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Andres Castro NanoStructured Selenium Coatings for AntiCancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

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Page 1: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Andres Castro

Nano‐Structured Selenium  Coatings for Anti‐ Cancer Bone Implants

HOPE HIGH SCHOOL

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Page 2: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

http://invsee.asu.edu/Moduhttp://invsee.asu.edu/Modules/spm/vispipe.jpgles/spm/vispipe.jpg 2

Page 3: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3756607682964690734&hl=en

Introduction about bone implants and some  problems

BONE IMPLANT: the use of implanted materials to repair bone.

MATERIALS:  Titanium (popular implant materials) carbon nano‐tubes on anodized titanium

Plastics (such as UHMWPE –ultra high molecular weight polyethylene)

Ceramics and Glass‐Ceramic

Cr(chromium) ; Co(cobalt) ; Ni(nickel)

Stainless steel

3

A hip implant

Human skeleton

A video showing a surgery for rib …

Page 4: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Background: problems with current orthopedic applications

There were about 345,000 hospitalizations for hip fractures in 2003.1 Only one in four patients completely recovered.2 Bone fractures occurred 1,039,000 times in 2004.1The rate of hip and knee replacement failures increased 11% and 8%, respectively, in 2003 in the U. S.2Insufficient bonding between implant materials and surrounding bone tissues (osseointegration) may lead to implant loosening, and finally implant failure.

1 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Website: www.cdc.gov/nchs2 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). Website: www.aaos.orgLijie Zhang Division of engineering, Brown University.

www.helsinki.fi/research/news/2005/week12.htm

www.cdc.gov/nchs/ppt/icd9/att_TJR_oct04.ppt

www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/.../Bone/Bon

e.htm

It is estimated 2380 individuals (1270 men and 1110 women) willbe diagnosed with bone and joint  cancer and 1470 individuals will diefrom primary bone and joint cancer in 2008 in the U.S.[1]

Wear debris generated at  articulating  surfaces  of orthopedic implants may lead to death of cells  or create mitosis without organization

_

1. American Cancer Society statistic data 2008. Website: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/STT/stt_0.asp4

Page 5: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Introduction to selenium

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1. Selenium is a metalloid2. Selenium is trace element in our bodies3. Deficiency of selenium results in some diseases:

Kashin‐Beck disease, mental slowing, extreme fatigue,etc.  Especially link between low selenium intake and high cancer incidence

4. Selenium is toxic at high levelssuch as 400 microgram per day

5. Dietary selenium is found in: Meats, cereals, fish, etc.

Electrons per shellAtomic number

glycinecysteineglutamate

CH2 CH2 CO

CHNH3

CO

OCCNHO

CH2

H

SH

NH CH2 CO

O

Glutathione is a tri‐peptide

Page 6: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Antioxidants: Where are they and how they work

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Fruits and vegetable are good source ofanti‐oxidants

Anti‐oxidants protect cells from damagescaused by free radicals such as peroxyl radical, hydroxyl radical,superoxide radical

Anti‐oxidants  neutralize free radicals

Page 7: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

A rougher terrain engineered on the nanoscale (top)promoted bone adhesion and inhibited bacterial growth much better than the smoother surface engineered on the microscale (bottom).Units are in microns. (Image: T. J. Webster)

Role of nanostructure toward improving bone implants

Smoother is not better. The faster endothelial cells(green) form a single smooth layer, the less chanceexposed vascular metal stents will provoke an immune response.Samples examined after 1, 3 and 5 days (left to right)show better coverage on nanotextured titanium (bottom row)than on conventional microstructured titanium.( Credit: Thomas Webster)

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microns microns

microns

microns

Page 8: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Approach and methods

• Coat nanostructured selenium on titanium, glass, and polyethylene

• Chemical steps:– Mixing sodium selenite with glutathione (GSH)

– Add sodium hydroxide to bring pH above 7

GSH + Na2SeO3                         GSSeSG

Ti, glass, polyethylene 

Se0

GSSG

pH > 7

(Diglutathione selenite)

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Page 9: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Procedures for making selenium coatings on Ti, Glass, and Polyethylene

Step 1: Clean the substrates: Soak and sonicate them in acetone and ethanol 

Step 2: Put the cleaned substrates into beakers

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Ultrasonic cleanerTitanium

Page 10: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Step 3: Add GSH and Sodium selenite into the beakers  Step 4: Add sodium hydroxide 

to each beaker to bring the pH to over 7

Step 5: Wait 10 minutes Step 6: Take the samples outRinse with distilled water

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Page 11: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) to visualize the surface of the samples

For glass and polyethylene (non‐conductive)Coating  them with gold  to make the surfaceconductive  for SEM (using the sputterer)

Put the samples in the SEM chamber

Mount the samples onto sample holder

Take the image using the computer

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Page 12: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Prepare the healthy and cancer bone cells for cell experiments

Image of cancer bone cells Image of healthy bone cells

Magnification: 25x

12Magnification: 25x

Magnification: 40x

Magnification: 40x

Page 13: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Cell experiment method

1. Seed bone cells on the substrates (uncoated and coated with Se substrates) at a seeding density of 3500 cells/cm2

2. Incubate at 37oC, 5%CO2 for 4 hours 

3. After 4 hours, remove media, rinse substrates with PBS to remove dead, unadhered cells 

4. Fix the cells onto the substrate using Formaldehyde 2%

5. After fixing, stain the cells with DAPI which stains the nucleus of the cells making the nucleus fluorescent (visible under fluorescence microscope) 

6. Count the number of cells under a fluorescence microscope to determine cell densities on each substrate

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Page 14: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Results

• Scanning electron microscope image results

• Cell experiment results

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Page 15: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Scanning electron microscopy imagesUncoated  Ti

Ti with a low level of selenium coating (low dose)

Ti with a medium level of selenium coating (medium dose)

Ti with a high level of selenium coating (high dose)

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Seleniumnanoparticles

Page 16: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Higher magnification SEM images

High DoseHigh Dose‐High Magnification

High Dose‐High Magnification

Size of selenium nanoparticles is around 50 nm

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Seleniumnanoparticles

Page 17: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Previous results of selenium coating on PE (by Phong Tran)

Our trial on glass and polyethylene

Uncoated Glass

Coated glass but possibly not successful

Coated polyethylene but  possibly not successful

Unsuccessfully coated glass

Unsuccessfully coated PE

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Seleniumnanoparticles

Page 18: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Decreased cancer cell densities on Ti with more selenium nanoparticles

Uncoated  Ti Ti with low Se dose Ti with medium Se dose

Ti with high Se dose

Uncoated Low Dose

MediumDose

HighDose

Cell de

nsity (num

ber of cells/cm

2 )

18Titanium

Page 19: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Increased healthy bone cell densities on Ti with more selenium nanoparticles

Uncoated Low Dose

MediumDose

HighDose

Cell de

nsity (num

ber of cells/cm

2 )

Uncoated  Ti Ti with low Se dose Ti with medium Se dose

Ti with high Se dose

19Titanium

Page 20: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Conclusions

1. Learned about chemopreventive properties of selenium

2. Selenium is not an antioxidant: it is structural component of an antioxidant enzyme:Glutathione peroxidase

3. Excessive free radicals damage the cells and result in some cells mutating into cancerous cells

4. Selenium coatings on titanium improve healthy bone cell adhesion and inhibit cancerousbone cell adhesion

5. Teaching  and learning experience:

1. Hands‐on experience is good to motivate and engage students

2. Reframe approach to teach difficult concepts to students 

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Page 21: Andres Castro - Brown University€¦ · Andres Castro Nano‐Structured Selenium Coatings for Anti‐Cancer Bone Implants HOPE HIGH SCHOOL 1

Acknowledgments

Phong Tran, Ph.D Candidate,Physics Department, Brown University

Thomas  J. Webster.Associate Professor of EngineeringDivision of Engineering and OrthopedicsBrown University 

Karen HaberstrohBrown University 

NSF Funded "GK‐12: Physical Processes in the Environment". 

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The author also thanks Lijie Zhang, Division of Engineering, Brown University for her help withthe statistic data on bone implants