angie guggino, ms, atc, lat. what is the structure and function of the skeletal system? what are...
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEMAngie Guggino, MS, ATC, LAT
Essential Questions
What is the structure and function of the skeletal system?
What are the common diseases and injuries effecting the skeletal system?
Course Standard 6
Evaluate the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the muscular and skeletal systems, and perform technical skills related to the systems.
6.2 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the skeletal system, including locating and identifying the bones of the skeletal system and hemopoiesis.
6.4 Identify and explain medical terms related to the muscular and skeletal systems, and utilize when documenting in the electronic medical record.
6.5 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging disorders of the muscular and skeletal systems including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
6.6 Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons. 6.7 Describe the development of the skeletal system. 6.8 Locate and identify the types of joints in the skeletal system. 6.12 Demonstrate proper techniques for ambulation with assistive
devices (crutches, cane, walker); and identify limitations and abnormalities.
General Information
How many bones in the human body? 206
What is a joint? Place where two bones meet.
What is the name for the connective tissue that attaches bone to bone? ligaments
What are the two segments of the skeleton? Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton
Functions of the Skeletal System
Support Protection Movement Storage Blood cell formation
Bone Cells
Osteocytes Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
Bone Tissue
COMPACT CANCELLOUS (TRABECULAR)
Dense Compact High mineral content Strong
Spongy Porous with
honeycomb structure
Shape Categories of Bone
Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus
Shape Categories of Bone
Flat bones Thin, flattened and usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of
spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification
categories Example: Vertebrae
Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
Diaphysis Shaft Composed of
compact bone Epiphysis
Ends of the bone Composed mostly
of spongy bone
Long Bones
Periosteum Outside covering of
the diaphysis Fibrous connective
tissue membrane Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Arteries Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Long Bones
Articular cartilage Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint
surfaces Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow
(mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in infants
Bone Formation
Ossification In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage During development, much of this
cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints
Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Adult Bone
Bone mineral peaks Women age 25-28 Men age 30-35
Remodeling Process through which adult bone can change
in density, strength, and sometimes shape When bone is subjected to high force it
tends to increase density Bone only accounts for about 15% of
body weight
Teamwork
Astronauts can experience a dramatic decrease in bone density while in a weightless environment. Explain how this happens and suggest a way to slow the loss of bone tissue.
Joints
Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally
Functional Classifications
Synarthroses immovable joints
Amphiarthroses slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses freely moveable joints
Structural Classification
Fibrous joints Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints Freely moveable
Synovial Joints
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule Ligaments reinforce the joint
Associated Structures
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs Lined with synovial membranes Filled with synovial fluid Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Shoulder
Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding (plane) Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and- Socket
Injuries and DisordersThe Skeletal System
Common Injuries
Dislocations One of the articulating bones is displaced Shoulder, patella, fingers, elbow, jaw
Subluxation Partial dislocation
Bursitis Inflammation of the bursa
Sprains Overstretching or tearing of a ligament
Fractures Broken bone
Fractures
Extremities most common Statistics:
men up to 45 years of age women over 45 years of age Before 75 years wrist fractures most common 75 years hip fractures most common
Types of Fractures
Magnitude and direction of force Closed
– Bone fragments do not pierce skin Open/compound
– Bone fragments pierce skin Displaced or non-displaced
Transverse Fracture
Usually caused by directly applied force to fracture site
Spiral or Oblique
Caused by violence transmitted through the distal limb
twisting movement
Greenstick
Occurs in children Bones soft and
bend without fracturing completely
Avulsion Fracture
Traction Bony fragment
usually torn off by a tendon or ligament
Stress fracture
Abnormal stress on normal bone Fatigue fracture
Normal stress on abnormal bone Insufficiency
fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Two or more bone pieces
High energy trauma
Can require serious hardware to repair
Comminuted Fracture Repair
First Aid Treatment
Splinting Red Cross Videos
Physician Treatment
Reduction Open reduction (surgery)
very accurate risk of infection Usually when internal fixation is needed
Manipulation Usually with anesthesia
Traction pulling
Holding the Reduction
4-12 weeks External fixation Internal fixation Frame fixation
External fixation
Used for fractures that are too unstable for a cast.
Can shower and use the hand gently with the external fixator in place.
Frame fixation
Allows correction of deformities by moving the pins in relation to the frame.
Internal fixation
“Homedepot Method” Rods Screws Pins Plates
Fracture Healing
1. Fracture hematoma2. Fibrocartilaginous callus3. Bony callus 4. Bone Remodeling
Hematoma
blood from broken vessels forms a clot.
6-8 hours after injury
swelling and inflammation to dead bone cells at fracture site
Fibrocartilaginous
About 3 weeks New capillaries organize
fracture hematoma into granulation tissue called a procallus
Fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade procallus.
Make collagen fibers which connect ends together
Chondroblasts begin to produce fibrocartilage
Bony Callus
After 3 weeks Lasts about 3-4
months Osteoblasts make
woven bone.
Remodeling
Osteoclasts remodel woven bone into compact bone and spongy bone
Often no trace of fracture on X-ray
Several months
ArthritisSalem Health Article
1. What is the definition of arthritis?2. Approximately how many different varieties of arthritis
have been identified?3. How do young or middle-aged adults usually experience
the disease?4. Describe the four functional classifications of arthritis.5. How are nerves affected with arthritis?6. What are the general goals of arthritis therapy?7. How does heat therapy help with arthritis?8. What are NSAIDS?9. Why should heat modalities not be used in acute cases of
arthritis?10. What is the benefit of the COX-2 inhibitor vs. the COX-1
inhibitor?
The End