ANDREW JACKSON AND THE “NEW DEMOCRACY”

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLWITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER AND TONY MILLER

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

TODAY: WHAT CHANGES IN THE EARLY 19TH C. LED TO DEMOCRATIZATION OF U.S.?

HOW DEMOCRATIC WAS ANDREW JACKSON?

LONG-RANGE: HOW DID U.S. EXCEPTIONALISM AND NATIONALISM EVOLVE, AND WHAT WERE ITS CONSEQUENCES?

WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

EMERGENCE OF UNIVERSAL (WHITE) MANHOOD SUFFRAGE IN THE U.S.

1790’S – 1820’S - UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE – NO RELIGIOUS OR PROPERTY QUALIFICATONS FOR VOTING – WAS WRITTEN INTO ELIMINATING ALL RELIGIOUS AND LOWERING OR ABOLISHING PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS IS WRITTEN INTO THE CONSTITUTIONS OF NEWLY ADMITTED STATES AND ACROSS THE COUNTRY:

VERMONT (1791) INDIANA (1816) KENTUCKY (1792) ILLINOIS (1818)TENNESSEE (1796) MISSOURI (1821)

THE TREND TOWARD UNIVERSAL WHITE MALE SUFFRAGE

WHY?ALMOST ANY MAN COULD OWN LAND – JUST MOVE WEST (BUY IT CHEAP FROM U.S.!)

ELECTION OF 1828: JACKSON V. JQ ADAMS

GENERAL/ HERO, “MAN OF THE PEOPLE” - CHARISMATIC

DIPLOMAT, HARVARD INTELLECTUAL – NO CHARISMA

1824 1828 % CHANGEPOPULAR VOTE 356,038 1,155,901 224.7%

POPULATION 1820 1830 % CHANGEPOPULATION 9,638,000 12,866,000 33.4%

WHAT CONCLUSION CAN WE DRAW FROM THE DATA IN THESE CHARTS?

THE NUMBER OF VOTERS FROM 1824 TO 1828 INCREASED MUCH MORE THAN POPULATION DID OVER ROUGHLY THE SAME PERIOD. THEREFORE, A MUCH GREATER PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION VOTED IN 1828.

EXTENSION OF SUFFRAGE

NATIONAL CAMPAIGN (AND “NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING”)

AMONG OTHER THINGS, IT WAS RUMORED THAT JACKSON WAS A MULATTO AND ADAMS’ WIFE LOUISA WAS ILLEGIMATE

N-Rs CALLED JACKSON “JACKASS” SYMBOL OF DEMOCRATIC PARTY

“HICKORY TREE” IS ALLUSION TO WHAT?LIBERTY TREE

DEFENDER OF BEAUTY AND BOOTY - ORLEANS

FROM NEW YORK

“NO FAVORED FEW, BOOTED AND SPURRED, READY TO RIDE US LEGITIMATELY BY THE GRACE OF GOD.”

“NO BARGAIN, SALE OR MANAGEMENT – NO WAR, FAMINE, PESTILENCE OR SCOURGE”

“NO SECTIONAL INTERESTS, JUSTICE AND EQUALITY TO ALL – AND HONOR AND GRATITUDE TO THE MAN WHO HAS FILLED THE MEASURE OF HIS COUNTRY’S GLORY”

FROM OHIO

SWEEPING THE AUGEAN STABLE WAS ONE OF THE LABORS OF HERCULES

SWEEPING WHAT?

MANURE

FROM THE REPUBLICAN SIDE

JACKSON AS INDIAN KILLER

(as if most white people cared . . .)

EDITORIAL ACCUSING JACKSON OF BEING A SLAVE TRADER

WHAT STATES COULD THIS POSTER BE FROM?

NEW ENGLAND, PROBABLY. THERE WERE SOME ABOLITIONISTS THERE, BUT MOST WHITE PEOPLE COULDN'T CARE LESS ABOUT SLAVERY

RACHEL DONELSON ROBARDS JACKSON – A CASUALTY OF THE CAMPAIGN? JACKSON THOUGHT SO!

SHE WAS FIRST MARRIED TO LEWIS ROBARDS – DIVORCED, EVENTUALLY

JACKSON MARRIED HER IN 1791 – HER DIVORCE WAS NOT FINAL (APPARENTLY THEY THOUGHT IT WAS)

THEY REMARRIED IN 1794 (DIVORCE FINAL)

IN CAMPAIGN OF 1828, SHE WAS CALLED ADULTRESS, BIGAMIST – DIED OF HEART ATTACK SOON AFTER ELECTION

THE MYTH OF THE COMMON MAN

JACKSON WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT NOT BORN TO WEALTH

FIRST PRESIDENT FROM THE FRONTIER

BORN IN WAXHAWS (N.C.? S.C.?)

SETTLED NEAR NASHVILLE, TN.

LAST PRESIDENT TO FIGHT IN REVOLUTION (THOUGH ONLY 14 WHEN IT ENDED!)

MOTHER (NURSE) AND BOTH BROTHERS DIED IN WAR, JACKSON WAS POW HATED BRITAIN

BUT CLEARLY NOT A “COMMON” MAN

STARTED OUT AS SCHOOLTEACHER AND LAWYER NATIONAL MILITARY HERO – NEW ORLEANS, FLORIDA AGAINST SEMINOLES

BY 1803, PLANTATION & SLAVEOWNER

BY 1820, HIS PLANTATION – “THE HERMITAGE” WAS > 600 ACRES AND HE OWNED OVER 40 SLAVES (LATER > 1,000 ACRES & NEARLY 200 SLAVES)

LAND SPECULATOR – E.G. “JACKSON PURCHASE” - TREATY OF TUSCALOOSA – CHICKSAWS CEDED W. TENN TO U.S., JACKSON WOUND UP OWNING MUCH OF IT

THE HERMITAGE

NONETHELESS, JACKSON CAMPAIGNED AS MAN OF THE PEOPLE, APPEALED TO FARMERS, AND FACTORY WORKERS (“FARMERS AND MECHANICS” OR “FARMERS AND LABORERS")

AND J.Q. ADAMS WAS DEPICTED AS CORRUPT, ELITIST, INTELLECTUAL (MARRIED TO A BASTARD!)

HIS SUPPORT FOR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, OBSERVATORIES MOCKED

• ADAMS SAID OBSERVATORIES WOULD BE "LIGHTHOUSES OF THE SKY," DEMOCRATS SAID HE PROMISED TO BUILD LIGHTHOUSES IN THE SKY.

VOTER TURNOUT: 1824 - 1860

PRES./ VP. CANDIDATES

PARTY ELECTORAL VOTES

% ELECTORAL

% POPULAR

ANDREW JACKSONJOHN C. CALHOUN

DEM 178 68.2%56%

JOHN QUINCY ADAMSRICHARD RUSH-----------------OTHER

NR

_____---

83

_____0

31.8%

___0

43.6

_______0.4%

ELECTION OF 1828

24 STATES – NOW ALL STATES EXCEPT DELAWARE AND SOUTH CAROLINA POPULARLY ELECTED PRESIDENTAL ELECTORS. NOW POPULAR VOTE MATTERS (WITH EACH STATE)

ELECTION OF 1828

N.B. WE’RE SEEING THE BEGINNING OF A NORTH-SOUTH DIVISION

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1767 - 1848): “LIKE FATHER , LIKE SON”

ADAMS WENT ON TO A DISTINGUISHED CAREER IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1831 - 1848

“THE REIGN OF KING MOB”JACKSON INVITED THE PUBLIC TO HIS INAUGURAL BALL AT THE WHITE HOUSE – THEY TRASHED IT!

A NEW POLITICAL WORLD INCREASE IN WHITE MALE SUFFRAGE +

ALMOST ALL STATES HAVE POPULAR ELECTIONS FOR ELECTORAL COLLEGE

POPULAR POLITICAL PERSONALITIES POPULAR CAMPAIGNING (PARADES, RALLIES,

FLOATS, ETC. SPOILS SYSTEM (PATRONAGE) TWO-PARTY SYSTEM FIRMLY ENTRENCHED (DEMOCRATS AND NATIONAL REPUBLICANS 1828; DEMOCRATS AND WHIGS (1832); DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS (1856) CONGRESSIONAL CAUCUSES,

NATIONAL/STATE PARTY COORDINATION

CHAMPION OF THE

“COMMON MAN”?“KING”

ANDREW?OR

PRESIDENT JACKSON – OFFICIAL PORTRAITLOOKING ROYAL – BUT HE CALLED FOR POPULAR ELECTION OF PRESIDENTS, DEMOCRACY

THE NEW “JACKSON COALITION”1) SOUTHERN PLANTER ELITE

2) WESTERN FARMERS

3) IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN EAST AND MID-WESTERN INDUSTRIAL STATES

4) STATE POLITICIANS -- THE SPOILS SYSTEM

“OUR CIVIL SERVICESYSTEM AS IT WAS” – 1877 HARPERS CARTOON

IT'S CRITICIZING JACKSON’S SPOILS SYSTEM

HE ANNOUNCED “ROTATION OF OFFICES” – A REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLE – MEANT VICTORIOUS PARTY AWARDED JOBS, CONTRACTS TO SUPPORTERS

BUT DID HE ORIGINATE IT OR JUST FORMALIZE IT?

AND WAS IT INEVITABLE?

“THE REPUBLICANS HAVE SEENDARKER DAYS THAN THIS”

EXAMPLE – “TAMMANY HALL” IN NYC TAMMANY SOCIETY

FOUNDED 1791 – FRATERNAL ORG

BECAME UNOFFICIAL DEM-REP. HQ IN 1790s

CONTROL OF PATRONAGE (JOBS, $) AND VOTE– 1820s – 1930s

CONTROLLED NY POLITICSCOULD DELIVER NY VOTE TO A PRESIDENTIAL OR CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE

JACKSON’S FIRST CABINET = DRAWN FROM NORTH FOR SECTIONAL BALANCE

EXAMPLE, MARTIN VAN BUREN (NY) – SECRETARY OF STATE

JACKSON RELIED MORE ON “KITCHEN CABINET” – WHICH INCLUDED NEWSPAPER EDITORS AMOS KENDALL AND FRANCIS BLAIR (PREDECESSORS OF PRESS SECRETARY)

CONSTANT RIVALRY BETWEEN VAN BUREN AND VICE PRESIDENT JOHN C. CALHOUN

VAN BUREN – “THE SLY FOX OF KINDERHOOK”, “THE LITTLE MAGICIAN”

CALHOUN OF SOUTH CAROLINA – SUPPORTED CLAY’S AMERICAN PLAN, BUT NOT PROTECTIVE TARIFFS!

MAJOR ISSUES/ EVENTS OF JACKSON’S PRESIDENCY

NULLIFICATION CRISIS – STATE SOVEREIGNTY

INDIAN REMOVAL

PEGGY EATON AFFAIR – GENDER RELATIONS

JACKSON’S ECONOMIC POLICY – BANK WAR, PAYING OFF NATIONAL DEBT, SPECIE CIRCULAR

1832 THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

U.S. NEARLY HAD CIVIL WAR THEN – OVER A TARIFF

THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE WAS STATE SOVEREIGNTY

SOUTH CAROLINA PURPORTED TO NULLIFY THE COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1832 AND SECEDE IF U.S. TRIED TO ENFORCE TARIFF

• CALHOUN PROPOSED THE 1828 “TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS” AS A PLOY, AND WHEN IT BACKFIRED WROTE “SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST”

“THIS UNFORTUNATE YOUTH DIED OF HOUSE CONSUMPTION AND WAS BURIED AT WASHINGTON, D.C.,” ETC. (1830)

JACKSON’S “OFF-THE-CUFF” RESPONSE: I WILL HANG THE FIRST MAN I CAN LAY HANDS ON ENGAGED IN SUCH TREASONABLE CONDUCT, UPON THE FIRST TREE I REACH.”

JACKSON’S OFFICIAL RESPONSE:

GOT FORCE BILL PASSED, 1833; THREATENED MILITARY FORCE AGAINST SOUTH CAROLINA

HIS PROCLAMATION ON NULLIFICATION INDICATED STATES HAD LITTLE OR NO SOVEREIGNTY

BE SURE TO READ ALL DOCUMENTS IN PRIMARY SOURCE SUPPLEMENT 2!

NULLIFICATION CRISIS ENDED DUE TO HENRY CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 (TARIFF GRADUALLY LOWERED OVER 10 YEARS)

SOUTH CAROLINA REPEALED ORDINANCE OF NULLIFICATION – BUT DID NOT BACK DOWN ON RIGHT TO NULLIFY AND SECEDE

THE CRISIS WAS DEFERRED, NOT RESOLVED

WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATES, 1830 – BETWEEN DANIEL WEBSTER. L (MASS.) AND ROBERT HAYNE, L (S.C.)

OVER SEVERAL WEEKS, THEY DEBATED ALL SECTIONAL ISSUES, INCLUDING SLAVERY AND NULLIFICATION. WEBSTER UTTERED HIS FAMOUS WORDS, “LIBERTY AND UNION, NOW AND FOREVER” (LIKE “HORSE AND CARRIAGE”?)

INDIAN REMOVAL: YOU ARE ALL EXPERTS ON THIS AS WELL DUE TO READING CHAPTER 7 OF ZINN – BUT HERE ARE A FEW FACTS TO REMEMBER

IT WAS U.S. POLICY TO ALLOW TRIBES EAST OF MISSISSIPPI TO REMAIN AS LONG AS THEY BECAME “CIVILIZED”

THE “FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES” WHO REMAINED WERE THE CHEROKEES, CHICKASAW, CHOCTAWS, CREEKS, SEMINOLES – ADOPTED WHITE CULTURE INCLUDING CHRISTIANITY

BUT WHEN WHITE SETTLERS WANTED THEIR LAND THEY HAD TO GO

IN 1828, INDIAN REMOVAL WAS A PLANK IN JACKSON’S PLATFORM

1830 – CONGRESS PASSED INDIAN REMOVAL ACT -- U.S. TO NEGOTIATE TREATIES FOR REMOVAL OF INDIANS EAST OF MISSISSIPPI TO UNORGANIZED TERRITORY (OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS)

JACKSON’S PROMISE TO THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES – IF THEY WENT WEST THE LAND THERE WOULD BE THEIRS “AS LONG AS GRASS GROWS OR WATER RUNS”

BUT THE TREATIES WERE MOSTLY COERCED, AND INDIANS WHO DID NOT AGREE WERE FORCED TO LEAVE. $$$$ FOR LAND SPECULATORS

TWO SUPREME COURT CASES RELEVANT TO INDIAN REMOVAL (STILL UNDER CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL)

I. CHEROKEE NATION V. GEORGIA (1831)

1. FACTS – GEORGIA, AFRAID CONGRESS WOULDN’T PASS AN INDIAN REMOVAL ACT, PASSED A LAW DEPRIVING INDIANS OF ALL RIGHTS UNDER STATE LAWS (PRELUDE TO STATE REMOVAL LAW). CHEROKEE NATION FILED ACTION IN SUPREME COURT TO STOP ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW

2. ISSUE – DID SUPREME COURT HAVE JURISDICTION? IT IS A TRIAL COURT ONLY FOR CASES BETWEEN STATES

3. HOLDING – NO, BECAUSE INDIAN TRIBES ARE SOVEREIGN NATIONS, NOT STATES

4. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ESTABLISHED THE RULE THAT TRIBES ARE SOVEREIGN NATIONS. IT DID THEM NO GOOD UNTIL 20TH CENTURY WHEN THEY BEGAN DOING THINGS LIKE OPENING CASINOS – DOES THEM LITTLE GOOD NOW (BIA STILL CONTROLS $$ OF MANY TRIBES)

II. WORCESTER V. GEORGIA (1832)

1. FACTS NOT IMPORTANT – GA. PASSED LAW BANNING WHITE PEOPLE ON INDIAN LAND (TO PREVENT MISSIONARIES FROM HELPING INDIANS). WORCESTER WAS CONVICTED OF VIOLATING ACT

2. ISSUE – DID GEORGIA LAW APPLY ON INDIAN LAND?

3. HOLDING – NO, BECAUSE INDIANS ARE SOVEREIGN NATIONS

4. LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE: IF INDIANS ARE SOVEREIGN NATIONS, FEDERAL LAWS INCLUDING INDIAN REMOVAL ACT WOULDN’T APPLY TO THEM EITHER

HISTORICAL: JACKSON ALLEGEDLY SAID, “JOHN MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS DECISION. NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT.” WHETHER HE SAID THAT OR NOT, HE CLEARLY DEFIED THE COURT’S DECISION BY ENFORCING INDIAN REMOVAL ACT --JUDICIARY HAS NO POWER OF PURSE OR SWORD

NOTE THAT JACKSON DEFENDED STATE RIGHTS IN THESE CASES

INDIAN REMOVAL

CHEROKEE CHIEF JOHN ROSS – THE CHEROKEES WOULD NOT AGREE TO TREATY WERE REMOVED BY FORCE

THE TRAIL OF TEARS – 1838 FORCED REMOVAL OF THE CHEROKEES TO OKLAHOMA – NEARLY 1/3 DIED EN ROUTE (TODAY FORCED MARCHES ARE CATEGORIZED AS GENOCIDE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW)

THE PEGGY EATON AFFAIR AKA “THE PETTICOAT AFFAIR” (1830- 31) – GENDER RELATIONS

RECALL – RACHEL JACKSON “PILLORIED” IN 1828 AS ADULTRESS, BIGAMIST – DIED AND JACKSON BLAMED NATIONAL REPUBLICANS

MARGARET O’NEILL TIMBERLAKE EATON – EDUCATED DAUGHTER OF OWNER OF D.C. BOARDING HOUSE – MARRIED D.C. GIRL – MARRIED TO NAVY PURSER JOHN TIMBERLAKE

THE TIMBERLAKES BECAME FRIENDS WITH TENN. SENATOR JOHN EATON. TIMBERLAKE DIED 1828, PEGGY AND EATON MARRIED A FEW MONTHS LATER

WASHINGTON SOCIETY, LED BY CALHOUN’S WIFE FLORIDE AND JACKSON’S NIECE EMILY DONELSON (HIS WHITE HOUSE HOSTESS) REFUSED TO RECEIVE THE EATONS

OBJECTED TO PEGGY MARRYING TOO SOON AFTER FIRST HUSBAND’S DEATH, INFERRED THAT SHE AND EASTON HAD BEEN HAVING AFFAIR ALL ALONG

JACKSON INSISTED ON THE EATONS BEING RECEIVED AT THE WHITE HOUSE EMILY DONELSON LEFT AND WENT BACK TO NASHVILLE

FLORIDE CALHOUN AND EMILY DONELSON

JACKSON’S INVOLVEMENT LED TO PRESS COVERAGE – PEGGY WAS DENOUNCED AS “THE GORGEOUS HUSSY,” DAUGHTER OF TAVERN-KEEPER, ETC., JACKSON DENOUNCED FOR ENTERTAINING ADULTERESS, ETC.

POSTER FOR 1936 FILM ABOUT THE PEGGY EATON AFFAIR

IN THE REAL AFFAIR, JACKSON APPOINTED EATON SECRETARY OF WAR

THE ENTIRE CABINET EXCEPT VAN BUREN AND POSTMASTER GENERAL RESIGNED OVER THIS!

ELECTION OF 1832

JACKSON (DEM.) V. CLAY (N-R) V. WILLIAM WIRT (ANTI-MASONIC)

THE ANTI-MASONIC PARTY (FOUNDED IN W. NEW YORK)

ALLEGED ELITIST MASONIC CONSPIRACY (JACKSON, AND EVERY PRIOR PRESIDENT WAS A MASON, SO WERE MANY OTHER POLITICIANS AND JUDGES)

MASONIC SQUARE AND COMPASS SYMBOL, G. WASHINGTON’S MASONIC APRON, AND MASONIC SYMBOL ON U.S. DOLLAR BILL

WHAT IS THE MESSAGE OF THIS CARTOON?

ANTI-MASONIC PARTY FIRSTS:

1ST THIRD PARTY

1ST TO HOLD NATIONAL NOMIMATING CONVENTION

1ST WITH NATIONAL PARTY PLATFORM

AND THE ANTI-MASONIC PARTY WAS 1ST IN A LONG LINE OF PARANOID CONSPIRACY THEORY

MOVEMENTS!

1832 CAMPAIGN CARTOON

“THE RATS LEAVING A FALLING HOUSE”

REFERS TO?:

RESIGNATION OF CABINET

WHAT IS THE MESSAGE?

PRES./ VP. CANDIDATES

PARTY ELECTORAL VOTES

% ELECTORAL

% POPULAR

ANDREW JACKSONMARTIN VAN BUREN

DEM 219 76.6%

54.2%

HENRY CLAY N-R 49 17.1% 37.4%

WILLIAM WIRT_____________OTHER

A-M_____

7_____

11

.02%_____.04%

7.8%____0.6%

ELECTION OF 1832

24 STATES – ALL STATES EXCEPT SOUTH CAROLINA POPULARLY ELECTED PRESIDENTAL ELECTORS. 1,293,973 VOTES CAST – 2 ELECTORS DIDN’T VOTE“OTHER” INCLUDED VA. NULLIFIER PARTY – 11 VOTES

JACKSONIAN ECONOMICS:

1832, VETO OF THE BANK BILL (RENEWAL OF CHARTER OF SECOND BANK OF THE U.S.)

VETO MESSAGE IS THE FIRST ONE ADDRESSED TO POPULAR AUDIENCE

BANK’S CHARTER DIDN’T EXPIRE UNTIL 1836, BUT DANIEL WEBSTER AND BANK PRESIDENT NICHOLAS BIDDLE DECIDED TO SEEK RENEWALBEFORE ELECTION OF 1832 – BAD MOVE!i

BIDDLE

“FRIENDS” OF THE 2ND BUS – WEBSTER AND CLAY

JACKSON TO VAN BUREN: “THE BANK IS TRYING TO KILL ME, BUT I WILL KILL IT.”HE DID – WITHDREW FEDERAL $$ 1833

SEE NOTES BELOW FOR WHAT THEY’RE SAYING

JACKSON TRAMPLES THE CONSTITUTIONAND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

WHERE DID JACKSON PUT THE FEDERAL $$ HE WITHDREW FROM THE 2ND BUS?

“PET BANKS” – STATE BANKS CHOSEN ON BASIS OF SPOILS SYSTEM

MORE EASY CREDIT, SPECULATION, WILDCAT BANKS ISSUING NOTES W/O SPECIE BACKING INFLATION

SPECIE CIRCULAR, 1836 – FEDERAL LAND SALES ONLY FOR GOLD AND SILVER

PANIC OF 1837 VAN BUREN = ONE-TERM PRESIDENT “MARTIN VAN RUIN”

JACKSON AND THE NATIONAL DEBT:

MYTH: “JACKSON IS THE ONLY PRESIDENT WHO PAID OFF THE NATIONAL DEBT.”

FACT: HE PLEDGED TO DO IT IN HIS SECOND INAUGURAL, AND DID REDUCE IT TO ABOUT $34,000.

PANIC OF 1837 NATIONAL DEBT INCREASED X 10.

PET BANK CARTOON – NOTES BELOW

JACKSON’S POLITICAL LEGACY:

TWO-PARTY SYSTEM (AND FOR THE NEXT DECADE, BASICALLY JACKSONIANS (DEM) AND ANTI-JACKSONIANS (WHIG)

UNTIL 1840s, TWO-PARTY SYSTEM FOCUSES ON ECONOMIC AND LOCAL ISSUES, NOT SECTIONAL ISSUES (DUE TO CLOSE CALL OVER NULLIFICATION)

ALL PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES MUST PORTRAY THEMSELVES AS “MEN OF THE PEOPLE” – LOG CABINS, BEER, BOWLING, PORK RINDS!

THE 1836 ELECTION RESULTS

MARTIN VAN BUREN

“OLD KINDERHOOK”

[O. K.]

ANDREW JACKSON, 1767 – 1845, PRESIDENT 1829 – 1837 – THE FIRST TRULY “TRANSFORMATIVE PRESIDENT”

HOW DEMOCRATIC WAS JACKSON?