animal behavior chp 33 pp. 858-879. table of contents 33.1 innate behavior 33.2 learned behavior...
TRANSCRIPT
33.1 Innate Behavior
Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus.
A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism
33.1 Innate Behavior
Animals carry on behaviors with adaptive value: Getting food Avoiding predators Caring for young Finding shelter Attracting mates
Enable reproduction & survival of species
33.1 Innate Behavior
Inherited Behavior Natural selection favors certain behaviors.
To capture prey, toads detect & follow movement. The tongue flipping out is a fixed action pattern.
Genes form the basis for innate behavior.
Hormonal balance Nervous system
Sense organs for sight, touch, sound odor ID
Affect how sensitive organisms are to stimuli
33.1 Innate Behavior
33.1 Innate Behavior
Automatic responses Reflexes Involves no
conscious control Fight or flight
response controlled by hormones & nervous system
Fixed Action Patterns
Instincts
Fixed Action Patterns Quick automatic
response
Instincts Complex pattern of
innate behavior Animal recognizes
stimulus & continues until all parts of behavior are accomplished
33.1 Innate Behavior
33.1 Innate Behavior
Instincts Courtship Behavior
Bowerbirds create displays to attract mates
Bowerbird Display video
33.1 Innate Behavior
Territoriality reduces competition.
A territory is a physical space an animal defends against others of its species. Breeding area Feeding area Potential mates
Male Siberian Tigers
Mark territories with pheromones
Attack & drive intruders away
Improves survival of young and of the species
33.1 Innate Behavior
Lion performing scuffing ceremony.
33.1 Innate Behavior
Aggressive behavior threatens other animals
Used to intimidate others of same species
To defend young, territory or resource
33.1 Innate Behavior
Submission leads to dominance hierarchies
Form of social ranking within a group in which some are subordinate or dominant to others
Hierarchy innate but position may be learnedWolves with female dominance hierarchy
33.1 Innate Behavior
Behavior resulting from internal & external cues
Biological or circadian rhythms, day/night sleep cycle
Seasonal cycle Migration- instinctive
seasonal movement Hibernation Estivation
Migrating caribou
33.1 Innate Behavior
Hibernation State in which body
temp drops, oxygen consumption & breathing rate drops
Conserves energy
Estivation Reduced metabolism
for living in extreme heat or to drought or lack of food
33.2 Learned Behavior
When behavior changes due to practice or experience
Allows animals to adapt to change
Especially important to those with longer life spans
Black bears have learned to choose minivans as targets for raiding food! (Nat. Geo)
33.2 Learned Behavior
Habituation An animal becomes
habituated when it no longer responds to a stimulus.
The gorillas shown here are habituated to the presence of humans.
33.2 Learned Behavior Imprinting Form of learning
that occurs at a specific critical time forming a social attachment to an object or individual
Birds imprint within a day or two of hatching
Usually irreversible
CA condor w/ puppet
33.2 Learned Behavior
By trial & error Animal receives a
reward for making a particular response
Motivation is internal need that causes an animal to act; necessary for learning to take place
Usually involves satisfying a need
33.2 Learned Behavior
Classical conditioning- learning by association
Pavlov noted that dogs salivate at smell of food
By ringing a bell when presenting food he established association
Eventually sound of bell resulted in dog salivating
Conditioned response Ivan Pavlov
33.2 Learned Behavior
Insight- most complex kind of learning
Animal uses previous experience to respond to new situation
Ex. Solving math problems
Sea Otter
33.2 Learned Behavior
Communicate by sound
Vibrate in all directions
Warnings, invitations, location, species even gender
Wolf Howling
33.2 Learned Behavior
Some communication is both innate & learned.
Songbirds have the innate ability to sing; however, they learn their regional dialect.
Goldfinch Song