Animal Digestion and Animal Digestion and NutritionNutrition

Nutritional Nutritional RequirementsRequirements

UndernourishedUndernourished– not enough not enough

caloriescalories OvernourishedOvernourished

– too many caloriestoo many calories MalnourishedMalnourished

– missing one or missing one or more essential more essential nutrientsnutrients

Nutritional RequirementsNutritional Requirements

Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients

Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins Essential MineralsEssential Minerals

Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids

Found in proteinsFound in proteins– 20 different types20 different types

Nine essential in Nine essential in humanshumans

all in animal proteinsall in animal proteins vegetarians need to vegetarians need to

eat grains and beanseat grains and beans

Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids

Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids– used to make phospholipids for used to make phospholipids for

membranesmembranes

Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins

Fat SolubleFat Soluble– stored in fatstored in fat– K, A, D, EK, A, D, E

Water SolubleWater Soluble– excreted in urineexcreted in urine– B complex and CB complex and C

Essential MineralsEssential Minerals Inorganic nutrientsInorganic nutrients

– Calcium & PhosphorousCalcium & Phosphorousbonesbones

– IronIronanemiaanemia

– IodineIodinethyroid hormonesthyroid hormones

– Sodium, Chlorine, & Sodium, Chlorine, & PotassiumPotassium

nerve function, water regulationnerve function, water regulation

Food PyramidFood Pyramid

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Simple SugarsSimple Sugars Complex Complex

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates– StarchesStarches– FibersFibers

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Glycemic LoadGlycemic Load– Low 10Low 10– High 20High 20

Glycemic IndexGlycemic Index Low below 55Low below 55 High above 55High above 55

Nutrition LabelNutrition Label

Digestive SystemDigestive System

PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach Small IntestineSmall Intestine Large InstestineLarge Instestine

Mammalian DigestionMammalian Digestion Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands

– salivary glandssalivary glands– pancreaspancreas– liver liver

(emulsification)(emulsification)– gallbladdergallbladder

Peristalsis Peristalsis SphinctersSphincters ““Food”Food” bolusbolus acid chymeacid chyme fecesfeces

Macromolecule DigestionMacromolecule Digestion

Carbo Protein NucleicAcids

Fat

Mouth Initial

Stomach Initial

Intestine Main Main InitialMain

InitialMain

Digestive TractsDigestive Tracts

CarnivoresCarnivores– shorter shorter

digestive digestive systemsystem

– small small cecumcecum

HerbivoresHerbivores– longer longer

digestive digestive systemsystem

– large cecumlarge cecum