anesthetic 1

December 21, 2010

Common Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents1

We strongly recommend the use of pre-emptive analgesia for surgical and/or painful procedures unless

contraindicated. The information provided below is a starting point. Always seek veterinary advice when

developing anesthesia and analgesia for your studies or teaching protocols.

Check out the Virtual Anesthesia Machine at http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/.

Additional information is available from http://web.research.colostate.edu/LAR/anesthesia/appaa.aspx.

Amphibians

It is the recommendation that frogs be fasted for one day prior to anesthesia to prevent regurgitation.

Xenopus should be handled with soft nets for procedures performed without anesthesia. The use of

chemical restraint is required for prolonged or invasive procedures. A light plane of anesthesia is

characterized by a loss of righting reflexes, but withdrawal reflexes and gular (throat) respiratory efforts

remain. As the anesthetic level deepens, abdominal respiration is lost, followed by slowing of gular

(throat) movements, which stop as a surgical level is reached. The cardiac impulse (visible heartbeat)

should be retained, slowing or loss of cardiac impulse indicates an anesthetic overdose. Keep skin moist

during recovery; dechlorinated water with a pH of 6.5-8.5 is recommended.

AGENT DOSAGE COMMENTS

Tricaine methosulfonate

MS-222

Immersion bath dosages:

Tadpoles/newts: 200-500mg/L

Frogs/salamanders: 500mg/L to 2g/L

Toads: 1-3g/L

Injection dosage:

50-150 mg/kg IM, SC, IM

Anesthetic of choice, for Xenopus.

Concentrations over 500mg/L should be

buffered with NaHCO3; unbuffered

solutions have a prolonged induction

time and are irritating to the animal.

Induction: 5 min and recovery at 1-30

min.

Disadvantage of injecting MS-222 is

that solutions for injection require

filtration to ensure that it is sterile.

Benzocaine 50 mg/L; Larvae

200-300 mg/L; Frogs, salamanders

Dissolve with ethanol first

Ketamine

50-150 mg/kg SC, IM

Can be used for minor procedures e.g.

radiography.

Disadvantage: Animals anesthetized

with these drugs even at high doses

remain sensitive to pain. The surgical

use of these drugs is therefore limited to

preanesthetic use.

Tiletamine/zolazepam

(Telazol)

10-20 mg/kg SC, IM, IC Variable results, rapid recovery

1 Modified from a compilation by Dr. Sylvia Sigletary (2004).

http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/

http://web.research.colostate.edu/LAR/anesthesia/appaa.aspx

Isoflurane 1-5%

Topical application: 0.03 to 0.06ml/g

applied to an absorbent pad with an

impermeable back.

Bubble into water to effect*.

Terrestrial animals - induction chamber

Pentobarbital 40-50 mg/kg; inject into dorsal lymph

sac, IC

Variable response may be best suited for

euthanasia

ANALGESIA

Buprenorphine 38 mg/kg SC Duration > 4h

Butorphanol 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IM Duration 12h **

Flunixin meglumine 25mg/kg intracelomic 4h **

Xylazine 10mg/kg intracelomic 12-24h**

* Smith. J. M. 2000. Isoflurane Anesthesia in the African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Contemp. Topics 39 (6): 39-42.

**Terril-Robb, L. 1996.Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol Tartrate, Xylazine Hydrochloride, and Flunixin Meglumine in Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens). Contemp. Topics 35 (3): 54-56.

Cat Cats can vomit during induction and recovery. They need to be fasted for 6-8h before anesthesia and

observed carefully during recovery. They can have free access to water. Cats are prone to laryngospasm

during endotracheal intubation; a lidocaine spray is commonly used in practice to help prevent spasms. In

uncomplicated or short procedures gas anesthesia can be maintained with a correctly fitted nose cone.

“Masking down” is also used as an induction technique with animals that are properly sedated.

However, there is an increased risk, to the operator, from anesthetic gas exposure. Animals less than 7kg

should be placed on a nonrebreathing system when gas anesthesia is being administered.


Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect 30-60

min.

Glycopyrrolate 0.02 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect is 1-2

h. Some cats can have dry mouth after 2 h

on glycopyrrolate.

Acepromazine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg SC, IM Hypotension and prolonged recovery, but

very commonly used for calming

fractious animals for placement of IV

catheters and minor procedures.

Xylazine 0.4-0.9 mg/kg IM α2-adrenergic agonist. IV administration

can lead to hypotensive crisis. Reduces

cardiac output even when anticholinergics

are given. Reported to cause vomiting

Diazepam 0.2-0.4 mg/kg (max dose is 10

mg) IV

Duration of effect 30-180 min. More

rapid recovery the ace and xylazine, less

hypotension

Acepromazine + Oxymorphone 0.05mg/kg of each, IM A good sedative analgesia combination.

Anticholinergics are recommended to

prevent bradycardia.

http://www.aalas.org/member/ct/ct_nyet.htm

http://www.aalas.org/member/ct/ct_nyet.htm

December 21, 2010

Ketamine + Xylazine 22 mg/kg + 1.1 mg/kg IM Duration of effect 20-30 min. Allows

enough muscle relaxation for intubation.

Poor recovery and hyperthermia.

Ketamine + Diazepam 10 mg/kg + 0.5mg/kg IV

Give ⅓ calculated dose as a

bolus with rest to effect.

Duration of effect is 20 min. Allows

enough muscle relaxation for intubation;

premedicate with anticholinergic.

K+Midazolam

Ketamine + Acepromazine 20 mg/kg + 0.11 mg/kg IM Duration of effect is 20-30 min.

Dexmedetomidine Reversible

Pentobarbital 20-30 mg/kg IV Duration of effect is 60-90 min. Repeated

doses of thiopental or pentobarbital will

greatly prolong the recovery from

anesthesia. Narrow margin of safety, poor

analgesic properties, long and sometimes

violent recovery periods. Recommended

for nonsurvival procedures.

Isoflurane 1-3% to effect Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg IM SC 6-8h, moderate pain relief, ceiling effect

Butorphanol 0.1-0.5 mg/kg Up to 4h, sedation last longer than

analgesia, moderate pain relief, ceiling

effect

Oxymorphone 0.02-0.05 mg/kg IV, IM, SC Duration 4h, minimal respiratory

depression and excellent analgesia

Morphine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM, SC Duration 4h, dosages over 0.5mg/kg can

cause excitement

Tramadol 1-5 mg/kg PO

Meloxicam 0.01 mg/kg Start at 0.01 mg/kg and decrease dose and

frequency over time

Carprofen 4 mg/kg IV, SC

Ketoprofen 1-2 mg/kg IM, IV, SC, PO q24h

Chicken and other Avian Species

The following issues should be considered when anesthetizing avian species. The use of supplemental

heat should always be used to protect against hypothermia. Other techniques which can protect against

hypothermia are minimizing feather plucking, circulating warm water blankets, warm water bottles, heat

lamps, heated lavage solutions, and heated IV fluids. Indwelling intravenous catheters are difficult to

maintain because avian vessels are very delicate; however, peri-anesthetically, these catheters are usually

suitable. For long term (up to 3 days) vascular access, intraosseous (IO) catheters, placed in the ulna or

tibiotarsus, are recommended. Supplemental oxygen via a facemask is recommended when injectable

anesthesia is used. Pre-anesthetic agents such as anticholinergic drugs, opioids, and benzodiazepines are

routinely used in avian patients as indicated by the procedures to be performed. Birds should be fasted 2-4

h to insure the crop is empty at the time of anesthesia. Prior to anesthesia the crop should be gently

palpated to sure it is empty. If the crop still contains food after a 4 hour fast, it is generally a sign of ill

health, and veterinary assistance should be sought. The crop can be manually emptied using a crop gavage

tube. Birds should be positioned with their head and neck slightly elevated during anesthesia. Isoflurane

or servoflurane are the anesthetic agents of choice in birds. Inhalation anesthetics can be administered

through a facemask placed over the head, air sac breathing tube, or by an oral endotracheal tube. When

using gas anesthesia, birds under 8 kg should be place on a nonrebreathing system.


Ketamine + Diazepam 75mg/kg IM + 1mg/kg IV

5-30 mg/kg IM + 0.5-2 mg/kg IM,

IV

Chicken, give diazepam 10 min

after ketamine, pain reflexes

intact, lasts 90-100 min.

Most species

Ketamine + Midazolam 10-40 mg/kg + 0.2-2 mg/kg SC,

IM

Most species

Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IM, SC Most species

Midazolam ).2-0.5 mg/kg IM, Sc Most species

Isoflurane 3-5% induction, 1.5-2.5%

maintenance

Most species

Analgesics

Butorphanol 1-4 mg/kg IM, SC

not to exceed q4hr

κ-opioid receptor agonism has

been shown to be more

important for establishment of

antinociception.

Carprofen 1 mg/Kg SC

5-10 mg/kg IM, IV, PO

This dose was shown to increase

the walking ability of lame

chickens#

Joint working group, 2001§

Meloxicam 0.5 mg/kg SC, PO q12h Based on PK data in Indian

Ring-necked parakeets, and has

been extrapolated clinically to

multiple other species

Tramadol 5 mg/kg PO q12h Based on PK data in Bald Eagles

#The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Heard Darrly, Volume 4, Number 1, January 2001 W.B. Saunders § Joint Working Group on Refinements. Laboratory birds: refinement in husbandry and procedures. Lab. Anim. 35(Suppl. 1), 2001.

December 21, 2010

Dog

In survival surgical patients, baseline data can identify any preexisting physical or physiological

abnormalities. The review of pre-surgical blood work and performing a physical examination are

common methods used to evaluate surgical patients. It is recommended that complete blood count,

parasite examination and chemical evaluation of both kidney and liver function be included in the pre-

surgical work-up.

Intramuscular injections are commonly delivered to the caudal thigh muscles. However, IM injection in

this location can cause deposition of the agent in the fascial plane. This can result in both decreased

absorption and possible damage to the sciatic nerve. Drugs administered in either the cranial thigh or

lumbar muscles are better absorbed and preferred locations for IM injections. However, if the caudal

thigh muscle is used, direct the needle backwards.


Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect 30-

60 min

Glycopyrrolate 0.02 mg/kg IM, SC Anticholinergic. Duration of effect is

60-120 min

Acepromazine 0.01-0.05 mg/kg, IV,

0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM, SC

Hypotension and prolonged recovery,

but very commonly used for placement

of IV and minor procedures in fractious

animals.

Xylazine 0.5-2.0 mg/kg IM Duration 30-60 min α2-adrenergic

agonist with short lived analgesic

properties. IV administration can lead to

hypotensive crisis. Reduces cardiac

output even when anticholinergics are

given has been reported to cause

vomiting

Sedative Combination:

Acepromazine

Oxymorphone

0.05mg/kg of each, IM A good sedative analgesia combination.

Anticholinergics are recommended to

prevent bradycardia.

Propofol 0.3-0.5 mg/kg/min

Recommended combination for

animals with compromised

cardiovascular function:

Propofol 1-2 mg/kg IV +

Slow bolus fentanyl 7-10μg/kg

and atropine 0.005-0.01mg/kg

IV

Propofol is a sedative/hypnotic. It can be

used in induction or maintenance of

general anesthesia. An opioid or α2-

agonists must be added for surgery,

because of its poor analgesic properties.

There are rapid induction and recovery

times Some of the adverse effects are

apnea, bradycardia and hypotension.

Ketamine + Diazepam 10 mg/kg + 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IV.

Give ⅓ as bolus then titrate to

effect

Duration 20 min used for short periods

of restraint or minor procedures or for

intubation

Telazol 1-3 mg/kg IM, IV For tracheal intubation. For large dogs

use lower end of the recommended dose.

Tachycardia and hypertension are

common. Premedicate with

acepromazine, opioid or xylazine

provides a smoother recovery.

Pentobarbital 20-30 mg/kg IV

Isoflurane 1-3% to effect Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg IM, SC q6-8h Flecknell (1985)

Butorphanol 0.1-0.5 IM, IV q2-4h

Carprofen 2.2-4.0 mg/kg PO, IV, SC for a

max of 3 d or 1 mg/Kg for 5 d

Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg PO

Ketoprofen 5 mg/kg IM Potent COX inhibitor, preoperative

administration inhibited platelet

aggregation (Lemke, 2002). Use caution

when given pre-operatively, supportive

fluid therapy is recommended.

Fentanyl 50µg/h transdermal patch

Fentanyl has a very short duration of

action (30-45 min.). Therefore, it is most

effectively used as a continuous drip

either intraoperatively and/or post-

operatively

Tramadol 2-3 mg/kg PO q6-12h

Flecknell (1985). The management of post-operative pain and distress in experimental animals. Anim. Tech. 36(2): 97-103. Mathew N (ed) (1999) The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, Volume 29, number 3. W.B. Saunders.

Lemke, KA, Runyon CL, Horney BS (2002) Effect of perioperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal

mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovarhysterectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(12): 1818-1822

Ferret

Small mammals can develop hypoglycemia if fasted. However, the possibility of vomiting and aspiration

does exist whenever ferrets are anesthetized. Thus, fasting for a minimum of 4h not to exceed 8h is

recommended. In animals over 3 years of age fasting should not exceed four hours. In addition, water

should be withheld for 2h prior to anesthetic procedures. Ferrets respond well to gas anesthesia, but a

decrease by up to 40% of the packed cell volume should be expected when ferrets are exposed to

Isoflurane, halothane, or servoflurane. As with the cat a properly fitted nose cone can be used to

administer gas anesthesia. Furthermore, an induction chamber can be used but some animals may

become excitable during this procedure. The ferret is easily intubated; recommended endotracheal tube

size ranges from 2.5-3.5mm. The topical application of 0.05 ml of a 2% lidocaine solution will prevent

larygospasm. A nonrebreathing anesthesia circuit is recommended for ferrets. Body temperature is

rapidly lost in small mammals, which results in prolonged recovery and bradycardia. Thus, the use of

recirculation hot water blankets, rectal core temperature monitoring and heated recovery areas is

recommended.


December 21, 2010

Atropine

Glycopyrrolate

0.04-0.05 mg/kg IM, SC

0.01mg/kg IM, SC

Anticholinergic. Recommended to

control salivation associated with

ketamine, tiletamine-zolazepam,

administration or gas induction.

Acepromazine 0.1-0.25 mg/kg IM,SC Light to moderate sedation, no

analgesia, not recommended for

debilitated animals.

Xylazine

*REVERSAL AGENT:

Yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg IV; 0.5

mg/kg IM)

1.0 mg/kg IM,SC Profound sedation, good muscle

relaxation, analgesia, bradycardia,

arrhythmias and hypotension. Not

recommended for debilitated animals.

Diazepam 1.0-2.0 mg/kg, IM

0.5 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q6-8h

Light tranquilization no analgesia

Smooth muscle relaxation

Midazolam 0.3-1.0 mg/kg, IM, SC Light tranquilization no analgesia

Butorphanol 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM, IV Provides analgesia, improves recovery

in tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine

combinations

Ketamine 20-30 mg/kg IM When used alone muscle relaxation is

poor analgesia brief and salivation is

excessive. Recovering animals may

paddle Recommended for restraint

only.

Ketamine + Xylazine 10-25 mg/kg + 1-2mg/kg IM, SC Light anesthesia for noninvasive

procedures, good analgesia, cardiac

arrhythmias, bradycardia,

hypertension. Animals become quite

hypoxic

Ketamine + Diazepam 10-20 mg/kg + 1-2 mg/kg IM,

SC

Recommended for sedation only, poor

analgesia, cardiac arrhythmias,

paddling and sneezing on recovery,

not suitable for surgical procedures,

animal must be supported during the

recovery period.

Tiletamine-zolazepam 12-22mg/kg IM At lower dosage good for sedation

only, but respiration is abnormally

shallow and rapid. At higher dosage

sedation, muscle relaxation, variable

analgesia, long recovery time,

paddling, and apnuestic breathing.

Isoflurane 1-5% Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05 mg/kg SC, IM, IV,

TM (transmucosal) q8-12h

Butorphanol 0.05-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM q2-4h May cause significant sedation

Oxymorphone 0.05-0.2 mg/kg q4h SC, IM, IV

q2-4h

Some sedation and respiratory

depression

Hydromorphone 0.05-0.2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV q8h Minimal respiratory suppression

Morphine 0.5-1 mg/kg SC, IM Sedation and respiratory suppression

Flunixin meglumine 0.5-2.0 mg/kg SC, IV q12-24h

0.3 mg/kg PO, SC q24h

Can be given PO, but must mask the

bitter taste with syrup

Ketoprofen 1 mg/kg SC PO, SC, IM q24h Use with caution until long term safety

studies are available

Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg SC, IM q24h Use with caution until long term safety


Caprofen 1.0 mg/kg PO q12-24h Use with caution until long term safety


Tramadol 5 mg/kg PO q12h Empirical usage, data lacking other

than clinical efficacy

* reversal agents also reverse the analgesia of the α2 agonists.

Fish

Immersion is the preferred method of anesthesia. It is recommended that two separate tanks of water be

used one for induction and the other for recovery. In addition, animals should be fasted for 24h prior to

anesthesia, maintained in a clam state until induced. Fish should be handed with wet gloved hands. The

loss of the equilibrium indicates attainment of the first stages of anesthesia. Surgical anesthesia is attained

when there is no response to stimuli and respirator rate is very slow. Gill movements should be

maintained through anesthesia. Fish that stop spontaneous gill movement should be placed in a recovery

bath pushed though the water to oxygenate the gills.


Tricaine methane sulfonate (MS

222)

15-50 mg/L water

50-100mg/L bath (induction);

50-60 mg/L maintenance

Sedation

Surgical anesthesia

This agent is acidic and must be

buffered

Benzocaine 15-40 mg/L bath

50-100 mg/L

Transport sedation

Anesthesia

Less water soluble than tricaine

Isoflurane 0.4-0.75 ml/L induction

0.25-0.4 ml/L maintenance

Isoflurane is distributed by spraying it

under surface of the water with a 25

gauge needle. Disadvantage: difficult

to scavenge waste gases

Butorphanol 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IM

0.4 mg/kg IM in koi

Heard D (ed) The Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice. Volume 4, number 1. W.B. Saunders

Gerbil


Atropine 0.1-0.4 mg/kg SC, IM

Diazepam 3-5mg/kg IM Sedation

Ketamine 40-60 mg/kg IM Light sedation, heavy sedation at higher

doses. Marked individual variation

December 21, 2010

Ketamine + Diazepam 50 mg/kg IM + 5 mg/kg IP

Ketamine + Medetomidine 75 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg IP

Ketamine + Xylazine 50 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg IP

Tiletamine/Zolazepam (Telazol)

+ Ketamine

20 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg IP

Medetomidine 0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC Light to moderate sedation

Atipamazole Medetomidine reversal

Yohimbine 0.5-1 mg/kg IV Xylazine reversal

Pentobarbital 50-90 mg/kg IP Respiratory depression and mortality

Isoflurane 2-5% induction, 0.25-4%

maintenance

Anesthetic of choice. Scavenge waste

anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Flunixin 2.5 mg/kg IM SC q12-24 h

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05 mg/kg SC, IV q8-12h

0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC q8h

Oxymorphone 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IM q6-12h

Carprofen 5 mg/kg SC q24h

Goat/Sheep

Fasting for 32-48h can reduce rumen volume, however, most anesthetized ruminants will require a

stomach tube to be placed to prevent bloating and to protect the airway from regurgitated rumen contents.

Atropine is usually not given to ruminants because it does not reduce the volume of saliva produced.

Ventilation is easily impaired due to both bloating and the mass of the abdominal viscera. The use of

intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be considered. During inhalation anesthesia the palpebral

reflex is depressed but not lost. The eyeball is rotated medioventrally when the patient is in a light plane

of anesthesia and center during anesthesia. A dilated pupil is a sign of anesthetic overdose.


Acepromazine 0.02-0.05 mg/kg IV

0.05-0.2 mg/kg IM, SC

Long duration of action will

prolong anesthesia recovery, not

an analgesic, minimal depression

of fetal oxygenation in the

unstressed state.

Xylazine 0.02-0.15 mg/kg IV

0.05-0.2 mg/kg IM, SC

Dose-dependent sedation and

analgesia, higher dosage

associated with regurgitation

Detomidine 0.01-0.04 mg/kg IM, IV

Medetomidine 5-25 µg/kg IM, IV

Pentobarbital 20-30 mg/kg IV Very short duration 10-20 min,

profuse salivation, decreased

respiration rates, hemoglobinuria

Propofol 4-6 mg/kg induction. 20-25

mg/min constant infusion

Supplement with local anesthesia

or systemic analgesic if surgery is

performed.

Ketamine

Xylazine

2.2-7.5 mg/kg IV; 5-15 mg/kg IM

0.1 mg/kg IV; 0.1-0.2 mg/kg IM

Good muscle relaxation,

regurgitation is not common.

Supplemental oxygen

recommended in pregnant and

debilitated animals

Ketamine + Diazepam 2.2-7.5 mg/kg + 0.2 mg/kg IV Rapid onset, duration of effect 15-

20 min allows intubation, minimal

regurgitation, little

cardiopulmonary dysfunction

Ketamine + Medetomidine 1 mg/kg + 25 µg/kg IM

0.5 mg/kg + 20 µg/kg IV

Not for major surgical procedures

Isoflurane 1-3% Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Carprofen 0.7-4.0 mg/kg IV Long plasma half-life 48-72h

Meloxicam

Buprenorphine 0.005-0.01 mg/kg IM q4-6h

(Flecknell 1986)

Concurrent use of NSAIDS is

recommended with opioids

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine) 1.1-2.2 mg/kg q24h IV, IM

Phenlybutazone 1 mg/kg, 1 g/sheep q24h PO, IM

Xylazine 5 mg loading dose then

continuous infusion at 2 mg/kg IV

(grant 2001)

Ruminants have a high density of

α2-adrenergic receptors compared

to opioid receptors. Monitor

animals closely for potential

hypoxia when using these drugs.

Bupivicaine 2 mg/kg IV, IM, local infiltration

Guinea Pig

Guinea pigs are difficult to anesthetize. Avoid fasting pregnant guinea pigs especially close to term. A

number of different injectable combinations have been evaluated. However, there is a lack of

reproducible results, between animals and investigators. In addition, ketamine can cause self mutilation at

the injection site after IM injection. Gas anesthesia produces consistent and reliable results. However,

breath holding when animals are first exposed to irritating gas vapors has been reported. Depth of

anesthesia and effectiveness of analgesia is assessed by pinching the pinna with a small hemostat and lack

of a pedal withdrawal. As with other small rodents steps should be initiated to prevent hypothermia. Large

cecum can act as reservoir for anesthetics. Depending on drug solubility, the cecum can alter the

pharmacologic effect.


Atropine sulfate 0.05-0.2 mg/kg SC Administer 15-30 minutes prior to

induction of anesthesia

Diazepam 1.0-5.0 mg/kg IP For sedation

Xylazine 5-10 mg/kg IP Mild sedation

Tiletamine/zolazepam

Xylazine

40 mg./kg IM

5 mg/kg IM

Duration of 90 min surgical anesthesia

(Buchanan, 1999).

December 21, 2010

Tiletamine zolazepam

Medetomidine

40 mg/kg IM

0.5 mg/kg IM

Duration of can be as long as 3 h,

surgical anesthesia, us of reversal agent

my help to decrease time to recovery.

Buchanan (1999)

Ketamine + Xylazine 40 mg/kg IM + 5 mg/kg SC

25-40 mg/kg IM, SC + 5 mg/kg

SC, IM %

Duration and depth of anesthesia is

variable between animals.

Pentobarbital 15-30mg/kg IM

40 mg/kg IP

30mg/kg IP

30-45 mg/kg IV

Duration and depth of anesthesia is

variable between animals. Anesthesia

associate fatalities reported at dosages

over 50mg/kg


maintenance


anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.05 mg/kg SC, IV q8-12h

Flunixin meglumine 1-2 mg/kg SC

2.5-5.0 mg/kg SC q12-24h

Carprofen 1-2 mg/kg PO q12-24h

4 mg/kg SC q24h

Oxymorphone 0.2-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM q6-12h

Meloxicam 0.3-1 mg/kg PO, SC q12-24h Higher and more frequent dosing may

lead to anorexia

Buchanan et al (1999), Evaluation of injectable anesthetics for major surgical procedures in guinea pigs. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 37(4):

58-63.

Hamsters


Acepromazine 0.5-1.0mg/kg IM, SC Sedation prior to gas anesthesia

Atropine 0.1-0.4 mg/kg IM, SC

Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02 mg/kg SC Excess oral or respiratory mucus

Yohimbine 0.5-1 mg/kg IV Xylazine reversal

Ketamine + Diazepam 70 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg IP

Ketamine + Medetomidine 75 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg IP Reverse with atipamazole (1 mg/kg)

Ketamine + Xylazine 80 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg IM, IP

Telazol + Xylazine 30 mg/kg T + 10 mg/kg X IM,

IP

Pentobarbital 50-90 mg/kg IP Duration 60-70 min. respiratory

depression, variable depth of anesthesia


maintenance


anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.1 mg/kg SC q6-8h

Flunixin meglumine 2.5 mg/kg SC q12-24h


Mouse

Preoperative evaluation of rodents should include careful review of the colony health history, age of the

animal and appearance of the animal. Parenteral administration of anesthetic agents is the most common

method of drug delivery in rodents. The volume of drug, site of administration and irritant properties of

the agent should be considered when injecting rodents. To minimize errors in IP injections, fasting the

animal for 4hand using a 20-22 gauge needle are recommended. During the procedure and recovery

period animals should be protected against hypothermia. Gas anesthesia can be used in mice, but

modification of equipment may be necessary to accommodate the small size of mice.


Ketamine + Xylazine 100 mg/kg (K) + 5-16 mg/kg (X) IP.

80-100 mg/kg (K) + 10 mg/kg (X) IP

(Flecknell, 1996)

50 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg IP

Ketamine inhibits blinking, ocular

lubrication in needed to protect

against corneal ulceration. 60-100

min, anesthetic depth varies

(Wixson, 1994).

Ketamine + Xylazine +

Acepromazine

100 mg/kg (K) IP

20 mg/kg (X) IP

3 mg/kg (A) IP (Arras, 2001)

Excellent survivability and reliable

depth of anesthesia when

compared to other combinations.

Dose should be adapted to mouse

strain used.

Ketamine + Medetomidine with

Atipamazole reversal

Male: 50 mg/kg (K), 10 mg/kg (M) IP

Female: 75 mg/kg (K), 1-2.5 mg/kg

(M) IP

Combination produced light

anesthesia and good

immobilization (Cruz, 1998).

Isoflurane 2-5% induction, 0.25-4% maintenance Good general anesthetic with high

safety margin. Long procedures

require a precision vaporizer.

Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.05-2.5 mg/kg SC, IP q6-12h

Takes 1 h to be effective so give

preemptively. For mild to

moderate pain. Duration of effect

3-5h (Gades, 2000). Combine with

NSAID.

Flunixin meglumine 0.3-2.0 mg/kg IM, IV, PO q12-24h


Meloxicam 1-2 mg/kg PO, SC

Arras M, Autenried P, Rettich A, Spaeni D, Rülicke (2001) Optimization of intraperitoneal anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects and anesthesia depth. Comp. Med. 51: 443-456

Cruz et al (1998). Observations on the use of Medetomidine/ketamine and its reversal with Atipamazole for chemical restraint in the mouse. Lab. Anim. Sci. 32(1): 18-22.

Gades et al (2000). The magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of morphine, Butorphanol, and buprenorphine. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim.

Sci. 39(2): 8-13. Wixson (1994). Anesthesia and analgesia. In: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 2nd ed. Manning et al eds., p 87-109, Academic Press, New

York.

December 21, 2010

Pig

There is a documented variability of response to anesthetics between domestic and miniature swine. In

addition, there are response differences between breeds within both categories. Pigs are very sensitive to

restraint, anesthesia (particularly halothane) and excitement. In some cases these events can produce

malignant hyperthermia (MH). The first clinical sign is an elevation in end-tidal CO2. A rise of 5-10 mm

Hg above baseline is highly suspect. Other clinical signs of MH include muscle rigidity, tachypnea,

tachycardia and hyperthermia (rectal temperature up 108°F) followed by dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmias,

apnea and death. Dantrolene is the drug of choice for MH. The minimum effective dose for prophylaxis

is 3.5-5mg/kg

Preanesthetic preparation should include withholding feed, at least 12 hours, and withholding water, at

least 4-12 hours before anesthesia. Each pig should be evaluated before anesthesia; at a minimum, this

evaluation should include: rectal temperature, pulse, respiration rate, auscultation of the lung fields and

assessment of general health and attitude. If, extensive surgical procedures will be part of the project,

discuss with the veterinarian the need for additional preoperative testing.

Normal values: temperature 38.0-40.0oC (100.4-104.0

oF); heart rate 60-120/min; respiration rate 10-

12/min.


Atropine

0.07-0.09 mg/kg IM Administer 15-30 min prior to

induction of anesthesia

Acepromazine 0.03-0.22 mg/kg IM, IV, SC

Glycopyrrolate 0.004-0.01 mg/kg IM Duration 30 min

Midazolam 100 µg/kg IM

0.5 mg/kg IM

Produces 20 min of sedation (Smith,

1991).

In the Yucatan micropig significant

cardiovascular changes reported

(Goodrich, 2001)

Ketamine 11-33 mg/kg IM Duration 30 min, immobilization with

poor muscle relaxation

Ketamine + Acepromazine 33 mg/kg + 1.1 mg/kg IM Duration 30 min, mild cardio-

depressant

Ketamine + Diazepam or

Azaperone

15 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg

IM

Similar to ketamine + acepromazine.

Diazepam and azaperone should be

given 15-20 min prior to ketamine.

Ketamine + Midazolam 33 mg/kg + 500 µg/kg Hypothermia and 1-4h recovery.

Endotracheal intubation possible.

Ketamine + Xylazine 20 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg IM Anticholinergics recommended to

overcome cardiodepression due to

xylazine. Endotracheal intubation

possible.

Telazol 2-8.8 mg/kg IM 20 min of immobilization, hypothermia

and cardiac depression

Telazol + Xylazine 4.4 mg/kg + 2.2 mg/kg Cardiopulmonary depression, 20 min

duration of anesthesia, endotracheal

intubation possible.

Pentobarbital 20 mg/kg IV

5-15 mg/kg/h continuous IV

infusion (non survival studies)

20-30 min duration, metabolized by the

liver, more cariodepressant than

thiopental, prolonged recovery. Often

easier to immobilize with ketamine

hydrochloride prior to IV

administration of barbiturate to effect

(reduces barbiturate dose). Inject half

rapidly, rest to effect. Perivascular

infiltration can cause tissue sloughing.

Propofol Induction with 0.83-1.66 mg/kg

IV followed by incremental IV

boluses at 14-20 mg/kg/h

Induction with azaperone and

thiopental is recommended (Foster,

1992). Useful in cardiovascular

protocols.

Isoflurane 1-3% Scavenge waste anesthetic gases. Can

cause malignant hyperthermia

Analgesics

Carprofen 2-4 mg/kg IV, SC q24h

5 mg/kg IM q24h

Flunixin meglumine 2-2.2 mg/kg IV, SC q12-24h

Phenylbutazone 1mg/kg IM

Buprenorphine 0.01 mg/kg IV q6h

0.02 mg/kg IV q10h (Rodriguez,

2001)

0.005- 0.1 mg/kg IM, IV q6-12h

Less effective in treating pain due to

inflammation, organ failure or systemic

disease. Higher dosages recommended

for major surgical procedures.

Fentanyl 0.05 mg/kg IM q2h

50-100 µg/kg/h IV

50 µg/h patch for 25-30 kg pig

up to 72 h (Harvey-Clark, 2000)

Infusion is preferred because of the

short half life in swine. Transdermal

patches have been tried in miniature

swine (Wilkinson, 2001)

Tramadol 2-4 mg/kg PO

Lidocaine and prilocaine

(EMLA cream)

Topical, apply 2 mm of cream to

skin 45 min prior to procedure

Effective in preventing pain associated

with blood sampling or injection of the

ear veins

Phenylbutazone 1 mg/kg q24h IM

Ketoprofen 1-3 mg/kg PO q12h NSAID, potent, non-selective inhibitor

of COX enzymes, good analgesic agent

and anti-inflammatory.

Goodrich et al (2001). Non-invasive measurement of blood pressures in the Yucatan micropig (Sus scrofa domestica), with and without

Midazolam-induced sedation. Comp. Med. 51(1): 13-15. Harvey-Clark et al (2000). Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical in swine: a case study. Lab. Anim.

34(4): 386-398.

Foster PS, Hopkinson KC, Denborough MA (1992). Propofol anesthesia in malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 19: 183-186.

Riebold (1995)

Rodriguez NA, Cooper DM, Risdahl JM (2001). Antinociceptive activity of and clinical experience with buprenorphine in swine (2001). Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3): 17-20.

Smith AC, Zellner JL, Spinale FG, Swindle MM (1991). Sedative and cardiovascular effects of Midazolam in swine. Lab Anim Sci 41: 157-161.

Wilkinson AC, Thomas ML, Morse BC (2001). Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl system in Yucatan miniature pigs. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3): 12-16.

December 21, 2010

Rabbit

Rabbits are prone to hypoxia due to their small lung capacity and restricted nasopharynx, especially in

short nosed breeds. Their tidal volume is 4-6 ml/kg2. Rabbits should be evaluated for signs of disease (i.e.

respiratory noises, sneezing, appetite, consistency of feces, skin turgor, and moistness of mucus

membranes) before anesthesia is administered. Anesthetic drug dosages in the rabbit are higher than

similar sized cats or dogs. Animals should be weighed prior to the administration of drugs. The large

intestinal tract can lead to over estimation of lean body mass. In addition the cecum can act as a reservoir

for anesthetics and alter drug effects. It may be beneficial to calculate the drug dose based on metabolic

body size (Wkg0.75

)3. In addition age, sex, breed and strain, body weight and time of day may affect the

response to anesthetic agents. Drugs given intravenously should be given to effect. When giving

intramuscular injections start at the lower end of the dose range. Fasting is not required because rabbits

have a high metabolic rate and a low risk for vomiting.

Endotracheal intubation should be used in prolonged procedures. Tube sizes range from 2.0 mm to 4.0

mm inner diameter. The blind placement of the endotracheal tube works well for many operators and is

easy to master. Prior to intubation, a few drops lidocaine should be applied directly to the larynx to

prevent laryngospasm. A non-rebreathing circuit (e.g. Ayers’s T-tube, Bain system) should be used with

rabbits on gas anesthesia. In addition, supplementary oxygen is recommended in animals given

barbiturates, or other injectable agents that reduce respiratory function. Use of a pulse oximeter is

recommended anesthesia because anesthesia and a large gastrointestinal tract can decrease tidal volume

and compromise respiratory function.

The depth of anesthesia is best indicated by response to ear pinch. The reliability of accepted reflex tests

as indicators of anesthesia level has been rated (most to least) as follows: pinna, pedal, corneal, palpebral

reflex (Borkowski, 1990)4.

Rabbits have high levels of circulating catecholamine. The sudden awareness of pain can lead to breath

holding which further increases circulating catecholamines, and the possibility of fatal cardiac

arrhythmias.

AGENT DOSAGE5 COMMENTS

Atropine 0.1-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM Some rabbits produce an atropine

esterase, which can inactive atropine.

Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02mg/kg SC

Duration 60 min. Glycopyrrolate has

been shown to be effective and is the

recommended anticholinergic agent in

rabbits.

Acepromazine 0.25-1.0 mg/kg IV,IM or SC

1-5 mg/kg SC, IM

Duration 15-30m. Useful as mild

tranquilizer to reduce handling stress,

activity as a vasodilator is beneficial in

blood collection procedures.

At this dosage will increase the duration

and depth of anesthesia of ketamine-

xylazine

2 Harcout-Brown, F (2002). Textbook of Rabbit Medicine, Butterworth Heinmann, Edinburgh

3 Aeschbacher, G (1995). Rabbit Anesthesia. Compendium on Continuing Education, 17:1003-1011.

4 Borkowski, GL, Danneman PJ, Russell GB, Lang CM (1990). An evaluation of three intravenous anesthetic

regimens in New Zealand rabbits. Lab. Anim. Sci. 40: 270-276. 5 May need to decrease dosages by up to ½ for small breed e.g. Dutch-Belted.

Doxopram 5 mg/kg IM, IV Respiratory stimulant. Duration 15 min

Diazepam 1-5 mg/kg IV, IM Cardiovascular side effects are minimal

when used alone. Can reverse with

flumenzanil (0.01-0.1 mg/kg)

Midazolam 1-2 mg/kg IM, IV More potent than diazepam. Can mix

with other solutions or drugs. Free from

propylene glycol. May be better for

cardiovascular research.

Medetomidine 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IM Sedation or premedication

Ketamine 20-50 mg/kg IM Good for restraint and minor

procedures.

Ketamine + Diazepam 10-15 mg/kg + 0-2 -0.5 mg/kg

IV

Follow with Isoflurane for anesthesia

Ketamine + Xylazine 30-40 mg/kg + 3-5 mg/kg IM

10 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg IV

IV infusion: 25 mg/kg + 5

mg/kg. Give the first ⅓ over 1

min, and the remainder slowly

over the next 4 min.

Better combinations available.

Respiratory depression, hypotension

and hypoxemia common. Light plane of

anesthesia not suitable for

intraabdominal or intrathoracic

procedures. IM injection can cause

local irritation and amputation of the

digits on the injected legs. Dilution with

saline will limit this effect. Duration

20-30 min

IV infusion has good muscle relation

and analgesia, with moderate

depression of respiratory and heart rate

and severe hypotension.


Acepromazine

35 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg + 0.75

mg/kg IM

Longer anesthesia than with ketamine

plus xylazine. Use with an

anticholinergic. More hypotension and

hypothermia than ketamine plus

xylazine.


Butorphanol

35 mg/kg + 5 mg/kg + 0.1

mg/kg IM

Longer loss of reflexes than with

ketamine plus xylazine. Less

hypotensive effects compared to

ketamine plus xylazine plus

acepromazine.

Ketamine + Medetomidine 20 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg IM Wait 15 min after Medetomidine before

giving ketamine. Duration 90-180 min.

low mortality.

Ketamine + Medetomidine +

Butorphanol

10 mg/kg + 0.2 mg/kg + 0.05

mg/kg SC

Induction. Can be mixed in same

syringe. Duration 30-40 min

Yohimbine 0.2-1.0 mg/kg IV Will cut in ½ the duration of ketamine

plus xylazine anesthesia.

December 21, 2010

Propofol 7.5-10 mg/kg IV Lower dosage safest for repeat

administration. Anesthesia time 2-3 min

at lower dosage increases to 3.5 min at

higher dosage. Respiratory support

equipment should be available to treat

respiratory depression (Labreck, 1998)

Propfol + medetomidine +

midozolam + atropine

0.25 mg/kg medetomidine + 0.5

mg/kg midazolam+ 0.5 mg/kg

atropine IM + 4.0 mg/kg

propofol IV

Average length of ear pinch reflex loss

was 37 min. sufficient anesthesia for

endotracheal intubation, induction, and

short term anesthesia.

Isoflurane 1-5%. MAC = 2.05 Premedication is advised to reduce

stress of induction. Gradually increase

the percentage of gas being delivered to

prevent high initial exposure to the

agent if the animal holds it breath.

Scavenge waste anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.01-0.05mg/kg SC, IV Duration 6-12 h Partial -agonist,

recommended for moderate pain.

Flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg SC, IM q12-24h Not to exceed 3 days

Carprofen 1.5 mg/kg PO q12h

2-4 mg/kg SC q24h

Meloxicam 0.5-2.0 mg/kg PO, SC q12h Palatable oral form; wide safety

margin; very effective when combined

with Buprenorphine for severe (i.e.

surgical) pain

Lidocaine and prilocaine

(EMLA cream)

Topical, apply 2mm of cream

to skin 45 min prior to

procedure.

Local anesthetic, full-skin thickness

analgesia, which reduced the

discomfort associated with ear

venipuncture Not documented

LaBreck JC, An YH, Friedman RJ (1998). Chronic use of propofol for multiple minor procedures in the rabbit. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci.

37(2): 71-72.

Rat


Acepromazine 0.5-1.0 mg/kg IM In combination with ketamine.

Sedation.

Atropine 0.05-0.1 mg/kg SC

0.1-0.4 mg/kg SC, IM

Some rats possess serum

atropinesterase

Glycopyrrolate 0.01-0.02 mg/kg SC Excess oral or respiratory mucus

Diazepam 3-5 mg/kg IM

Sedation and anesthesia. Dilute

1:100 to reduce injection site

irritation.

Ketamine 25-40 mg/kg IM Heavy sedation at higher doses

Ketamine + Xylazine 75-95 mg/kg (K) + 5 mg/kg (X)

IM, IP

Anesthesia. IM can cause tissue

necrosis.

Ketamine + Acepromazine 75 mg/kg (K) + 3 mg/kg (A) IP Anesthesia

Ketamine + Medetomidine 75-90 mg/kg (K) + 0.5 mg/kg (M)

IP

Anesthesia, 20-20 min

Medetomidine 0.03-0.1 mg/kg SC Light to moderate sedation

Pentobarbital 60 mg/kg IP Duration of effect highly variable

between sex, strain and age

Tiletamine + Zolazepam (Telazol) 20-40 mg/kg IM Anesthesia

Propofol 7.5-10 mg/kg IV Anesthesia, induction

Atipamazole 1 mg/kg SC Medetomidine reversal

Yohimbine 0.5-1.0 mg/kg IV Xylazine reversal


maintenance

Good general anesthetic. Long

procedures require precision

vaporizer. Scavenge waste

anesthetic gases.

Analgesics

Buprenorphine 0.02-0.5 mg/kg SC, IV, IP, IM

0.05 mg/kg SC, IM + Carprofen 5-

10 mg/kg PO

6-12h duration

Butorphanol (Torbugesic) 0.2-2 mg/kg SC, IP 2-4h duration

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine) 1.1-2.5 mg/kg SC q12-24h

Carprofen (Rimadyl) 5-10 mg/kg SC, PO q12-24h Can combine with buprenorphine

0.05 mg/kg

Meloxicam 1-2 mg/kg PO, SC q24h

Ketoprofen 5 mg/kg SC, IM, PO q24h NSAID

Oxymorphone 0.2-0.5 mg/kg SC, IM q6-12h

Bupivicaine 1-2 mg/kg SC

MAINTENANCE OF ANESTHETIC MACHINES AND VAPORIZERS

As with all equipment, anesthetic machines and vaporizers need experience normal wear and tear and to

be serviced periodically to ensure that they are working safely and effectively. Vaporizers should be

calibrated to ensure that they are delivering the correct amount of anesthetic agent. Typically calibrations

can be done in house by a trained technician. Please contact Laboratory Animal Resources or the Animal

Care Program coordinator for assistance with this aspect. The IACUC requires that vaporizers be

calibrated at least every 2 years, or immediately if the equipment does not operate optimally. See “Policy

on Maintenance of Anesthetic Vaporizers” at http://web.research.colostate.edu/ricro/acuc/policies.aspx.

The unit also needs to be cleaned and serviced. This is more involved, and often requires the unit to be

shipped to the original manufacturer or company specialized in performing those procedures. The

frequency of servicing will depend on the volatile anesthetic agent being used, how often the equipment is

used, whether the unit is mobile or stationary. Please check with the manufacturer of your unit for the

recommended schedules for servicing the unit, which may range from every 1-3 years or longer.

http://web.research.colostate.edu/ricro/acuc/policies.aspx

December 21, 2010

The hoses, fittings and connections should be checked routinely for leakage of anesthetic gases; and for

proper functioning. A properly functioning scavenging system should be in place to avoid exposing

personnel to waste anesthetic gases which can present an occupational hazard. Additional information is

available at http://web.research.colostate.edu/ACP/OHP_Waste.aspx and http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/.

References

Carpenter, JW (ed) (2005), Exotic Animal Formulary (3rd

edition). Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, MO,

USA.

Hawk, CT, Leary, SL, Morris T (2005), Formulary for Laboratory Animals (3rd

edition). Wiley-

Blackwell, Ames, IA, USA.

Flecknell, PA, Waterman-Pearson, A (eds.) (2000), Pain Management in Animals. Harcout Publishers

Ltd. (W.B. Saunders), London.

Fox, JG, Anderson, LC, Loew, FM, Quimby, FW (eds.) (2002), Laboratory Animal Medicine (2nd

edition). Pp956-1003. Academic Press (Elsevier), San Diego, CA, USA.

Hampshire V, Gonder JC (eds.) (2007). Research Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia and Surgery. Scientists

Center for Animal Welfare, Greenbelt, MD, USA. http://www.scaw.com

Kohn DW, Wixson SK, White WJ, Benson GJB (1997). Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory

Animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.

Moreland, AF, Glaser C (1985), Evaluation of ketamine, ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-diazepam

anesthesia in the ferret. Lab. Anim. Sci. 35:287-290

Quesenbery, KG, Carpenter JW (2003), Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery (2nd

edition), Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Stetter MD (2001). Fish and amphibian anesthesia. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim pract 41(1): 69-82, vii.

Swindle MM, Adams RJ (eds.) (1988) Experimental Surgery and Physiology: Induced Animal Models of

Human Disease. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.

http://web.research.colostate.edu/ACP/OHP_Waste.aspx

http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/

http://www.scaw.com/

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