animal behavior ethology—study of animal behavior as a branch of biology. tends to look at animals...
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Chapter 49Animal Behavior
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Animal BehaviorEthology—study of animal behavior as a
branch of biology. Tends to look at animals in natural environment.
Comparative psychology—study of animal behavior as a branch of psychology. Tends to look at animals in experimental situations.
Behavioral ecology—study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
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Animal BehaviorMostly studied beginning in early 20th
centuryPioneers
Ivan Pavlov—association behaviors, conditioned reflex. Won Nobel Prize in 1904.
Niko Tinbergen—Individual & social behavior patterns
Konrad Lorenz—Instinctive behavior, imprinting
Karl von Frisch—Communication & pheromones in bees
Tinbergen, Lorenz, von Frisch won Nobel Prize in 1973 for their behavioral work
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Adaptive SuccessBehaviors help promote
individual’s production of offspring
Give benefit to survivalFood gatheringPredator protectionMate selectionYoung rearingResource useTerritory protection
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Behavioral QuestionsFirst described by Niko TinbergenWhen analyzing behavior, ask the following questions:
Function—how does the behavior impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?
Causation—what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
Development—how does the behavior change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behavior to be shown?
Evolutionary history—how does the behavior compare with similar behavior in related species, and how might it have arisen through the process of phylogeny?
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Instinctive BehaviorsNervous system “pre-wired”
before birth/hatchingBehaviors do not need trainingGarter snakes & slug
preferenceCoastal snakes eat slugsInland snakes ignore slugsHybrids intermediate
Garter snakes & strikingCaptive-born snakes will strike
at model with bird eyes
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Instinctive BehaviorsFruit flies & mating gene
Males must perform behavior or females won’t mate
Gene can be turned of in males and turned on in females
Hormonal influences—voles & matingFemales with high oxytocin
levels (due to mating or injections) mate for life
Females with oxytocin blocked do not bond
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Instinctive BehaviorsFixed action pattern
Behavior or sequence of behaviorsInstinctualFollowed to completion once startedNot always completely “fixed”, can be
modifiedFirst described by Tinbergen &
LorenzSign stimulus—outside stimulus that
triggers FAPGraylag goose
Will roll a displaced egg back into nest Will roll ANY egg-like object back into nest
Many mating displaysChick begging
Parent landing at nest Red spot on beak
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Learned BehaviorsEnvironment & experiences
influence gene expression (behavioral)
BirdsongInstinctual behaviorVariations, dialects exist in
different habitatsBirds learn pattern in first
few weeks of life
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Learned BehaviorsMacaques—Imo
Learned to wash potatoes in sea
Learned to wash wheat by throwing into sea
Others performed same behaviors by observing
Chimpanzees—tool useVaries by regionSticks for gathering termitesRocks for opening nuts
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Learned BehaviorsMany behaviors related to
timingErik Erikson’s 8 stages of
development As child ages, behaviors develop
at different times Birth-18 mo, basic trust 6-12 yr, self-confidence or
inadequacy among peersDogs
Accept new experiences between 4-12 weeks old
After 14 weeks old, more fearful of new things
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Learned BehaviorsImprinting
Learning occurs at a particular stage in life
Filial imprinting Lorenz Many birds will “imprint” on
moving object in 1st 36 hours of life.
Consider that object their parent Can be useful in rehabilitation
Sexual imprinting Learn characteristics of desirable
mate Zebra finches prefer mates that
appear like bird that reared them.
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Learned BehaviorsAssociation
Stimulus linked to another stimulus that may not be related to the first
Pavlov Ring bell before feeding dogs Dogs salivated Eventually salivated just with
bellFish moving to surface
when hand seenDog excited when seeing
leash
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CommunicationInstinctive & learnedSent & received among a speciesSignals—single cue, meant to change
receiver’s behaviorDisplays—pattern of behavior, social signal
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Communication SignalsPheromones
Signaling—induce receiver to respond fast Honeybee alarm calls Sexual attraction
Priming—induce physiological change Urine of male mice can induce
& enhance estrus of females
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Communication SignalsAcoustical
SoundsAttract females (birds,
frogs)Alarms (prairie dogs)Territory possession
(wolves, birds, kangaroo rats)
VisualVisible changes in
behavior or appearanceLaid-back vs. erect earsErect hairsColor changes
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Communication DisplaysMore complicated than a
signal, sequence or pattern of behaviors
CourtshipWell developed in birds,
mammals“Dance”Often elaborate patterns,
ritualized stepsNormal movements or
structures exaggerated or frozen
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Communication DisplaysThreat
Signaler prepared to attack receiver
Signaler benefits if rival backs down without fight
Receiver benefits by avoiding serious injury or death
ProtectionTerritoryMates
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Communication DisplaysInformation
Many insectsVon Frisch & bees
When return to hive, move in specific patterns
Pattern tells others distance & direction of food
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Sexual SelectionCompetition for
reproductionUsually female choosing
among malesDifferent than courtship
displays, but may include them
Nuptial gift—male brings female food item, female chooses male with best one Many insects, flies,
spiders
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Sexual SelectionLek
Mating arenaMales gather in single area
& display or competeFemale moves among them
& choosesGenerally compete for center
positionDeer, some fish, many birds
Physical competition between males
Extravagant physical displays (peacocks)
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Parental CareCare of young requires time &
energyCould use this for survival &
more reproductionYoung more likely to survive w/
careCost of care usually outweighed
by survival improvementNumber of offspring decreases as
length of parental care increasesThe more involved the male is
with care, the more monogamy seen
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Parental CareNo Care
Neither parent gives any interest after laying eggsMost invertebrates, most vertebrates except birds &
mammalsPaternal Care
Father cares for youngRare (seahorses, midwife toads, some birds & mammals)
Maternal CareMother cares for youngMost common if any parental care
Bi-Parental CareBoth parents care for youngMost birds, some fish, many mammals
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Parental CareInfanticide
Killing of youngMost often by unrelated
males Eliminates rival males’
genes May stimulate female to go
into estrus, enabling him to breed
Rats, lions, many other animals (especially mammals)
Some females spontaneously abort when new male takes over
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Social BehaviorIn most habitats, costs
outweigh benefitsCompetition for limited
resourcesLarge social groups
attract more predatorsCrowded conditions
encourage spread of parasites & disease
Animals of the group more likely to be injured, killed, or exploited by others
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Social BehaviorCooperative predator avoidance
Some species have sentinels that give alarms Meerkats, prairie dogs, vervet
monkeysSome join in counterattack
Smaller birds mob predatory birds Ants, bees mob when nest disturbed
Some have more effective defense Sawfly caterpillars “Selfish Herd”—protect collective
self-interest, protect young
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Social BehaviorCooperative hunting
Larger prey than could be killed individually
Prey that could otherwise fight or outrun predator
Two or more individualsMany animals of all kinds
Wolves, lions, wild dogs, starlings, orcas, tuna, army ants
Reproductive advantageEasier access to mates
Communal care of youngAnts, bees, rats, primatesCost of care distributed among
adults
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Social BehaviorDominance Hierarchies
Uneven distribution of resources
Dominant gain more resources
Subordinates might not survive on own
Subordinates might live long enough to reproduce
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Social BehaviorEusocial animals
“True social”—highest level of hierarchy division
Distinct social classes/castes
Division of laborBreeding female dominates,
others don’t breedRemain together for many
generationsInsects (wasps, bees, ants,
termites)Mole rats
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Social BehaviorEusocial animals (cont.)
Altruistic behavior—helps others, harms or gives no benefit to performer Australian honeypot ant
worker—living container Soldier termite—bombards,
nozzle headGenes not passed, but can
be favored if closest relative will benefit
2 siblings as genetically identical as parent & offspring