

index

Impact on trade

Diagnostic tests

Vaccines

Drugs

Travel costs

Staff costs

Vehicles

Equipment

Genetic loss due to

the slaughter policy

etc.

Benefit =

Losses due to the disease without control project

− Losses due to the disease with control project =

RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING A DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM

1. the disease situation

2. disease impacts (animal and public health, food safety, food security, biodiversity and socioeconomic impact) and how these are distributed among stakeholders

3. identity, level of interest and involvement of stakeholders

Stakeholder Interest Influence/Importance Issues with the stakeholder Strategy

CVMBS, CVSU Prestige. To be recognized as a veterinary institution that is not only capable of providing quality instruction but also promoting and providing relevant research and extension activities. Indirectly a form of promotion that will attract more enrollees and thus will increase its income and budget allocation.

High Getting support from the university Contributions in implementing a control program will be recognized by local executives and public

Present a paper to the university on the program to include benefits, etc and the support university will get All activities will have the logo of the university, will be bannered as in cooperation with the university, etc.

PVO, MAO A good opportunity to promote and achieve one of their goals on safeguarding animal health from highly contagious diseases such as rabies

High Obtaining linkages Their offices will be highly recognized in the program implementation The fact that it is them who are primarily responsible in the control of animal diseases in the province or municipality and thus shall be the one initiating the project

A memorandum of understanding that shall lay out the ground rules of a positive cooperative effort. The names of their offices will be mentioned/ posted in all activities This issue will be considered/addressed in the memorandum of agreement

Collaborating Agencies (Provincial Health Officer, Animal Bite Center)

Rabies elimination in the human population

High There is a lack of mutual understanding of and accounting for differences in individual agency missions, of objectives and in the case of the health sector, differences in the approach of disease prevention, detection and control, and of the full range of impacts of disease control efforts in animal and human health.

Formulate efficient communication system by

bringing the heads of these agencies together to develop a shared goal for an integrated, coordinated disease control program and to define the roles of each collaborating agency

CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS

• desired results or impacts that a control program envisions, plans and commits to achieve

“As is”

situation

“To be” situation

Control Program

a. Improve control of swine respiratory diseases in Bulacan

b. Control and management of surra in the Philippines

CONTROL PROGRAM OUTCOME, OUTPUTS, ACTIVITIES

Outcome ___________

Output 1. ___________ Activity 1.1. __________ Activity 1.2. __________

Output 2. ___________ Activity 2.1. __________ Activity 2.2. __________

Output 3. ___________ Activity 3.1 __________

Etc.

NOUN/ADJECTIVES

Brief statement describing the change that the program is expected to generate in a target group

at a specified time

Something accomplished

Something to be done

VERBS OR ADVERBS

Examples:

Outcome: The strategy program envisions the Philippines to control and manage surra by 2025 such that

incidence would be nearly 0 by that date.

Expected Output: 1. Greater understanding on the epidemiology of surra

Corresponding Activities:

1. Training on surra surveillance

2. Conduct surveillance to establish true prevalence of surra.

• Vaccination coverage of 80% of dog population– Establish vaccination SOPs/guidelines

– Form teams and brief on SOPs and guidelines

– Inform public about dog rabies vaccination

– Etc…

• Increased level of awareness on rabies based on established parameters– conduct a knowledge, attitudes, practices survey of

the community folks on rabies

– analyze the results

– develop IEC campaign based on the KAP survey

– Implement IEC campaign

RISKS and ASSUMPTIONS

• plan for them and to mitigate their impact on the project

Figure 1: Risk Matrix

Risk Impact Probability Mitigation

1.

2.

Assumptions are the conditions needed to achieve results after the risks have been managed

VARIOUS STRATEGIES FOR ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL

Determinants

• factors or events that are capable of bringing about a change in health

• Influencing factor or characteristic

– introduction, development, and spread of disease and other health-related conditions within and between animals

• On-Farm Biosecurity - measures adopted to keep diseases out of herds where they do not currently exist

– Isolation of new animals brought to the farm

– Restriction on movement of people, animals, and equipment

– Use of safe feeds- Swill feeding can be dangerous

– Hygiene. Effective combination of cleaning and disinfection

Border controls

– border entry/exit screening

• National, provincial, municipal, farm levels

– Quarantine

– Isolation

– Public awareness

Regulation of Importation

• Pre-export testing, Quarantine and Animal Health Certification

• Post-arrival inspection, testing and quarantine

Proper Disposal of Wastes

Ex:

• Ebola

– On-Site Inactivation

• Appropriate autoclaves,

– On-Site Incineration

• Environmental Compliance Certificate (DENR-EMB)

VaccinationPurposes:

• To prevent disease establishment– employed if there is an imminent or sustained threat

of the disease arriving

– what proportion of the susceptible population is vaccinated (ex: herd immunity)

• To slow the spread of disease– undertaken in an attempt to prevent more animals

becoming infected, thereby slowing or stopping the geographic spread of the disease

Herd Immunity

>> form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population (70-80%) has become immune to an infection

>> providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune

• Ring vaccination – animals surrounding an infected farm are vaccinated

• Blanket vaccination - vaccination of all susceptible species/animals over a larger area

Vaccination Tips• Choose the safe and correct antigenic type.

• Maintain vaccine quality- no contamination, potency, etc.

• Follow the recommended vaccination coverage (preferably 70 %)

• Mark vaccinated animals

• Monitor proper storage temperatures for vaccines

• Organize trained personnel into “clean” and “dirty” teams

• Remember that gathering different herds together in one vaccination station maybe convenient but dangerous.

• Count your needles and bottles before and after vaccination.

Strategies to reduce the magnitude of existing disease

• case finding & isolation• contact tracing & quarantine• “Resting” of farm or premises- length is not less than

the survival time of the pathogen. • Slaughter of susceptible animals • Closure of livestock markets and other congregations

of susceptible species (e.g. livestock auction markets, race meetings and livestock exhibit/shows)

• Removal of animals from areas with high insect population

• Treatment, medication

Zoning and Compartmentalization

• Procedures defining subpopulations of distinct health status within an area.

• Disease control, international trade

Zoning subpopulation defined primarily on a geographical basis (using natural, artificial or legal boundaries)

Compartmentalization subpopulation defined primarily by management and husbandry practices related to biosecurity

STAMPING OUT

• Destruction (quick and humane) of large number of animals

• Serious risk of further spread of disease

– animals in the infected zone are not well controlled

– spillover to feral animals

– inadequate resources are available for surveillance and imposition of quarantine and controls

– public health risk

Factors to consider before implementing the “slaughter” strategy

1. LIVESTOCK OWNER

2. METHOD

3. COMPENSATION

>>Way to ensure cooperation

4. COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE