andrea presentation

7/28/2019 Andrea Presentation

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E L E A N O R B U T T O N

OWNERSHIP IN THEMEDIA INDUSTRIES


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PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING

What is public service broadcasting?

Public broadcasting refers to broadcasting intended for the public benefit rather than for purely commercial concerns. The communications regulator isOfcom they require that certain TV and radio broadcasters fulfil requirements as part of their licence to broadcast. All of the BBC's television and radiostations have a public service remit, including those that broadcast digitally.

Also stations broadcast on terrestrial analogue television the ITV Network Channel 4and Channel 5 are obliged to provide public service programming asthey can be viewed freely almost anywhere nationwide.

The recently introduced 'third tier' of approaching 200 Community Radio services are also specifically recognised by Ofcom as being providers of publicservice broadcasting output, delivered under the terms of the Community Radio Order 2004.

The BBC, whose broadcasting in the UK is funded by a license fee so does not sell advertising time, is most notable for being the first public service

broadcaster in the UK. Its first director general, Lord Reith introduced many of the concepts that would later define PSB in the UK when he adopted themission to "inform, educate and entertain".

Public service aims:

Purposes: informing our understanding of the world; stimulating

Knowledge and learning; reflecting UK cultural identity; and

Representing diversity and alternative viewpoints.

For: It acts as an objective public forum away from vested interests, for example running a story against a particular brand would impose on the possibility ofthem advertising with the broadcaster if it was commercial you could argue would consumer affairs programmes exist on commercial channels? Manycommercial channels rely on imports - how many times has Friends been repeated on E4? As programmes are cheaper to import than make from scratch,with public service broadcasting they have the budget and the remit to ensure that a percentage of their programming are from domestic producers in theBBCs case not only from England but Wales and Scotland. There are also arguments of the quality of programming; commercial channels look purely atprofit the cheaper the programme the greater the return for investors. With public service broadcasting profits are of no consequence so investments inquality programming that produce little profit are possible.

Against: Political interference, the government are essential in the generation of income for public service broadcasting channels, there is a possibility thattheir political coverage may be lenient toward political party.


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OFCOM

The Office of Communications commonly known as Ofcom, is thegovernment-approved regulatory and competition authority for thebroadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of theUnited Kingdom. Ofcom was initially established by the Office ofCommunications Act 2002 and received its full authority from theCommunication Act 2003

Purpose/focus

Regulator and competitionauthority for broadcasting, postalservices, telecommunications and

radio communications spectrum


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PRIVACY LAW

Privacy in English law is a rapidly developingarea of English law that considers inwhat situations an individual has a legal right to informational privacy, that is to saythe protection of personal (or private) information from misuse or unauthorizeddisclosure. Privacy law is distinct from those laws such as trespass or assault that aredesigned to protect physical privacy. Such laws are generally considered as partof criminal law or the law of tort. Historically, English common law has recognizedno general right or tort of privacy, and was offered only limited protection through

the doctrine of breach of confidence and a "piecemeal" collection of relatedlegislation on topics like harassment and data protection. The introduction of theHuman Rights Act 1998 incorporated into English law the European Convention onHuman Rights. Article 8.1 of the ECHR provided an explicit right to respect for aprivate life for the first time within English law. The Convention also requires the

judiciary to "have regard" to the Convention in developing the common law.

The earliest definition of privacy in English law was given by Judge Cooley whodefined privacy as "the right to be left alone". In 1972 the Younger Committee, aninquiry into privacy stated that the term could not be defined satisfactorily. Againin 1990 the Calcutt Committee concluded that: "nowhere have we found a whollysatisfactory statutory definition of privacy".


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DEFINITIONS


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CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP: CONCENTRATION OFMEDIA OWNERSHIP (ALSO KNOWN AS MEDIACONSOLIDATION OR MEDIA CONVERGENCE

is a process whereby increasingly fewer individuals ororganizations control increasing shares of the mass media.Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels ofconsolidation, with several media industries already highlyconcentrated and dominated by a very small number of

firms.


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DIVERSIFICATION:

Based on the undisputed merits of social, politicaland cultural pluralism, diversity

And variety in the media is desirable ends in

themselves.


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DIGITAL BROADCASTING

Digital broadcasting is the practice of using digital data ratherthan analogue waveforms to carry broadcasts over televisionchannels or assigned radio frequency bands. It is becomingincreasingly popular for television usage (especially satellitetelevision) but is having a slower adoption rate for radio.

Satellite broadcasting Satellite television is televisionprogramming delivered by the means of communicationssatellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually aparabolic reflector generally referred to as a satellite dish, andas far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receivereither in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tunermodule built into a TV set. Satellite TV tuners are also availableas a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personalcomputer. In many areas of the world satellite televisionprovides a wide range of channels and services, often toareas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.


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CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP

Cross-media ownership: Concentration of mediaownership (also known as media consolidation ormedia convergence) is a process whereby

progressively fewer individuals or organizationscontrol increasing shares of the mass media.[1]Contemporary research demonstrates increasinglevels of consolidation, with many media industriesalready highly concentrated and dominated by a

very small number of firms


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MULTINATIONALS ORCONGLOMERATES

A media conglomerate, media group or mediainstitution is a company that owns large numbers ofcompanies in various mass media such as television,

radio, publishing, movies, and the Internet. Mediaconglomerates strive for policies that facilitate theircontrol of the markets across the globe.


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HORIZONTAL AND VERTICALINTEGRATION

In microeconomics and management, the term verticalintegration describes a style of management control.Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are unitedthrough a common owner. Usually each member of thesupply chain produces a different product or (market-specific)service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.It is contrasted with horizontal integration. Vertical integrationhas also described management styles that bring largeportions of the supply chain not only under a commonownership, but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s whenthe Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its ownsteel rather than buy it from suppliers).

Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-upproblem. A monopoly produced through vertical integration iscalled a vertical monopoly


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OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND SIZE


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THE BIG SEVEN CULTURAL INDUSTRYCORPORATIONS

Company Revenue

Time Warner 43.7

Walt Disney 31.9

Viacom 27.0

News Corporation 23.9

Bertelsmann 21.6

Sony 16.0

NBC Universal 14.7

By the late 90s a small group of corporations were clear leaders in terms of the revenues they gained from globalcultural industry markets. The structures of these companies change regularly, as further mergers, acquisitions and sell-offs take place or are put on hold by regulators. The structures are complex in many cases spanning hundreds ofbusiness units and dozens of production sectors.

The table lists the seven biggest cultural industry businesses, as they stood in mid 2006. These seven corporations havea significant presence in both North America and Europe , the worlds two largest continental cultural industries inthree continents (North America, Europe and Asia.


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HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL

INTEGRATION IN ACTION

Vertical integration: What is Vertical Integration? Vertical integration is the process in which several steps in the production and/or distribution of a

product or service are controlled by a single company or entity, in order to increase that companys orentitys power in the marketplace.

Simply said, every single product that you can think of has a big life cycle. While you might recognizethe product with the Brand name printed on it, many companies are involved in developing thatproduct. These companies are necessarily not part of the brand you see.

Example of vertical integration: while you are relaxing on the beach sipping chilled cold drink, thebrand that you see on the bottle is the producer of the drink but not necessarily the maker of the bottlesthat carry these drinks. This task of creating bottles is outsourced to someone who can do it better andat a cheaper cost. But once the company achieves significant scale it might plan to produce thebottles itself as it might have its own advantages. This is what we call vertical integration. The companytries to get more things under their reign to gain more control over the profits the product / servicedelivers.

Horizontal integration: Much more common and simpler than vertical integration, Horizontal integration (simply means a

strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. This take over / merger /buyout can be done in the same geography or probably in other countries to increase your reach.

Examples of Horizontal Integration are many and available in plenty. Especially in case of thetechnology industry, where mergers and acquisitions happen in order to increase the reach of an entity.

As an example of Horizontal Integration will be You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarilybecause it had a strong and loyal user base. (There was no rocket science in technology used atYouTube which Google couldnt have done without taking over, but yes to increase the viewers wasdefinitely as complex without the takeover.)


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VIDEO RECORDING ACTS 1984

The Video Recordings Act 1984 was passed in 1984. It states that commercial video recordingsaccessible for sale or on hire within the UK must carry a classification that has been agreedupon by an authority designated by the Home office.

The BBFC which had been contributory in the certification of motion pictures since 1912 wasdesignated as the classifying authority in 1985.

Works are classified by the BBFC under an age-rated system, it is an offence under the Act tosupply video works to individuals who are or appear to be under the age of the classificationdesignated.

Works that are declined classification cannot, under the Act, be legally sold or supplied toanybody of any age unless it is educational, or to do with a sport, religion or music and does notdepict violence, sex or incite a criminal offence.

The BBFC may also require cuts to be made, either to receive a certain age rating, or to beallowed a classification at all.

In August 2009 it was discovered that the Act was unenforceable as the European commissionwas not notified about it. Until this situation was rectified, it was legal to sell and supplyunclassified videos and computer games, although many retailers had agreed to observe theregulations voluntarily.

Then pending prosecutions under the Act were abandoned, but the government has claimedthat past convictions cannot be challenged.

In December 2009 the government introduced new legislation, the Video recording act, whichrepealed and instantly revived the Video Recordings Act 1984, after the required notificationwas provided to the European Commission in October 2009.

This made the legislation enforceable once again, as well as allowing it to be amended by thedigital economy act.


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OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1989

Secrets 1Security and Intelligence An offence of disclosing information, documents or other articles relating to

security or intelligence. Secrets 2Defence An offence of disclosing information, documents orotherarticles relating to

defence. This section applies only to crown servants and government contractors.

Secrets 3International relations An offence of disclosing information, documents or other articles relating to

international relations. This section applies only to crown servants and governmentcontractors.

Section 4 - Crime and special investigation powers This section relates to disclosure of information which would assist a criminal or the

commission of a crime. This section applies only to crown servants and governmentcontractors.

Section 5 - Information resulting from unauthorised disclosures or entrusted inconfidence This section relates to further disclosure of information, documents or other articles

protected from disclosure by the preceding sections of the Act. It allows, forexample, the prosecution of newspapers or journalists who publish secretinformation leaked to them by a crown servant in contravention of section 3. Thissection applies to everyone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_contractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_contractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_contractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_servant


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LIBEL LAW

There are two versions of defamation, libel and slander. Libel is when the defamation is written down (including email, bulletin boards andwebsites), and slander is when the incident relates to words spoken. In the UK, i f someone thinks that what you wrote about t hem is either

defamatory or damaging, the onus will be entirely on you to prove that your comments are true in court. For example, if you said Peter Sutcliffe had never paid his TV licence in his life that would not be defamatory - or it is very unlikely to be.

However, if you said the same about TV boss Greg Dyke that would be. Why? Because Peter Sutcliffe's reputation will not be damaged bythe TV licence revelation (he is after all a mass murderer). Of course, his lawyers would still be free to bring the case to court, but it is veryunlikely they would succeed. Greg Dyke, on the other hand, runs the BBC, so to say he wilfully doesn't pay his TV licence could have aseriously detrimental effect on his career. He could be fired or his reputation damaged (note: Dyke has now left the BBC). It is not for the

judge or jury (at the outset) to decide how damaged he is - they just have to confirm that such accusations are false and damaging. Thenthe judge and/or jury decide on monetary damages.

http://www.urban75.org/info/libel.html McLibel case A long-running legal case in Britain is an example of the application of food libel principles to existing law. McDonald's Restaurants versus

Morris & Steel (also known as the "McLibel case") was an English lawsuit filed by McDonald's Corporation against environmental activistsHelen Steel and David Morris (often referred to as "The McLibel Two") over a pamphlet critical of the company. The original case lasted ten

years, making it the longest-running court action in English history.[9] A feature-length documentary film, McLibel, was created about thecase by filmmaker Franny Armstrong. Although McDonald's won two hearings of the case in English court, the partial nature of the victory, the David-vs-Goliath nature of the

case, and the drawn-out litigation embarrassed the company. McDonald's announced that it did not plan to collect the 40,000[10] that itwas awarded by the courts. Since then, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has ruled that the trial violated Articles 6 (right to a fairtrial) because the defendants had been refused legal aid and had only been represented by volunteer lawyers, and Article 10 (right tofreedom of expression) of the Convention on Human Rights, again because the defendants had been refused legal aid, and awarded a

judgment of 57,000 against the UK government.[11] (McDonald's itself was not a defendant in this appeal.) On February 15, 2005, thepair's 20-year battle with McDonald's came to an end with this judgment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_libel_laws The McLibel Trial is the infamous British court case between McDonald's and a former postman & a gardener from London (Helen Steel and

Dave Morris). It ran for two and a half years and became the longest ever English trial. The defendants were denied legal aid and their rightto a jury, so the whole trial was heard by a single Judge, Mr Justice Bell. He delivered his verdict in June 1997.

The verdict was devastating for McDonald's. The judge ruled that they 'exploit children' with their advertising, produce 'misleading'

advertising, are 'culpably responsible' for cruelty to animals, are 'antipathetic' to unionisation and pay their workers low wages. But Helenand Dave failed to prove all the points and so the Judge ruled that they HAD libelled McDonald's and should pay 60,000 pounds damages.They refused and McDonald's knew better than to pursue i t. In March 1999 the Court of Appeal made further rulings that it was faircomment to say that McDonald's employees worldwide "do badly in terms of pay and conditions", and true that "if one eats enoughMcDonald's food, one's diet may well become high in fat etc., with the very real risk of heart disease."

As a result of the court case, the Anti-McDonald's campaign mushroomed, the press coverage increased exponentially, this website was

born and a feature length documentary was broadcast round the world. The legal controversy continued. The McLibel 2 took the British Government to the European Court of Human Rights to defend the public's

right to criticise multinationals, claiming UK libel laws are oppressive and unfair that they were denied a fair trial. The c ourt ruled in favour ofHelen and Dave: the case had breached their their rights to freedom of expression and a fair trial.

http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/
http://www.urban75.org/info/libel.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_libel_lawshttp://www.mcspotlight.org/case/http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_libel_lawshttp://www.urban75.org/info/libel.html


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THE RACE RELATIONS ACT 1976

The Race Relations Act 1976 was established by the Parliament of the United Kingdomtoprevent discrimination on the grounds of race.

Items that are covered include discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, nationality, ethnicand national origin in the fields of employment, the provision of goods and services, educationand public functions.

The Act also established the Commission for Racial Equality with a view to review the legislation,which was put in place to make sure the Act rules were followed.

The Act incorporates the earlierRace Relations Act 1965 and Race Relations Act 1968 and was

later amended by the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, notably including a statutoryduty on public bodies to promote race equality, and to demonstrate that procedures toprevent race discrimination are effective.

The Act was repealed by the Equality Act 2010, which supersedes and consolidates previousdiscrimination law in the UK.

In 1976, a far tougher Act was passed that made discrimination unlawful in employment,training, education, and the provision of goods and services. It extended discrimination toinclude victimisation, and replaced the R.R.B. and the C.R.E. with the Commission for RacialEquality, a stronger body with more powers to prosecute.

Since 1976, further amendments have been made the Act. The police were specificallyexcluded from the provisions of the 1968 Act, on the grounds that they had their own disciplinarycodes. Racism within the police force was not fully recognised until the 1990s after Blackteenager Stephen Lawrence was murdered. The subsequent enquiry into the polices handlingof the case found there was institutional racism within the Metropolitan Police.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_Relations_(Amendment)_Act_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_Relations_(Amendment)_Act_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_Relations_(Amendment)_Act_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_Relations_(Amendment)_Act_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_Relations_(Amendment)_Act_2000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom


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THE BROADCASTING ACT 1990

This broadcasting act has to some extent been superseded by the Government's White Paper onCommunications, because anything taken from that paper will be turned into a new Act of Parliament. However,this Act began the first steps to deregulation in British Broadcasting and reversed restrictions imposed onownership of ITV franchises. The main points of the 1990 Act were:

This act required all ITV franchises to be put up for sale and to be awarded partly on financial grounds. New ITV regional franchises mandated to give 25% of their production to independent producers. ITV network centre established to commission programmes from the franchise holders on to the national ITV

network.

Independent Television Commission set up to regulate all TV services in the UK, with the exception of the BBC. For first time Channel4 to sell own advertising and ITV monopoly on advertising sales was lost. Channel 5 was last conventional terrestrial TV channel to set up in 1997 before digital explosion, to provide same

strand of programming at the same time every day, each week. TV licence is a tax on all owners of a TV set. Fee set by government and to be renewed by an Act of Parliament. Corporation's right to be funded by licence fee renewed, but situation insecure. BBC set up internal market as Producer Choice, where producers must also be managers and shop around for

cheapest facilities rather than accept those providing by corporation itself.


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CONTINUED

Discusses different ways of paying for TV viewing as things are changing, ie. pay per view and subscription. The Broadcasting Act 1990 is a law of the British parliament, often regarded by both its supporters and its critics as a

quintessential example of Thatcherism. The aim of the Act was to reform the entire structure of Britishbroadcasting; Britishtelevision, in particular, had earlier been described by Margaret Thatcheras "the last bastion of restrictive practices". The actcome about after the finding from the Peacock Committee.

It led directly to the abolition of the Independent Broadcasting Authority and its replacement with the IndependentTelevision Commission and Radio Authority (both themselves now replaced by Ofcom), which were given the remit ofregulating with a "lighter touch" and did not have such strong powers as the IBA; some referred to this as "deregulation". TheITC also began regulating non-terrestrial channels, whereas the IBA had only regulated ITV, Channel 4 and the ill-fated BritishSatellite Broadcasting; the ITC thus took over the responsibilities of the Cable Authority which had regulated the early non-terrestrial channels, which were only available to a very small audience in the 1980s.

Effects of the Act An effect of this Act was that, in the letter of the law, the television or radio companies rather than the regulator became the

broadcasters, as had been the case in the early (1955-1964) era of the Independent Television Authority when it had fewerregulatory powers than it would later assume.

In television In television, the Act allowed for the creation of a fifth analogue terrestrial television channel in the UK, which turned out to

be Channel 5, and the growth of multichannel satellite television. It also stipulated that the BBC, which had previouslyproduced the vast majority of its television programming in-house, was now obliged to source at least 25% of its output fromindependent production companies.

The Broadcasting Act 1990 established a new framework for the regulation of independent television and radio services, andthe satellite and cable television under the act, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and the Cable Authority weredissolved and replaced by the Independent Television Commission. The Radio Authority was established in respect of

independent radio services. The Broadcasting Standards Council was made a statutory body and the Act also containsprovisions relating to the Broadcasting Complaints Commission. Besides reorganising Independent broadcasting, the Actprovided for the formation of a separate company with responsibility for affecting the technical arrangements relating toindependent television broadcasting - National Transcommunications Ltd - as a first step towards the privatisation of theformer IBA's transmission functions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Television_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom


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THE FILMS ACT 1985

The Films Act 1985 dissolved the British Film Fund Agency, ending the Eady levysystem established in 1951.

The Act also abolished the Cinematograph Film Council and dissolved the NationalFilm Finance Corporation, transferring its assets to British Screen Finance Limited.

The Act repealed the Films Acts 1960-1980 and also repealed certain provisions ofthe Finance Acts 1982 and 1984 and substituted new provisions for determiningwhether or not a film was 'British' film eligible for capital allowances.

Under the Finance Acts 1997 (No 2), 1992 (No2) and 1990, these provisions havebeen further amended to relax the prohibition on using a foreign studio.

Finding a distinct cultural product. The Eady Levy was a tax on box office receipts, this pumped excess money back

into the United Kingdoms Film Industry which made it cheaper to produce films. Thefilm act abolished this

American company's were claiming there film was British and abused the tax,brought in to protect the British industry


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LICENSING ACT 2003 & LA

They licensing act 2003 and LA have been prepared by the Department forCulture, Media and Sport in order to assist the reader of the Act. In April 2000 theGovernment published an act on reforming alcohol and entertainment licensingset out proposals for modernizing and integrating the alcohol, publicentertainment, theatre, cinema, night caf and late night refreshment houselicensing schemes in both England and Wales. Used to reduce crime and disorder,to encourage tourism, to reduce alcohol misuse; and to encourage self-sufficient

rural communities. Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In turn, "regulatedentertainment" is defined as: A performance of a play, exhibition of a film, sportingevent, live music event, playing of music or performance of dance.

The Act has four licensing outcomes which must be taken into account when alocal authority carries out functions. They are, preventing crime and disorder; publicsafety; public nuisance; protection of children from harm; and in Scotland there is afifth licensing agree which is protecting and improvement of public health

The new licences don't have to be renewed regularly; it is important that in the Act,at any time, they can be called in for a review if residents or a business nearbymake a valid request. If this happens the matter will go before a Licensing Sub-Committee which can vary, suspend or revoke the licence. This is an importantchange to the old licensing law, which made it much more difficult for residents toforce a review of a licence.


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HUMAN RIGHTS ACT

Act of parliament give further effect

It means you can defend your rights in the uk courts and you must treat everyone equally withfairness, dignity and respect.

Anyone in England and wales can use the human rights act even if they are a child, a prisonerand are not a British citizen.

Judges must read and give effect to legislation in a way which is compatible rights Unlawful for a public authority to act in a way that is incompatible Human right acts protect

The right to life

Investigates death No torture or inhuman treatment Protection against slavery Liberty and freedom Right to fair trail and no punishment without law

Innocent until proven guilty. Respects privacy, family lives and right to marry. Freedom of thought, religion and belief. Free speech and peaceful protest. No discrimination; everyone is equal Protection of property and a right to an education and election.


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FILMS ACT 1985

The film act gives the owner of any form of film or video the opportunityto declare ownership over their film, which they can they havecopyrighted and protected via the legal system. Without being able todeclare ownership, people would not be able to protect their property.

The Films Act (CAP. 107) governs the possession, importation, making,distribution and exhibition of films, videos and video games.

The Films Act defines "film" as meaning: any cinematograph film any video recording, including a video recording that is designed for

use wholly or principally as a game. any other material record or thing on which is recorded or stored for

immediate or future retrieval any information that, by the use of anycomputer or electronic device, is capable of being reproduced or

displayed as wholly or partly visual moving pictures, and includes anypart of a film, and any copy or part of a copy of the whole or any part ofa film

This law also protects video game creators and allows them to protecttheir product under the same act; this is because its still a video basedproduct to be distributed to the masses for a price.


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THE OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS ACT 1959

The term Pornography is not generally used in UKlaw. Therefore in the UK this is called The ObscenePublications Act 1959 This describes an obsceneitem as one tending to deprave and corrupt

persons who are likely, having regard to all relevantcircumstances, to read, see or hear the materialembodied in it. This makes it an offence to publishobscene material or to have such material in yourpossession with the intention of publishing it. It is not

an offence if it is for ones pleasure. The Obscene Publications Act has many similarities

to the Protection of Children Act


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OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1989

Secrets 1Security and Intelligence An offence of disclosing information, documents or other articles relating to

security or intelligence. Secrets 2Defence An offence of disclosing information, documents or other articles relating to

defence. This section applies only to crown servants and government contractors. Secrets 3

International relations

An offence of disclosing information, documents or other articles relating tointernational relations. This section applies only to crown servants and governmentcontractors.

Section 4 - Crime and special investigation powers This section relates to disclosure of information which would assist a criminal or the

commission of a crime. This section applies only to crown servants and governmentcontractors.

Section 5 - Information resulting from unauthorised disclosures or entrusted inconfidence This section relates to further disclosure of information, documents or other articles

protected from disclosure by the preceding sections of the Act. It allows, forexample, the prosecution of newspapers or journalists who publish secretinformation leaked to them by a crown servant in contravention of section 3. Thissection applies to everyone

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