angkasa city research

MUHAMMAD NAZMI BIN KAMARULZAMAN - 0322251 ENBE FINAL PROJECT INDIVIDUAL

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RESEARCH WHAT IS A CITY?

A city is a large, developed urban areas that has a considerably large population

density compared to other places. It must has buildings and some public services.

There are no exact definition for a city and it varies between countries.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD CITY?

LIVABILITY

Low pollution High usage of renewable energy

Clean and organized streets

Social areas (example: parks)

Good transportation means and connectivity between places

Good telecommunication services

Historical and cultural significance

Strong sense of place

SUSTAINABILITY

Good utilities

Good public service

High amount of residential areas (to overcome increasing population)

Good security

Sufficient energy and water supply

Excellent sewerage system

WHAT DO PEOPLE LOVE MOST ABOUT THEIR CITY

According to a survey conducted by planning and design firm Sasaki Associates:


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CITY ON THE WATER

VENICE, ITALY (400 A.D PRESENT)

HISTORY

The history of Venice began in 400 A.D as a safe haven or shelter from the Gothic

invasions that is happening in mainland Italy. Thousands fled and sought

sanctuary in the channels and shoals of the lagoon due to its geographical

advantage. By 450 A.D, the city has a large permanent population and because

of this, the city grew significantly.

What they did:

They decided to build further into nearby islands and extend the existing island

with wooden stilts and built on top of it.

Why:

To cater constantly increasing population and to solve overcrowding problems.

Problems:

Today, some parts of town is slowly sinking due to the fact that wood is not a

suitable material to be used for foundation. The rising of sea water due to global

warming also contribute to this fact.


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CITY ON THE WATER

PALM JUMEIRAH, DUBAI (2001 PRESENT)

HISTORY

The construction of Palm Jumeirah started in 2001 after years of feasibility study.

The idea directly from the ruler of Dubai and the project is developed by real

estate developer Nakheel Properties. The construction is finished in 2007 with more

than 4,000 luxury villas and apartments. At this time it is the largest artificial island

in the world.

What they did:

The whole island is made using land reclamation process. The island is made using

sand dredged from the bottom of the Persian Gulf which is then sprayed from the

dredging ships onto the required area. This process is known as rainbowing.

Breakwater is made using stones on the outer edge of the island to maintain the

shape of the island.

Why:

The main purpose of Palm Jumeirah is for luxurious residential, tourism and leisure

destination. It is also built as an incredible feat in engineering and construction.

Problems:

As the whole island is made from sand, erosion due to wind and water current is

one of the biggest problems faced. Furthermore, it also disrupt and damage the

marine environment and ecology due to the environment alterations.


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CITY ON THE WATER - CONCLUSION

According to the case study, reason why people build on the water is:

To cater more people due to increase in population.

To allow them to build more buildings (such as residential/commercial/

public service etc...) when there is no space available.

For tourism and leisure destination.

However, building on the water could led to many problems:

Sea level is slowly rising due to global warming. It is estimated that it could

rise between 50cm to 100cm by the year 2100.

The foundation of the city could led to erosion or corrosion over time.

It could greatly impact the marine environment and ecology.

It could be flooded more frequently, mainly during storms and rain.

Another problems would be that it will be affected by potential tsunamis

and earthquake.

HOW TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEMS?

The city foundation should be built slightly higher than the current water

levels. This allows the city to withstand rising sea level.

Reinforce the material used for the foundation with strong and least-

reactive material.

Conserve the marine life by building aquariums and sanctuaries.

Build an automated flood control system in which it keeps the water level

consistent at all times.


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ECO-CITY

WHAT IS AN ECO-CITY?

In a simplistic term, an eco-city is basically an ecologically healthy city that is self-

sustainable while keeping the function of natural ecosystems and living organisms.

It must:

Use renewable and clean energy significantly.

Use clean water.

Reusing and recycling waste whenever possible and has efficient waste

management.

Has clean and efficient transport method.

Contain lots of green spaces such as parks and natural forest.

Use green and eco-friendly technology.

Contain a good connectivity between key locations.


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X CITY RESEARCH ANGKASA CITY

Terminology:

Angkasa means outer-space in Malay. It also refers to Malaysian National Space

Agency. This is to emphasize on the importance of science and technology the

city.

Why:

I decided that my city will has a main industry on astronomy and space-related

research along with tourism. This is to reflect the modernity and give importance

to the scientific community in the region. Astronomy is also one of the most

important scientific branch in the 21st century.

I also chose tourism as a secondary industry as Malaysia is one of the top tourism

destination in the world.

MAIN INDUSTRY

Space Research:

Rocket/satellite launch pad

Space centers and facilities

Space research centers/academy

Observatory

Deep space communication

complex

Discovery centers

Tourism:

Marine life sanctuary and aquariums

Theme park

Resorts and Hotels

Culture and arts gallery

Recreational green space

Retails and shopping malls

Man-made beaches


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LOCATION

BACKGROUND INFO

Location: Selangor part of Malacca strait, Below Pelabuhan Klang

Depth: 20m 60m

Importance:

A popular and significant route for ships. (ie. 15 million barrels of oil and

petroleum products pass through it daily)

Strategically important route for China as nearly 80% of China's crude oil

imports pass through it to go to Africa and Middle East.

Risks:

Prone to tsunamis and mild earthquake.

A considerable security risk due to illegal migrants and much more rarely,

piracy (ship hijacks).


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AIMS

The key idea behind Angkasa City will be sustainable living. It means that

the city will have all the necessary things that can meet the aspiration of

todays residents as well as the futures.

It should be allowed to cater at least 500,000 people as the population

are steadily increasing.

The city will have an exceptionally good security by having a good security

structure.

It will be an ecologically friendly city, using renewable energy and clean

water and has almost zero carbon emission.

It will have integration between functional space and green space where

people could relax themselves in a clean and fresh environment.

It will have an effective and clean transportation means as well as good

connectivity between key locations to minimize carbon footprint.

The two main industry that will be focused on is space research and tourism

as these two industry are growing and are economically viable.

CITY INSPIRATION (IMAGES


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BASE PLAN EXPLANATION

The overall shape of the city is designed to look like a satellite from above.

It consist of three different types of shape circle, triangle and hexagon.

o The main foundation is circular in shape. This is to establish an

organized concentric grid in the city. This also allows the city to have

a definite center a main focal point of the city.

o All the residential areas is made with triangular blocks. This allows the

residential areas to be organized while also look unique and

interesting.

o Hexagons symbolize the future as it is often seen in futuristic

depictions. Both triangle and hexagons tessellate perfectly.

6 straight roads from the center of the city allows for impressive axis view.

The area below the circular grid is designated to be for tourism.

The area above the circular grid is designated for space research and

utilities (energy plants).

The outer circle acts like a wall against threats such as illegal immigrants

and tsunamis. There is several openings to allow visitors, each opening is

guarded by maritime officers.


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ANGKASA CITY FEATURES RESIDENTIAL AREAS

The residential buildings are all located in triangular blocks in which the city

comprise of 81similar blocks.

Each residential block contain 6 residential condominium/apartment.

2 buildings are for lower-income residents, 2 are for middle-income residents

and the remaining 2 are for higher-income residents. They are all combined

so that each income class are more integrated with each other.

In the middle of the residential block is a community hall that include facility

like pools, gym, field and indoor sports court. It also contain a small park for

relaxing.

Each of those residential block contains a small dock for private boats.

There are only bicycle and pedestrian walkway in each blocks, no car is

allowed.

Close up view of a residential block.

Dock for

private boats

Community

hall with small field and

swimming pool

Guard house

for security

Small Parks

6 high density

residential buildings

Connected with a

bridge to the main

platform


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RECREATIONAL AREAS

There are seven main parks scattered around the city evenly. These green

space is mainly for recreational and sport purposes. There will be many

trees/vegetation as well as open areas.

Along each highways there are also linear parks on each side of the road.

Each park will have a different design and layout. This is to make the city

more interesting by having many varieties of parks.

There is also a beautiful man-made beach at the southern most of the city.

This beach will be over 1KM long enough space for a lot of people.

There will be a stadium complex at the north-east of the city. This will contain

a multi-purpose stadium, a smaller stadium as well as many other sport

facilities.

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

There are six schools and one public university in the city.

The schools are placed as such that most resident of the city can access it

with ease.

The schools will use state-of-the-art technologies and methods for efficient

and engaging learning. Examples are interactive boards, computerized

learning etc

The schools will also have many facilities for the students and teachers that

are not found in todays government schools such as theater hall, indoor

sports court, swimming pool etc

The school should be able to cater large amount of students.

There is one main university located at the northern side of the city. This

university will provide wide range of courses that will benefit students living

in the city. It will also combined with an academic center for research and

development purposes.


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RELIGION AND CULTURE

There are 10 main religious centers in the city with 1 located at the center

of the city.

7 of those is dedicated to be a mosque as Muslim population in Malaysia is

the highest and Islam being the official religion.

3 will be for other majority religion such as Catholic Christian, Hinduism and

Buddhism.

Although it is a post-modern city, Malaysian culture and tradition such as

cuisine (street foods), attire, sports and media will be preserved.

There will be a cultural center specifically for tourist from other countries that

is eager to learn about Malaysian history and culture.

Everything regarded as a taboo such as casinos and clubs will not be built

in the city to respect the local culture.

COMMERCIAL AND RETAIL

Studies has found that 25% (refer to page 1) of people love to go shopping.

Therefore there should be many retails particularly located at the ground

floor of a commercial building thus can be accessed from the streets.

The city will have a big shopping mall for people who love indoor shopping.

Commercial areas located at the side of the main highway will be denser

higher skyscrapers as this allows for easy access to residents and visitors

alike.

Many other buildings in the commercial areas are office building, financial

establishments and businesses in general.

This are very important for stable income into the city. This will make the city

economically viable.

Business Park is a land in which many office buildings are grouped together.

The commercial building at the business park are much less denser and

more open thus create a comfortable environment. It is located at the

southern area of the city, around 3KM away from the city center.


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INDUSTRIAL

ECO-FRIENDLY INDUSTRY

All the industry in the city will be obliged eco-friendly technologies and

method to preserve the environment as well as to create a comfortable

clean and safe city.

The purpose of eco-friendly industry is to maximize profit but putting

environment preservation at a higher level; prioritize environment first.

It will follow a set of protocols to ensure impact to the environment is

minimized wherever possible. These are:

o Minimize the use of harmful chemicals or potentially harmful

chemicals such as CFCs that could greatly impact the environment.

o Minimize the total amount of greenhouse gases produce by using

alternative albeit more expensive method.

o Reduce, reuse and recycle method at industrial scale.

o Sustainability - Recognizing the importance of our planets limited

natural resources. This means that the eco-friendly industry will try to

meet with the demand of todays people without compromising

people living in the future.

o Using energy-saving materials and using renewable energy source

such as wind and solar energy. In our case we can also use

hydroelectric power.

SAFE AND COMFORTABLE WORKING SPACE

The industry will also care for the worker human rights and safety to ensure

that everyone gets a high quality of life. The city council will enforce a strict

rule to ensure every industry follow this set of ethical rules.

The industrial areas will have a small green space for the workers to relax

and have a calm state of mind during a break.

AGRICULTURE

My city will contain exactly 16 agricultural building. Each with similar

design making it easier to maintain.

These building will divide into several different agriculture uses such as

crops farming, vegetable farming and livestock.


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INDOOR, VERTICAL AND MULTI-LEVEL FARMING

Vertical farming is a new method of farming that is expanding upwards.

This save lots of space as well as doesnt require fertile land to build.

This is extremely efficient method in term of production as it could

produce lots of food for the growing population of the city the excess

product can be exported to other city/country.

The food produce will also be as organic as possible while making it safe

to eat.

One plausible design is to use a complex water spraying system and UV

lights to allow the vegetation to survive, grow and photosynthesize. It

could also contain windows and transparent roof to allow sunlight to

reach in thus saving some energy.

However farming this method isnt economically viable realistically as it is

very expensive to maintain.

INDOOR LIVESTOCK FARMING

Nowadays, many animals particularly from the developed countries are

raised indoor in one way or another.

However the livestock farms are not multi-leveled. By making it at least

several stories high, the farm could produce more products in a same

amount of land space and this means more efficiency.

However, indoor livestock farming has some cons, such as limiting the

movement of the animals, less natural nutrition for them as well as disease

can be spread rapidly.


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TOURISM

The city will be a tourist destination to attract visitors from all over Malaysia

and abroad. The reason why it is a tourist destination is because the city on

the water itself is unique and one-of-a-kind.

Tourism allows the city to gather lots of money from the visitors thus having

economic advantage.

There will be a large theme park at the tourism side of the city. This theme

park combines water theme park and with others such as roller coasters

and fun rides.

Furthermore, there will be many hotels and resorts to accommodate lots of

potential visitors.

The man-made beach is located just minutes away from all the hotels and

resorts. This is to allow easy access for the tourists and visitors.

GOVERNMENTAL AND PUBLIC SERVICES

SECURITY

Angkasa City aimed to be one of the safest and most secured city in the

world with extremely effective police and guards.

Reduction in economy inequality gap allows the city to have reduction in

crime rate. This is achieved by integrating different social class together.

Each residential block has its own security guards. Moreover, there will be a

bigger security center at the entrance of the city. There is also a maritime

security to monitor water transport movement at each opening of the city.

This is to prevent problems such as illegal immigrants, pirates and unwanted

visitors.

As the city is located at the border of Malaysia, there will be a small military

base equipped with military control anti-aircraft missile for border

protection in an unusually unlikely event such as terrorism.

In case of a powerful tsunamis, the city is fully built with a 10 meter outer

barrier that could minimize the tsunami impact.

The city platform is built to be able to absorb some degree shock and rapid

movement from the earth thus making it earthquake resistant. All the tall

buildings are also an earthquake resistance structures.


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Additionally, the city also have a police headquarters located at the

center of the city as well as a large fire station. This is so that the distance

needed to be covered are equal in all direction making it efficient.

HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER

There are 2 designated areas for hospitals, one located in the center of the

city to achieve maximum convenience for the residence.

There is a medical center covering an area of around 7 hectares which it is

located at the southeastern side of the city. This medical center contain a

few different medical institution/hospital as well as a medical academy.

GOVERNMENT BUILDING

Government building includes city hall, local council and main city

management offices.

The management offices manage the city foundation, maintenance and

monitor any potential threats and natural disaster that could impact the

city. It also manage all the other things like transportation and residence.

Government buildings is located in the middle of the city. This is to bring the

people closer to the government and management.

TRANSPORTATION

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

There are 3 main highways in the city, the highways are elevated around

10 meters above the ground. This allows for space below the highway as

well as less disturbance for local residence.

Each road has a lane for vehicles and lane for bicycle as well as pedestrian

walkway.

There are many interconnecting roads where cars and other vehicle are

not allowed. These road are still wide enough for emergency vehicles to

get through easily.

The transit system is divided into 2 means of transport, a Maglev train and a

tram. The train railway is elevated slightly above the highways whereas the

tram move on the road.


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In addition to this, there is one longer train system that is connected to KLIA

and Kuala Lumpur to allow visitor to visit with ease.

METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION

Maglev Train

Maglev train uses magnetic levitation to create

a frictionless, quiet and high speed travel. This

means that the train will float over a guide-way

due to the basic principles of magnets. This

means that the train will not use the old style

track.

Maglev train can be used for Angkasa City-KLIA-

Kuala Lumpur route as well as the citys transit system. Furthermore, it is one of the

fastest transportation method, able to reach the speed of 400km/h and above.

Ultra Low Floor Tram (ULF)

Ultra Low Floor Tram is a tram that is currently

used in Vienna, Austria and Oradea, Romania.

The specialty about the tram is that it has the

lowest floor height of its kind, making it unique

compared to other tram system.

It also have a contemporary design and are

suitable for less denser area such as the

residential areas. This means that people need

to wait slightly longer for another tram to arrive compared to the train.

Electric Cars (and Taxis)

Electric cars are much safer to the environment

as it produce zero emission of carbon based

chemicals.

Normal residence in the city are encourage to

use electric cars and all taxis will be using this

technology to preserve the environment. There

will be a charging station (much like a gas station) for people to charge their cars.

To create a sense of open space in the city, all cars are parked underground.


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Bicycles

This classic transportation system is the cleanest

and the most efficient to travel for short distance.

Every road in the city are to be provided with a

bicycle lane on both side. The lane is fitted with

roofing to protect cycler from high temperature.

Parking space such as this one should be

available in high density areas such as the

commercial areas and the recreational areas

for cycler to park safely and securely. This also

save lots of spaces.

Boats

Because the city is located on the water,

travelling by boat would be another possible

method of transportation.

There will be many small port/dock for the boats

at different part of the city. Each residential

block contain one dock.


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UTILITIES

ENERGY

My city will maximize as much as possible for using renewable and clean

energy.

There will be several energy generator source in case one break down or

does not work due to condition (no wind, night etc)

Solar Energy

Solar energy works by converting light source into energy, using the energy

of speeding photons (light particles) to create an electrical current in a

solar panel.

Solar energy will be the main energy source for the city, this is because as

the city is situated at the open sea, it will received as much sunlight as

possible if it isnt raining or night time.

The solar panel is placed in every buildings roof and all the skyscrapers

window will be equipped with integrated, transparent solar panel. This

allows many tall building to harness clean energy for their own usage.

Furthermore, the roof of a bicycle lane may also be equipped with solar

panels.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity use natural water from a

reservoir (in our case, the sea) which is then

move through and turn the turbine really fast.

This kinetic energy is converted in electrical

energy inside the powerhouse.

The intake of the water from the reservoir

can be controlled. It should also be designed

so that it minimize the impact on natural marine life.

This energy could be placed on the side of the foundation of the city rather

than on top of it, underwater. This allows for hydroelectricity to be used at

a large scale due to large amount of available space.


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Wind Energy

Acquiring wind energy from wind mills is another way of getting clean

energy.

There are many cons with wind mills for my city. Because of this, the wind

energy is use only by a small scale away from the dense area.

The cons are:

o Produce sound pollution due to its loud noise.

o Use up lots of space in the city, cant be built underground.

o Not as efficient compared to other types of renewable energy.

Solar Fuel

Solar fuel is a new technology of converting excess solar energy into a fuel

that can be stored and used later. Different method are being researched

to make these reaction a sustainable, environmentally friendly way.

This has lots of potential as it allows energy to be stored rather than wasted

and can be used when there is a greater demand of energy. This means

less waste.

Furthermore, solar fuel can be used as a green alternative to fossil fuel.

Underground Transmission Line

Transmission line is a line that transfer electrical energy from one place to

another.

Having underground transmission line instead of overhead transmission line

brings some advantage. Firstly, it makes the overhead streets much more

organized and cleaner without all the wires. This also means that it will take

much less space. Secondly, it is much less affected by bad weather.

The line underground is connected to a step-down transformers. Then

these power line will connected directly to a building.

The transmission line will be monitored through a sophisticated device that

detect faults. This makes it easier to identify any problems and maintain the

transmission line.


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WATER SUPPLY

To be able to sustain itself, a city need millions of gallons of clean water

every day for all of the different purposes.

One method of getting clean water is by taking seawater and processed

it by reverse osmosis. This desalinate the water, making it safe for drinking.

Not only that, reverse osmosis method can also be used for wastewater

treatment and even for producing extra energy.

Reverse Osmosis

In reverse osmosis, we have the saltwater on one side of a tank and pure water

on the other side which is separated by a semi-permeable membrane. We

would apply pressure to the saltwater side of the tank enough to counteract

the natural osmotic pressure from the pure water side, and then to push the

saltwater through the filter.

But because of the size of the salt molecules, only the smaller water molecules

would make it to the other side, thus adding fresh water to the water side, and

leaving the salt on the other.

The fresh water will then go through an underground reservoir and through a

large pipe which transport the water around the city for every day usage.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Every sustainable city need to have an efficient sewerage system to

transport waste for treatment or disposal.

These sewerage system will run underground from our city and its content

will be transported into a treatment plant which is also located

underground for convenient purposes.

The sewerage system will

also combined with surface

runoff. Surface runoff is the

excess flow water that

occurs during heavy raining.


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CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION

Although I did not look at the cost and economic impact due to maintenance of

such build, I still managed to design a sophisticated city and look into many

different aspect such as utilities, residential etc While researching I also came

across different opinions and survey to what make a city great and loved. I tried

to combine this with eco-friendly technologies and building to create the best

sustainable, livable city.

My city is chosen to be located on the water. This means that I have to research

and understand many advantages and disadvantages of building a gigantic

builds on a waterbody. I research two project/city of the past and determine

what they did, the problem and their impact overall. This allows me to understand

on how to prevent similar problems.

Lastly, I really enjoyed working on this project although I am very lazy to do it. It

has opened my eyes on how difficult it is to design a viable, realistic city.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.ecocitybuilders.org/why-ecocities/ecocity-definition/

http://www.sasaki.com/media/files/cities_survey_final-1.pdf

http://events.cleantech.com/tianjin/sites/default/files/TianjinEco-CityBrochure.pdf

http://tours-italy.com/venice-tours/venice-travel-guide/history/

http://www.nakheel.com/en/communities/palm-jumeirah

http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/dubai-palm1.htm

https://www.thevenusproject.com/en/technology/cities-in-the-sea

http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/se-asia/story/missing-malaysia-airlines-

plane-10-key-facts-malacca-strait-andaman-sea-MH370

https://www.franchisehelp.com/industry-reports/green-industry-report/

http://www.verticalfarm.com/

http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/faen/Modern%20Facilities.html

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

http://science.howstuffworks.com/reverse-osmosis2.htm

http://www.lawrencecountysolidwaste.org/index.php/kids-corner/where-does-our-trash-

go

angkasa city research

Documents

good city

enbe final project individual

water palm jumeirah

water venice

existing island

water current

construction of palm

largest artificial island