THIS BOOK

IS

FROM

THE LIBRARY OF

Richard Haven Backus

?^^^^^^^^^^^^

1930

Gift ofRichard H. BackusMay, 1988

m

ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE AMERICA

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOISTHE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANYNEW YORK

THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON

THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHATOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI

THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITEDSHANGHAI

1g

g^S.i) ^-s j i ^ a ^ a 3 3 m 3 * "Z ..

Us ill 32

H.8

H O d

-a COCO

H

o *T3

.2 -g

o g g

rj_-H

3CO

^

_

-2~..

o g

8^5 H*

> o * o 4J co M ^i O ^--.bfi

bfl

u*

44

O b 3

cu

O"Ocu

aSi q'

3

-s-s"

*C ,q d

&

^ **

rj 9 b e -rt' a t E ? u u d 5 83-3 tj y o s y

I-2 d

*&>

3 O Uft 4J

CU

^X3

c

to

CU

M d

1 s taco

-h

s 1

1115 S 15 CU

d

_.

^d

^j

> 42 s a

g

1 8.ij

11 1 *1 S r-3

1-8 a

o

S

f

a s 8 p j) v ^ s >>

.

a fl d a

I i "srj

5*

1d43 .a

3.

S

'S

j

-ft

115, 119. !20, 126, 135; least, 84, 119; rainbow, 95, 97, 119, 120.*

Duck, wood, 181, 190, Dunes, moving, 229.Earthworms,;

191.

20, 190, 262, 269.

Ecological agreement:

Day andwith, 30.

night,

responses

associated

of communities, 305 of individuals, plants, and animals, 304-8; of species, 315.

Deep-water communities of Lake Michigan, 80.

Deer, 14, 201, 238, 245, 269.

Ecological equivalence, 34. Ecology: content of, 32, 299-318; genetic, 113, 137, 247-52, 308-15;

INDEX OF SUBJECTS355

Ecology

Continued:

natalis, 156.

organization of, 23, 25, 32, ^; physiological, 299-308; relation to biology, 315-18; relation to geography, 318-20; relation to sociology, 318.

Economic problems: 9-1 1; preservationof breeding, grounds of fishes, 126.Eel, 84.

Amia Anguilla 156. Aphredoderus sayanus, 120. Aplodinotus grunniens, Argyrosomus:calva, rostrata, 84.

nebulosus, 156.

85.

artedi, 82, 84.

Egg-laying, of aquatic insects, 107, 108.Electricity, 161.

hoyi, 81, 82, 85. nigripinnis, 81, 82.

prognathic, 79, 80, 82, 85.

Elk, 14, 201, 269.

Boleosoma nigrum, 84, 91, 95, 105, 115,gall of,

Elm: American, 190; coxcomb192.

England: bird protection made nature in, 11.

in,

8;

man-

119, 120, 135. Campostoma anomalum, 119, 120. Carpi 85. Catostomus:odes,

catostomus, 84.106, 115, 119, 120. nigricans, 84, 119. Chaenobryttus gulosus, 142, 156. Chrosomus erythrogaster, 91, in, 115, 119.,

Entomostraca, 20, 69, 70, 71, 76, 133, 152, Cladocerans, {see 176, 179, 204; Copepods, and Ostracods); the foodof

commersonii, 84, 91, 92,

young

fishes, 76.

Environment:299;

42-56, 58-67, 157-66; factor of, 42-44; relation to,of aquatic communities, illustrating, land of 70;

22-33.Equilibration:

diagram

communities, 166-69;trating, 167.

diagram

illus-

Coregonus clupeiformis Crislivomer namaycush, Cyprinus 120. Erimyzon 115, 119, 142, Esox:carpio,sucetta,

82, 85. 79, 82, 85.

15-

Erosion, important on clay bluffs, 209,210.

lucins, 85, 115, 120, 140.

Etheostoma:zonale,

vermiculatus, 105, 115, 142, 156.

Ethology, 32.

coeruleum, 95, 97, 119.flabellare, 95, 97, 119.

upon Evaporation: effect 162-65; animals, 162-63; expression of conditions, 162; of different habitats, 164; in forest stages, 248-49; reactions to, and death by, 163.

95, 97, Eucalia inconstans, Eupomotis gibbosus, 84, 156. Fundulus:85.

119, 120.

Evaporimeter:162.

Piche, 164; porous cup,

diaphanus menona, 84, 123.

Factors in distribution, 299.

Hadropterus aspro, 95, 97, 120. Hiodon:alosoides, 85.

dispar, 120, 132, 135. notatus, 119.

Fairy shrimp, 177-79, 185, 278-79. Field study: legal aspects, 56; methods, 321-24.Fish:

breeding of, 126; destroyed by lampreys, 219; feeding, 130; longitudinal distribution in streams, 109,

Hybopsis kentuckiensis, 119. Labidesthes 130, 135. Lepisosteus Lepomis:sicculus, 85, osseus, 85.

tergisus, 85.

no, 115, 119, 120; traps, 80.Fish, Abramis, 65:names:scientific

protection, 56, 57;

Acipenser rubicundus, Ambloplites Ameiurus:lacustris, 85.

crysoleucas, 102, 115, 119, 120, 142, 143, 156.85. rupestris, 85, 99, 119.

Lota maculosa, Microperca punctulata. Micropterus:82, 85.

cyanellus, 102, 119, 120, 128, 156. megalotis, 99, 119. pallidus, 84, 99, 115, 119, 120, 156.84, 119.

Moxostoma:

dolomieu, 85, 99, 119, 120. salmoides, 85, 115, 120, 128, 156.

melas, 102, 119, 120, 149, 156.

aureolum, 84, 115, 119, 140. breviceps, 120.

356

ANIMAL COMMUNITIESContinued:

Notropis:

Fish

Noturus Perca 156. Percopsis Phenacobius Pimephales: Pomoxis:

atherinoides, 84. blennius, 84, 119, 127, 135. cayuga, 115, 119, 140. cornutus, 115, 119, 120, 140. hudsonius, 84. rnbrifrons, 119. umbratilis, 119, 120.flavus, 119. flavescens, 85, 99, 119, 120, 126,guttatus, 84. mirabilis, 119.

Coenomyia ferruginea, Coenosia Cynomyiaspinosa, cadaverina, 270. Dolichopodidae, 284, Drosophila amoena, Drosophilidae, 284. tenax, 298. Exoprospa, 223, Hetobia hybrid 224. 277. 272, Helophilus conostoma, Loxocera Mesogramma, 292. 208.285.Dasyllis,

271, 277.

186.

297. 207.

.Era*, 224. Eristalis

214, 270, 272, 293, 297,

a,

285.

pectoralis,

notatus, 84, 91, 115, 119, 120. promelas, 115.

geminata, 297. marginata, 188, 205.

USSchilbeodes:

annularis, 115, 140. sparoides, 120. Rhinichthys atronasus, 91, 93, 106,

in,

exilis, 95.

Umbra, 65:

gyrinus, 85, 105, 119, Semotilus atromaculatus, 115, 119, 120. Stizostedion vitreum, Triglopsis thompsoni,

142.

91, 106,

in,

85. 81.

/??;*, 84, 119, 120, 142, 143, 149, 156. Fisher, 196. Flat worms: brown cigar-shaped, 174; green, 176, 179; vernal planarians, 176.

Planaria:

-Dendrocoelum,

Flatworms,

scientific

names:

118, 172. Mesostoma, 174, 185.

dorotocephala, 118, 172.

maculata, 135.

velata, 176, 185, 278.

Anthomyidae, 284. Asilus, 285.

Vortex, 176, 179: viridis, 185, 278. Flesh-flies, 119. Flicker, 274, 275. Flies, or diptera, scientific

Milesia 292. 259 271, 272. Muscidae, 219. Mycetophilidae, 217, 247. Osinidae, 284. Pachyrhina ferruginea, 256, 277, 285. Paragus angustifrons, 285. Pipunculus fuscus, 280.222, 224. Promachus Psilidae, 208.sipho, 270. Psilopodinus Sapromyza philadelphica, 239, 257. Sarcophaga, 186. Sarcophagidae, Sciara, 217. 219. Sciomyzidae, 204, 284. 279: Sepedon 280. 204. Sparnopolius Spilogaster, 281. 285. Spilomyia longicornis 261. Spogostylum 229, 230, 234, 252. longipcnnis, 272, 277. Syritta pipiens, 285. Syrphus:virginiensis,vertebratus,

polita,

Scoliocentra,helvola,

pusillus,

flavins,

,

anale,

-Straussia

40,

americanus, 202.

names:

Tabanidae, Tabanus Tetanocera,

ribesii, 214.

170.

lineola, 281.

Bibio albipennis, 266, 268. Bombylius major, 232.

170, 188, 279: combinata, 188. plumosa, 188, 197, 284.

Cecidomyia:

saratogensis, 188.

verrucicola, 192.viticola, 191.

186.

191. Chlorops sidphurea, 284. Chrysomyia macellaria, Chrysops:

vitis-pomum,

umbrarum, 188, 280, 284, 297. Tipulidae, 206. Tritoxa flexa 285, 297.105; insects in, 203; mammals 202; mixing of communities by, 105; upstream migration during, 106, 107.

Flood-plain communities, 197-204.Floods:in,

aestuans, 188. callidus, 188.

INDEX OF SUBJECTSFly larvae, names: Ceratopogon, Chironomidae, 103,155. Chironomus, 93, 96,187, 116, 117, 142. Corethra, 125. Dixa, 118. Metriocnemis, Pedicia 114. Simulium, Stratiomyia, 123. 105, 114, 116, Tabanus, 116.scientific

357long-horned,227;

148,

Grasshoppers: 167, maritime, 223-25.118,

191.

Grebe, pied-billed, 132.

99,

123, 134,

Green snake, 289.Grossbeak, pine, 229.

93,

Ground

beetles, 180.

83, 84.

Grouse, ruffed, 196, 227.118.

albivitta,

87, 88, 93,

Guide to Chicago region,

50.

Tanypus,196, 244.

93, 118, 14S, 155.

Habitat: preference, 31; selection, 34.

Flycatcher: Traill's, 190; great crested,

Hair-worm

{Gordius), 101.

Hare, varying, 15, 191, 195.

Food: factor in distribution, 299; emphasized by paleontologists, 299; of

Harvestmen, Liobunum:

scientific

names:

young

fishes, 76, 142, 144; relations: aquatic, 65-72, terrestrial, 166-68.

dorsatum, 202, 205, 208. grande, 204, 298.

Forest communities: 189-261; clay, 21017; dry, 209-33; flood-plain, 197-203; mesophytic, 233-47; rock, 217-18; swamp, 189-93; sand, 218-33; summary of, 250-51; tamarack, 193-97; wet, 189-200. Forest margin communities, 262-75.

nigropalpi, 244, 253. ventricosiim, 202, 208. Oligolophus pictus, 244, 261.

Hawk: marsh,

167; night, 167, 289; redshouldered, 242; red-tailed, 242; sharpshinned, 274, 275; sparrow, 274, 275.scientific

Form, relation to function,Formations, defined, 38.ties.

22.

See

Communi-

Fox: gray,237, 245.

15, 237, 245;

red, 201, 236,

France:

bird protection in, 11;

Phyl-

loxera in, 191.

Frog: 173; bull, 171; common, 156, 169,195, 296; cricket, 135, 169, 296; green, 169, 171, 195; swamp tree, 195, 206, 283, 296; tree, 205, 234; tree (Pickering's), 194, 195, 196, 207, 234, 244, 253; wood, 195, 206, 207, 243, 244.

Belo stoma, 131. americana, Belostomidae, 148. 151. Benacus, 131. 65, 148. Buenoa, 132: platycnemis, 135, 148, 155. Corixa, 104, 117, 123, 155. Notonecta, 117, 132:65,griseus,

Hemiptera (true bugs), aquatic, names:

undulata, 135, 148, 155.

Function, relation to form, 22.Gallflies,

40, 191, 272, 277.

Notonectidae,123, 135, 148, 155. 151. Pelocoris femoratus, 104, 123. Plea, 132: 155. Ranatra, 148,131, 151.striola,

variabilis,

Gallinule, Florida, 171.

Gar, long-nosed, 85.Garter-snake, 167.

Z8.

65, fusca, 104, 123, 155. kirkaldyi, 155.

ait ha, 65.

fluminea, 104, 116, 123, 135, 148, 155,185.

Gas-bubble disease of fishes, 60. Geology, surface in young stream,Gland,silk, 95.

Glen wood beach, 46.Goldfinch, 268, 274; American, 199, 274. Gopher, pocket, 167, 288.

Gordius, 101.

Grape:

apple gall of, 191; free from Phylloxera in wet soil, 190; tube gallof, 191;

292, 297. 266, 4-punctata, Agallia Alydus conspersus, 292, 297. Amphiscepa 292. Aphrophora, 202:276, 298.bivittata,

Hemiptera, terrestrial, scientific names: Acanthocephala terminalis, 241, 257. Acholla multispinosa, 199, 208. Adelphocoris rapidus, 188, 214, 264,

188,

199,

208,

wart

gall of, 191.

4-notata, 267.

358

ANIMAL COMMUNITIES

Continued: Athysanus:Hemipterastriolus, 297, 298.

Banasa calm,297. Campylcnchia 261. 292, 297. curvata, Cercopidae, 204, 261. Ceresa:borealis, 206.

parallelus,

A/zm 292, 297. Neidesdolobrata, 263, 276. muticus, Neuroctenus simplex, 231, 269. Nezara 199, 208, 257. 191. Ormenis pruinosa,259. Otiocerus Parabolocratus Pelogonus americanus, 188. 204. Pemphigus:hilaris,

degeeri,

viridis,

Chariesterus antennator, 259.Chlorotetlix:

bubalus, 265, 276, 284, 292.

imbricator, 244, 245. po pulicaulis , 225, 258.

spatulata, 298.tergata, 297.

Cicada Cicadula:

unicolor, 297.linnet,

260

Pentagramma Pentatomidae, Philaronia Phlepsius Phylloxera,293,_

vagabundus, 225, 258.vittatifrons, 204.

261.

bilineata, 187. irroratus, 259.

Clastoptera:

6-notata, 283, 297. variata, 206.

190, 243, 273: caryae-caulis 260.,

Colo p ha ulmicola, 192. Corynocoris Corythuca arcuata, 233.276. Cosmopepla camifex, 187, 188, 298. Cymus angustatus Diedrocephala 188. 277. Diplodus luridus, Draeculacephala mollipes, 188, 283, 297. Empoasca malt, 298. 274. Enchenopa Euschistus:distinctus,,

obtusa, 261. proteus, 277.

Phymata erosa 297. Physatochila plexa, Plagiognathus:fuscosus, 208.politus,

vastratrix, 191, 273.

fasciata, 187, 264, 276,

188.

coccinea, 228.

188, binotata,

298. Platymeiopius acutus, 298. Podisus maculiventris, 257, 277. Poecilocapsus 206, 270, 276, 277. Protenor 276. Reduviolus:lineatus,belfragei,

272,

annulatus, 208, 260, 202, 239.

/enw, 187, 283.subcoleoptratus, 217.coriacea, 296

fissilis,

Eutettix straminea, 298. Garganus fusiformis, 298. Gargaphia 244, 261. 180, 185, 186. Gypona:tiliae,

264, 276. tristigmus, 205, 241, 260, 264. variolarius, 259, 298, 306.

humilis, 180. Saldidae, 180, Scaphoideus: 219.auronitens, 239, 260.

Gelastocoris oculatus,

octolineata, 206, 261.

Halticus 206. 292, 298. Helochara communis, 297. Horcias:striata,

uhleri,

schnodemus f 188. Jassus 261. Lepyronia quadrangularis Lygus:I

goniphorus, 292. marginalis, 298. Hyaliodes vitripennis, 41, 234, 235, 260. Idiocerus snowi, 208. Ilnacora stalii, 277.aliens,olitarius,

immistus, Schizoneura, 206. 273. Scolops Stictocephala 263, 265, 276. 297. Stiphrosoma 276. Telemona querci (monticola), 259, 234. Teratocoris 297. Thyreocoris:sulcipes,lutea,

stygica,

233,

discolor,

,

204, 208.

Thyreocoris 187. 187. Trigonotylus 298. Triphleps insidiosus, 259, 306. Typhlocyba querci 233, 259.unicolor,ruficornis,bijasciata,

pulicaria, 298. unicolor,

Macrosiphum granaria, 290. Megamelus marginatus, 277.

plagiatns, 206. pratensis, 198, 292, 306.

Heron, green, 181, 192.208, 257, 263,

266,

Herring: lake, 82, 84; toothed, 85. Hibernation groups: of beetles, 192-93; of snails, 192; of flood-plain animals,

INDEX OF SUBJECTSHistory:of Chicago geological, 45-48.

359

region,

13-15;

Hog-nosed snake, 231.Hornet, white-faced, hibernationHorntails, 217.of, 192.

Humus

in soil, 158.

Hydra, 107, 131.

A gaposte mo n:

Hymenoptera:

scientific

names:

Anomoglossus Anoplius:

splendens, 232, 259. viridiilus, 297. Ammophila. 231: nigricans, 285. procera, 231. Andrenidae, 224, 255. Andricus seminator, 234, 260.pusillus, 188.

Plesia rupta, 255. 241, 266: Pteronus 276, 297. 667. Scelipron cementarius, 285. 255. Specodes dichroa, 231, 252. Tachytes texanus, 255. Thalessa 261. Trogus 261. Tiphia vulpinus, 286, 289, 290. Vespa maculata, 192, 202, 256. Xiphydria maculata, 207.inter Polistes,

variatus,

ventralis,

Scoliidae,

atrata,

vulgaris,

Ice-sheet: retreat,46.

Wisconsin, 45; advance and drainage from, 45, 43-46;

Indians, 13.Insects: carriers of disease, 21; of, 9, 10; human food, 21.

divisus, 222, 252.

enemies

marginatus, 255. Apidae, 224. 214. Apis Augochlora:mellifera,

Inter-mores physiology, 34, 35.Inter-physiology, 34, 35.Isle

Bombus:

confusa, 187, 252. pura, 239, 256. Bembex spinolae, 222, 223, 252.

Royale, 195.See Sowbugs.

Isopods.

Ceropalidae, 255. 277. Chloralictus Cimbex americana, 208, 267. Coeloixys Crabro interruptulus, 231, 255. 277. Dielis plumipes, 222, 252. Epeolus:cressoni,rufitarsus,

americanorum, 214. separatus, 290, 297

Lacebugs, 232. Lake: Chicago, 45-47; Geneva, 62-63; Michigan, area, 73, bottom communities, 78-81, communities, 73-85, conditions, 58-65, light, 63, pressure, 64, temperature, 62, species, 83-85; Ontario, 78;

Pine, 67; Turkey, 67.

Lake communities, 73-85, 124-36; sum-

maryLake

concerning, large lake, 81, small

Eumenes jraternus, 266, 276. Eumenidae, 255. Halictus nelumbonis, 255. Ichneumon: Microbembex, 223: monodonta, 222, 223, 252. Mutilla 222, 252. Nematinae, 205. Odynerus:ornativentris,

cress onii, 285. pusillus, 231, 253.

lake, 128, 131.

herring, 77.in,

Lakes: circulation from ponds, 124.

60;

distinguished

extrematatus, 192. galenus, 192, 297. mendax, 191, 192. zebratus, 285. Ichneumonidae, 261. Larridae, 255.

Lampreys, 219. Larch or tamarack: sawfly, 195; lappet moth, 195; woolly aphid, 195.Lark:289; 286.

bunting, 286, 289;

horned, 167,shore,

meadow,

167,

283, 289;

Larvae: lepidopterous, 167; sawfly, 167.

Laws:

minimum, 68; toleration, 302; limit of range, 304; distribution area, 304.85.

anormis, 231, 255.

Lawyer, 82,

Paniscus gemminatus, 285. 254. Pelopoeus cementarius, 214, Pimpla:conquisiwr, 214.inquisitor, 191.

tigris, 276.

Leaf-beetles, long-horned 123, 135, i5i-

aquatic,

65,

Leaf -bugs, hibernating, 202.Leeches:84;in in

lakes

Lake Michigan, 77, 80, and ponds, 129;

8^, in

streams, 101, 103.

3 6

ANIMAL COMMUNITIESLight: intensity, 159-60; necessity for food supply, 66; penetration in water, 63; reactions to, 29, 251.

Clepsine, 84. 153. Dina fervida, Erpobdclla punctata, 153. Glossiphonia:fusca, 123, 153. heteroclita, 153.

Leeches, scientific names:

Limnetic communities, 74-7 7, 103, 125,140.

Living substance, 22.Lizard, six-lined, 227.Localities studied, 52-56.

Eaemopis:

stagnalis, 83.

Placobdella:

grand is, 103, 121, 153. marmoratis, 153. Macrobdella decora, 135, 151, 153.parasitica, 135, 148, 150, 153. rugosa, 117, 153.

Locust: lesser, 227; long-horned, 227; mottled sand, 227; lubbery, 262; narrow- winged, 227; sand, 227.

Logs:

lake, 131; streams, 101.

in

ponds,

150;

in

Long- jaw,

79, 80, 82, 85.

Acronycta 188, Agrotis ypsilon, 285. 267. Alypia octomaculata, 273. 268. Ampelophagus myron, 260. 241, Anisota genutia, 257. Anthocharis Apantesis 285. Basilarchia archippus, 251. Cerura, 232, 259, 279. Datana, 199: angusii, 260. Diacrisia 285. Estigmena acraea, 284, 285. Evetria comstockiana, 228, 229, 258. Geometridae, 205. Halisidota, 238, 260. Hemileuca maia, 188, 268, 276. Heterocampa Hydria undidata, 260. 259. /sia 285. Leucania unipuncta, 285. Nadata Noctuinae, 204. 231, 233, 259. Papilio:oblinita,

Lepidoptera, scientific names:

Maggots, 219.Mallard, 171.

senatoria,

phalterta,

289. Bison brevicauda, 201. Blarina 286. Camsbison,latrans,Citellus:

Mammalia, 2. Mammals, economic value of, Mammals, scientific names:

9, 10.

virginica,

guttivitta,

Isabella,

255, Fiber 156. Geomys bursarius, 288. Hominidae, Homo sapiens, 319. Lepus americanus, 191, 195. Lutra canadensis, 195, 199. Lynx rufus, 242. Marmota monax, 215, 253.zibethicus,2.

franklini, 269. 13-lineatus, 228,

286.

2,

Maries:

gibbosa,

Psychomorpha epimensis, 273. Pyrameis:hunter a, 270.

ajax, 244. cresphontes, 268, 276. troilus, 244. Pieris protodice, 220, 222. Prionoxystus robiniac, 267.

Mephitis mesomelas Microtus:ochrogaster, 289.

americana, 196. pennanti, 196.

avia, 269.

Mustela:

pennsylvanicus, 282.noveboracensis, 201. vison lutreocephala, 191.

Samia cecropia, 199. Scepsis 268. 170, 284, 297. Schizura, 199: Symmerista,fulvicollis,

cardui, 270.

Odocoileus virginianus, 238. Peromyscus:bairdii, 286.

Primates, Sorex personatns, 189, 201, 275,2.

leucopus noveboracensis, 201, 236.269.

albifrons, 200, 260.

Tamias

striatus griseus, 269.

Licenses to collect animals, 57.Liebig's law ofLife histories:

minimum,

68.

physiological, 33;

repre-

Taxidea Urocyon cinereoargentens, Vulpes fulvus, Zapus hudsonius,taxus, 288.

237.

236. 269.

sented as

circles, 71.

Man,

relation to animals, 5-20.

INDEX OF SUBJECTSMaps: evaporation,guide, (facing) 52;tion, 51.

361

50; frontispiece,list of,

ii;

48; vegeta-

Mosquito: eaten by fishes, 132; fringelegged, 174; marsh, 174, 176; smoky,178, 180.

Marsh communities, 169-73.Marten, pine, 196.Materials157.for

Mosquitoes, scientific names: Aedes fusca, 178.punctipennis 176.,

abode, of land animals,

Anopheles, 114:

May-flies, 65, 170.

May-flies names: Baetis, or Ephemerida, Caenis, 114, 123, 155. Callibaetis, 104, 123, 130, 135, 155. Chirotenetes 117. Ephemerella excrucians, 135. Ephemeridae, 118. Heptagenia, 96, 105, 114. Heptageninae, 103, 107, 117, 123. Hexagenia, 39, Siphlurus, 96, 142, 155:scientific

Culex canadensis, Wyeomyia

193, 206. Culicidae, 185, 191. smithii, 193, 204.

93.

Mourning dove, 269, 274, 275. Mouse: Cooper's lemming, 195;

siccus,

78.

93,

deer, 167; field, 167, 289; food of marten, 196, of skunk, 269, of shrews, 269; meadow, 282; white-footed wood, 201, 237; jumping, 269, 274.

Mud

puppy, 130.14,

Muskrat,171.

130,

156,

140,

143,

151,

alternatus, 98, 116.

May-fly nymphs, 88.Metallic wood-borers, 191.

Methane,

59, 60.

130;

Mussels: 70; stunted on humus, 129. Mussels, scientific names: Alasmidonta calceola, 99, 100, 116, 121. Anodonta:grandis, 83, 103, 104, 126, 153. grandis footiana, 143, 153. marginata, 83, 126, 135, 140, 153.39, 99, 100, 108, 117,

Midge

larvae: aerobic, 133.

69,

80,

129,

an-

See Fly larvae.126.

Midges, 170.

Anodontoides:127.

thumb, Mimicry, 25.Miller's

ferussacianus,in

Mineral matter:93; necessary to

excessivelife,

springs

58.

Lampsilis:

ferussacianus subcylindraceus , 100.ellipsiformis , 117, 121. iris, 117.

Mink,

15, 171, 191.

Minnow:

blackfin,

119,

120;

black-

blunt-nosed, 79, 84, 115, 119, 120, 126; Cayuga, 115, 119, 140; mud, 65, 84, 119, 120, 143, 149, 156; ruby faced, 119; shiner, 84; strawcolored, 79, 84, 126, 127, 135; sucker-

head, 115;

Quadrula:

ligamentina, 99, 117, 123. luteola, 99, 103, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 135, 140, 153. ventricosa, 99, 117, 122.

mouthed, 119.Mites, aquatic, egg-layingscientificof, 129.

Mites, aquatic, Hydrachna, 177, 185. names: Limnochares aquations, 130, 144. Mites, names: Trombidium, 190:terrestrial, scientific

rubiginosa, 103, 117, 122, 123. undulata, 103, 117, 121, 122, 123. -TJnio gibbosus, 103, 117, 122, 123. Unionidae, 146, 153

Symphynota:complanata, 122.costata, 122.

Myriopods,Myriopoda,re-

viii,

215.

sericeum, 207.

Moisture:

equivalent of

soil,

158;

lation to wilting coefficient, 158.

Mole

cricket, 181.

Moles: 167, 238; star-nosed, 282. Mollusca, 80, 106, 144. See Snails; Mussels; Sphaeridae.

Moon,

influence of,

on plankton,

67.

names: Fontaria 215, 236, 237, 253, 254. Geophilus, 200, 254. rubens, Lithobius, 217, 239, 243, 253. 254. 187, 234, Lysiopetalum lactarium, 239, 239, 217, 254. Polydesmidae, 215.scientific

corrugate,

243,

191,

253

Moon-eye, 85.Mores, defined, 32.

Polydesmus,

191, 205, 206, 234.

Scytonotus granulatus, 206.

3 62

:

ANIMAL COMMUNITIES

Myriopoda Continued: Spirobolus marginatus,243, 2 53-

Melanoplus:201, 236, 237,

Mysis rdicta,

80, 81, 85.25.

Natural selection,

Chauliodes, 123. Chrysopa: 145, 148, 150, 155.rastricornis,

Nature: 5, 6; man and, 8-20; manmade, 8; state of, 7; struggle in, 7. Neuroptcra, scientific names:

Nemobius:

angustipennis, 227, 252. atlanis, 225, 228, 252. bivittatus, 198, 218, 276, 285, 297. dijferentialis, 266, 276. femur-rubrum, 187, 214, 218, 223, 276, 285, 296. punctulatus, 194, 195, 205. viridipes, 297.

Cryptoleon nebulosurn, 283. Mantispa brunnea, 273, 274. 121.Sialis,

albicornis, 297. oculata, 214, 291. rujialbris, 261. Corydalis cornuta, 116, 121.

maculatus, Neotettix hancocki, Oecanthus:

fasciatus vittatus, 298. 263, 297. 190.

Orchelimum:vulgare,

angustipennis, 241, 260, 272. fasciatus, 232, 257, 272, 276. nivens, 272.

glaberrimum, 204, 208.indianense, 276.298. Orphulella 292, 296, 297. Paratettix 181, Paroxya 204. Psinidia 223, Schistocerca rubiginosa, 232, 257. Scudderia, 214, 217:speciosa, cucullatus, hoosieri,

Newt, 121, 149,Nitrates, 66.

156.

186.

Nitrogen:

59, 60; cause of gas-bubble disease, 60; in lakes, 125; in spring

fenestralis,

225, 252.

water, 93.

Numberof

of individuals, relation to area

optimum, 303.

Onion- fly, 293.

Optimum, rangeOriole:274.

of,

300-305.274,

orchard,

Baltimore,

275;

furcata, 241, 266, 267, 276. texensis, 232, 259, 266, 277, 293, 297, 298. Sparagemon wyomingianum, 228, 252. -Sienobothrus, 170: curtipennis, 188, 204, 266, 285, 296, 298.

Orthoptera, 243, 272, 285, 292, 306.

Amblycorypha, 205:

Orthoptera, scientific names: Acrididae, 187, 204. Ageneotettix arenosus, 227, 252.oblongifolia, 208, 266, 267, 276. rotundifolia, 272.

obscura, 190. Trimerotropis maritima, 223, 252. Xiphidium, 70Tettix1

Tettigidea: armata, 181. parvipennis, 181, 282. pennata, 236, 282.

Apterygida 194, 205. Atlanticus pachymerus, 239, 260. Ceuthophilus, 205, 237, 239, 243. conspersa, 232, 259. Conocephalus:aculeata,Chloealtisensiger, 232, 259, 298.

uhleri, 241. Apilhes agitator, 268.

brevipenne, 188, 208, 263, 266 ensiferum, 215. fasciatum, 39, 188, 263, 264, 284, 285, 296. nigropleura, 263, 276. strictum, 232, 259, 292, 293, 298.

Osprey, 226.Ostracods, 129.

nebrascensis 264, 276. robustus, 265. Cyrtophillus perspicillatus, 241, 260. Diapheromera femorata, 187, 235, 241, 257. Dissosteira Carolina, 198, 214, 218, 254. Gryllus pennsylvanicus, 218. Hippiscus tuberculatus , 255. Ischnoptera: inaequalis, 218. major, 218.,

Ostracods or Ostracoda, Cypria vidua, Cypridopsis Cypris Cyproisfuscata, marginata,Ostracoda, 144.

scientific

names:

exsculpta, 152.

130, 152. 185.

177, 179, Notodromas monacha, 144. 185.

Potamocypris smaragdina,Otter, 195, 199.

134.

Oven-bird, 244.

INDEX OF SUBJECTSOwl, screech, 229. Oxygen: anaerobic animals, 133; burrowing dragon-fly nymphs, 142; circulation of, 61; correlated with age of ponds, 68-70; in lakes, 125, 133; inpools, 91; in springs, 93; in streams, 103; intermittent quantities, 90; necessary in water, 59; not added by certain plants, 65; reduced by sewage, 17.

36;

228, Monarda,255. 232. Opuntia, Pamassia caroliniana, Pinus banksiana, 228.Sagittaria, 175. Tilia, 257.

182.

Plover, piping, 180.

Panther, 15, 238, 242.Partridge, 196.

Fredericella sultana, Paludicella Pectinatclla magnifica, 128, 130, Plumatella, 84, 103, 121, 131:84. ehrenbergii, 84.

Polyzoa, scientific names:

135.

Perch: pirate, 120; yellow or American,85, 99, 119, 120, 126, 130, 156; troutperch, 84.

polymorpha, 135. Polyzoan, gelatin-secreting, 128, 129. Pond animals in streams, 102, 103.

Pond communities: 136-57; temporary,173-80.

Pest species,

number

of,

on different

forest trees, 166.

Ponds, vernal or temporary:

forest, 179;

Pewee, wood, 242, 244.Phalangids, 167.Physiological agreement of communities: 34; life histories, $^; proportionality in organisms, 26.

snails of, 192; influence of rainfall on,

177-79; vegetation choked, 174; young, with bare bottom, 173. Porcupine, Canada, 196.Prairie chicken, 167, 289.

Physiological

equilibrium: 26; distributed by changes in the organism, 30, by external conditions, 30; in relation to habitat, 31.

Prairie communities, 278-98.

Pressure of water, 64.

Protected situation of large lake, communities of, 80.Protection of wild animals: 8-1 1; protected species, 56, 57; wardens, 57.Proteid, foodstuffs, 66.

Pickerel, grass, 105, 115, 142, 156.

Pike: 85, 115, 120, 140; wall-eyed, 85.Pintail, 171.

pike-perch, 85;

Planarians, in

Lake Michigan, 77. Plankton: in arctic seas, 66; proportion to denitrification, 66; relation to temperature, 66, to C0 2 67, 68, to oxygen,,

Protozoa:20.

anaerobic, 129, 130; 133; as animal food, 20; producers of disease,

Protozoa, scientific names:

Actinophrys

67, 68, to carbonates, 67, 68, to rate of flow, 67, to seasons, 67, to age of ponds, 68, to moon, 67.

Plants, aquatic: in sandy riffles, 99; sluggish streams, 104; value of, animals, 65, 142; watercress, 93.scientific

in to

Peridinium tabulatum,Psocus, 234.

sol, 75. Difflugia: globulosa, 75. pyriformis, 132.

75.

names: Plants, aquatic, Chara, 142, 145, 148. Cladophora, 64, Elodea, 65, 129. Equisetum, 151. Myriophyllicm, 65, 129, 130, 131, 145. Nostoc, Potamogeton, 145. Proserpinaca, 151. names: Plants, Arabis 228. Citrus, 257. Gossypium, 257. Hibiscus, 189. J uncus 173.64, 65, 74, 74. 65,74.terrestrial, scientific

Pulmonateof, 129.

snails,

aquatic

respiration

Pumpkin-seed, 84, 156.Puss caterpillar, behaviorQuantity:of, 232.

of larger animals, 69;

of

life

on land, 166; of plankton: causes

of

lyrata,

fluctuations in, 72; in different bodies of water, 67; in ponds of different ages, 69; in polar regions, 66; seasonal variation in, 67.

Rabbit:

196;

cottontail, 269, 275.

balticus,

Raccoon: 199, 202; eats crayfishes, 90.

3 64

:

ANIMAL COMMUNITIESSediment, in water, relation to light penetration, 63.

Rail: king, 171; sora, 171; Virginia, 171.

Rapids: communities of intermittent, 87; formation of, 94-99.Rattlesnake, 167.

Seeds, as animal food, 167.

Segregation of species, vertical in Lake

Reactions:

positive defined, 26; negative, 26; to current, 34, 9 1 101, 106, 107.

and,

Michigan, 82.Seines, illegal, 57.

95,

Red-legged locust, 266.Redstart, 274, 275.

Selection of habitat: 300-305; toleration in, 302-5.Sessile animals, food of:

law

of

Regulation in behavior, 29.

97; in sea, 309; motile animals compared with, 309.17;of: upon stream animals, upon oxygen content, 17; upon

Rejuvenation of streams, 108.Relations of communities, 308-15. Reptiles: economic value of, 10, 21; in timber and prairie, 15.Reptiles, scientific names: Cnemidophorus 6-lineatus, 227, 252. Coluber constrictor, 255. Crotalus durissus, 237. Heterodon platirhinos, 255. Liopeltis vernalis, 289, 299. Sistrurus catenatus, 204, 289.

Sewage, effect

plankton, 17.

Sheepshead, 85.Shiner:79, 84; common, 115, 119, 120, 140; golden, 65, 102, 115, 119, 120, 142, 143, 156.

Thamnophis, 150: radix, 283, Tropidonotus 288, 296. 283. grahamii,Rheotaxis: Allee on, 327;

Shore-bugs, 180.Shores, sandy: of large lakes, small lakes, 125, 126.269, 274; short-tailed, 201.78;

of

Shrew: common, 189, 191, 196, 201, 262,Shrike, loggerhead, 275.

Responses, to day and night, to weather, to seasonal changes, 31.on, 101; of fishes, 34, 91, 92, 95, 101 ; of isopods, 92; of mollusks, 106, 107; of stream animals, 91, 101.

Lyon

Shrimps, Eubranchipus, names: 178, 279. Palaemonetes paludosus,scientific

177,

179, 278:

serratus, 185,

126, 130, 135,

152.Silversides, 85, 130, 135.

Rivers,

drowned and

sluggish, 102, 103.

Skunk,

12, 15, 169, 199, 262, 274.

Roadsides, 13, 275. Rotifers: 65; diurnal migration of, 77; of Lake Michigan, 75-77; sessile, 131.

Slug caterpillar, 233.

Notops:^

Rotifers, scientific names: Dinocharis tekactis, 84.

names: Slugs, Agriolimax campestris, 236. 205, 256. Pallifera dorCaroline Philomycusscientificsalts,

199,

200,

202,

nsis, 206, 215, 240,

241, 243, 247, 253, 254.77.

pelagicus, 76.

pygmaeus,

Smeared dagger-moth, larva

of, 190.

Rotifer elongatus, 84.

Roundworms,Salamanders:

in

Lake Michigan,

77.

Snails: aquatic, 90; in lakes, 130; reactions of, to light, 29; reactions of, to

water current, 34.

four-toed, 237; spotted, 149, 278, 282, 296; sticky, 181, 183, 207; red-backed, 197, 243, 255.

Amnicola,

Snails, aquatic, scientific

names:

Sandpiper, spotted, 180, 181.Scorpion- flies, 202. ScorpionBittacus, 202: Panorpa, 40,208. 191flies,

scientific

names:

80, 148: cincinnatiensis, 117, 154. emarginata, 83. limosa, 83, 99, 117, 121, 145, 146, 154. limosa parva, 154. limosa porata, 83.lustrica, 83.

strigosus,

Ancylus, 130:

walkeri, 84.

venosa, 200, 208.

Seasons: Relation of animals to, 31; succession with, 36, 278; quantity of

plankton

in, 67.

Aplexa hypnorum, 192.

fuscus, 135. rivularis, 121. tardus, 121.

.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS365

Campeloma, 99, 103, 104, 106:integrum, 107, 108, 117, 123.subsoliduni, 100, Goniobasis, 103:126, 135. Lymnaea, 84, 104,

Snails

Continued:

oppressa, 243, 256.palliata, 243, 256.

117.

pennsylvanica, 236, 237. profunda, 200, 202, 215, 236, 237.thyroides,

livescens, 95, 98, 103, 116, 121, 123,

234, Pyramidida,

200, 252, 254.

202,

208,

213,

215,

214, 215, 243:

131, 145:

exigua, 173, 185. lanceata, 85. modicella, 114, 121,186, 187. obrussa, 154.

alternata, 192, 200, 236, 237, 243, 247, 253, 254. perspectiva, 256.

154,

174,

181,

Succinea:

soHtaria, 236, 237, 243, 256. striatella, 190.

reflexa, 147, 149, 154, 174, i75i 185,

189. reflexa exilis, 154. stagnalis, 83.woodruffi. 79, 80, 84.

Physa,

1 45-151:

Planorbis,

gyrina, 93, 114, 118, 121, 131, 135, 154, 173, 185. heterostropha, 154, 173. integra, 104, 117, 131.

avara, 187, 199, 202, 208, 282. ovalis, 208, 263, 264. retusa, 169, 187, 189, 199, 202, 204, 208. Vitrea indentata, 205. Zonitoides, 215: arboreus, 190, 206, 234, 236, 243, 247, 253, 306.

Snakes, food of skunks, 269.Soil:

157-59;factor

effect of,

on organisms301,

173, 185. bicarinatus, 39, 83, 99, 104, 117, 121, 123, 154. campanulatus 114, 131, 135, 147, 149, 154. deflectus, 154. exacuosus, 154. exacutus, 83. hirsutus, 148, 149, 154. parvus, 116, 131, 135, 148, 149, 154, 204.,

159;

in

distribution,

humus, 158-59. Sowbugs or Isopoda, aquatic, scientific names: Asellus communis, 90, 98, 114, 121,154, 174, 185, 206.

Cylisticus convexus, 239, 253.Sparrow: chipping, 274, 275;

Mancasellus danielsi, 135, 154, 174. Sowbugs, terrestrial, scientific names:Porcellio rathkei, 200, 240, 254, 253.field, 274, 275; grasshopper, 167, 289; lark, 275; song, 262, 268, 275; vesper, 167.

Pleurocera, 99,

trivohis, 16, 149, 150, 152, 154.

103:

elevatum, 106, 107, 108, 121, 123. elevatum lewisii, 117.subulate, 39, 126, 127, 135. subulate internum, 121. Pleuroceridae, 84. Segmentina armigera, 131, 135, 154. Valvata, 80: bicarinata perdepressa, 83.s nicer a, 83.

Sparrow-hawk, 274.Species, animal: 1; number of, 1; plant, 1; use in ecology, 3.

Sphaeridae, names: Calyculina transversa, 83. Musculium, 118, 179, 189.scientific

tricarinata, 83. Vivipara contectoides , 126, 128, 152.

Pisidium, 81:

partumeium, 147, 153. secure, 147, 153, 185. truncatum, 121, 147, 153.

Snails, hibernation of, 192.

Circinaria concava, 200, 204, Omphalina fuliginosa, 53 Polygyra:253.2

Snails, terrestrial, scientific

names:206, 237.

compression, 83. idahoense, 83, 133.

albolabris, 197, 207, 215, 237, 243, 254.

clausa, 200.

fraudulenta, 243, 256.inflecta, 234, 256.

Sphaerium, 108:,

punctatum, 83. scutellatum, 83. variabile, 83. ventricosum, 83. Sphaeridae, 69, 80, 83, 100, 103, 147, I5 1 153-

stamincum, 107, 116, 121.

monodon, 190, 213, 215, 254, 263.multilineata, 206, 234.

vermontanum,

striatininn, 80, 83, 116. 79, 84.

3 66Spherid, anaerobic, 133.Spiders, 167.Spiders, Acrosomalscientific

ANIMAL COMMUNITIESpodagrosus, 204, 293, 298.rufus, 298.

names:

Philodromus:alaskensis, 223, 228, 257. ornatus, 205.

gracilis, 238, 240, 260.

218, 296. Agelena naevia, 207, 260.254, conspersa, Anyphaena Argiope:Attus palustris,aurantia, 263, 264, 276, 296. trifasciata, 204, 205, 208, 232, 259, 263, 293, 296, 298.milberti,

spinea, 238, 240, 260.

Pirata:

pemix, 259.

insularis, 187.

montana, 204.

276. Atypus 277. Castianeira cingulata, 197, 207. Chiracanthium inclusa, 187, 205. Clubiona Dendryphantes: 277.obesa,militaris, 205, 206.

Pisauridae, 204 Pisaurina, 198: undata, 206, 208, 277. Plectana 204. Runcinia 214, 296. Tetragnatha:204,stellata,

piratica, 206.

aleatoria, 204,

277, 293,

5i;?ga variabilis, 276.grallator, 205, 206.

Dictyna:

octavus, 204, 205, 206, 228, 258.

Dictynidae, 257. Dolomedes:

foliacea, 206, 208, 228, 232, 257, 276. sublata, 187, 204, 207.

Theridium:

169, 284, 285, 296. Theridiidae, 257.

laboriosa,

187,

208,

263,

276,

frondenm, 191, 202, 206, 208, 240,257, 258.spirale, 228, 258.

-Lycosidae. 261. Maevia niger, 260, 277, 298. 260. Mangora maculata, 206, 285, 296. Misumena 214, 264, Misumessus:vatia,

sexpunctatus, 146, 169, 187, 283, 296. tenebrosus, 243. Epeira, 198, 232: domicilorum, 240, 257, 306. foliata, 187, 204, 206. gigas, 194, 205, 206, 208, 240, 257, 272. ocellata, 206. prompta, 204. trifolium, 205, 276, 277, 296. trivittata, 188, 205, 214, 276, 284, 293, 296. Epeiridae, 208, 257, 260. Eucta caudata, 187. Eugnatha straminea, 204, 296. Gayenna celer, 260. Geolycosa pikei, 220, 227, 230, 250, 252. Habrocestum pidex, 206. Hypselistes florens, 207. Leucauge hortorum, 202, 208. Linyphia phrygiana, 260.

Thiodina puerpera, 204. Thomisidae, 257. 187, 204. Trochosa 222, 252. PFa/a mitrata, 261. Xysticus formosus, 228, Zygoballus 206.Tibellus didtoni, cinerea,bettini,

258.

Spittle insects, habits of, 202.

Meyenia:

Sponge, abundant in stream, 97. Sponges, scientific names: Heteromeyenia argyros perma, 153.crateriformis, 153.

Spongilla, 116, 131:fragilis, 153.

fluviatilis, 153.

Spontaneous movement,Springtails, 180.

26.

Squirrels:

Franklin fox, 245; 233; ground, 269, 274; gray, 192, 202, 245; ground, 167, 227, 286; red, 245. Stations of study, 50, 51-56.Statoblast, 129.

Notionella Ozyptila conspurcata,261. 296. Pardosa, 215: lapidicina, 213, 214, 215. 254. Phidippus:inter pres,

asperatus, 231, 232, 257, 293. oblongns, 207.

Stickleback, 85.

Stimulus, defined, 26.

Stinkbugs, hibernating, 202.Stonecat: 119; slender, 95.Stone-fly Perla, nymphs,121. 116,78,scientific

name:

audax, 207, 264.borealis, 297.

Stone-roller, 119, 120.

INDEX OF SUBJECTSStones: in water, 78, 88, 95-97; currents about, 61.Strata: denned, 37; in aquatic vegetation, 105; in rapids, 94-96; on land, 165.

367

Toleration, law of, 302-5.

Tolleston beach, 47.

Top minnow,

84, 120, 123, 132, 135.

Stream communities:level,

78, 86-123; baseintermittent, 102-5; 87-92; longitudinal arrangement of, 108-23; sandy, 101-2; sluggish, 102-5; springfed, 93; swift, 93-99.

Toxic substances, in soil, 159; in water, 331 (114, 114a). Transparent animals, 77.Tree-fauna,differs

with

surrounding

conditions, 16, 251.

Struggle for existence, 5-6.

Sturgeon, 85.Succession: autoproductive, 308; causes, denned, 36; ecological, 308; 36; forest, 247-50; geological, 36; lake, pond, 152; seasonal, 35, 36, 135; 278; stream, 1 10-13.

Trespass laws, 56. Tropism, 26, 27.Trout,

Mackinaw14.

or Lake, 59, 78, 79,

80, 82, 85.

Turkey, wild,

Sucker: carp, 85;

chub, 115, 119, 142, 156; common, 84, 91, 92, 106, 115, 119, 120; long-nosed, 84; hog or stoneroller, 84, 119; red-horse, 84, 115, 119, 140; short-headed red-horse, 120.

Turtles: geographic, 130, 135, 156; habits of, 130; musk, 126, 130, 135, 142, 156, breeding of, 130; painted. 132, 156, 227; protected by law, 57; snapping, 132; soft-shelled, 130; transportation of animals by, 173.Turtles, names: Aromochelys odorata, 126, Aspidonedes spmifer, 130. Chrysemys marginata, 132,scientific

Sunfish: bluegill, 84, 99, 115, 119, 120, 126, 156, 141; blue-spotted or green, 102, 119, 120, 126, 128, 156, 141; long-eared, 99, 119; pumpkin-seed, 126, 156, 141.

135,

142,

Graptemys geographicus,Upstream migration:mollusks, 106.

156, 227 130, 135, 156.

Swallow: bank, 222;

tree, 225.

Swamp

communities, 169-73, 189-97.

of fishes, 106; of

TadpoleTanager,

catfish, 85, 105, 119, 142.

Tamarack swamp communities, 193-97.scarlet, 244.

Valparaiso Moraine, 46.Variation of behavior and habits relatedto conditions, 34.

Taxis, 26, 27.

Temperature: of soil, 158-59; habitat compared, 159; control of distribution,199-304.

Varying hare,Vegetation:

15, 191, 195.

aquatic,

65

(See

Plants);

climatic, 49, 50, 51, 174.

Temporary ponds, 173-80.Tension lines between land and water,169-88.

Vernal fauna, 173-80.Vertebrata, 2.

Vertebrates, products from, 21.Vireo, red-eyed, 196, 244.

Terminology of ecology, 36-38.Termites, 220-22. Termites, scientific name:

Termes

Warbler: black, 241; blackbumian, 196;black-throated, 229; green, 229; pine, 229; prothonotory, 190, 191; yellow, 196, 241, 274, 275.

flavipes, 220, 252.

Tern, black, 170.Terrestrial conditions, 169-88, 247-50.

Thicket communities, 262-75.

Water Water

in

soil,

157-58.

Thrush: hermit, 195; wood, 241, 244.Thysanoptera, 306.Tiger-beetles, 180, 216; larvae, 210, 214, 216.

180-83; communities: shrub-covered, sedge-covered, 181; 181; terrigenous, of large lakes, 180, of ponds, 180, of rivers, 181.beetles, 65.

margin

Water scavengeri55.

Toad: 167,222.

187, 283, 296;

daily habits,

Water- scorpions, 65, 104, 123, 131, 151,Water- striders: 90; hibernationof, 201.

Toadbug,

180.

;

368Water-striders, Gerridae, 185. Gerris:scientific

ANIMAL COMMUNITIESnames:

Wind:

influence on circulation in lakes, 61; relation to light penetration, 63, to evaporation, 160, 162, 163.

RhagoveliaWeasel, 201.

marginatus, 155. rufoscutellatus, 155. Mesovelia bisignata, 155.collar is > 98, 117.

Wolf, 15, 167, 201, 236, 238, 245.

Wood Woodanimals

pewee, 196, 244.thrush, 241.236.

Weeds,

avoided

by

aquatic

Woodchuck, 215, 233, Woodcock, 189, 191.

during flood, 105.Weevils, 167.

Wheel animalcules.

See Rotifers.

Wood-frog, 244. Woodpeckers: 196, 274; downy, 229; in beach drift, 219; red-headed, 242.

Whitefish: 76, 77, 82, 85; blackfin, 81, 82; Hoy's, 81, 82, 85; long-jaw, 79,80. 82, 85.

Worms:Wren:

flat,

20; round, 20.

long-billed marsh, billed marsh, 181.

171;

short-

Willow

blossoms, visited gathering insects, 224-25.large, 267;

by

pollen-

Yellowlegs, 181.spotted, 267.

Willow sawfly:Wildcat, 242.

Yellowthroat, northern, 189, 262, 275.

Wilting coefficient of

soil,

158.

Zonation in forest edge, 263.

FprintedIU_IN

USA J

Bl