andean farmers face a changing world - third age · pdf fileandean farmers confronting a...
TRANSCRIPT
Andean farmers confronting a changing
world
Silvia Sarapura Escobar
School of Environmental Design and Rural Development
University of Guelph
Outline
Introduction
Context
Methodology
Findings and discussion
of Results
Recommendations
Questions
Introduction
Andean farming systems confront a political dilemma of either preserving biodiversity or (over) exploiting natural resources.
Demands for food and environmental/climate change drive down biodiversity, traditional knowledge and Andean values.
These driving forces push for dramatic changes to both ecological and socio-cultural aspects.
Strategies in planning and decision making are recommended.
Contextual Analogies
Peru
31.5 million inhabitants (INEI, 2016).
55 indigenous groups. 14% of national population.
Quechua (83.11%); Aymara(10.92%) Ashaninka (1.67%). Others (4.31%) 52 different indigenous groups from the Amazon region.
23% of Perus population live below national poverty line
50% live in poverty in rural areas.
Ranked 77th out of 187 countries on the HDI (UNDP, 2012)
Three regions: Coast, Andean and Amazon.
81 ecological zones, linguistic diversity and wealth of natural resources hotspots for biodiversity.
Gap between the rural and Lima two different realities.
Peasant communities face severe climate stress.
Water scarcity in the high Andes.
Bolivia
10.7 million inhabitants (INEB, 2016).
+ 50 ethnic groups. 62% of Bolivians identified as indigenous.
Quechua (30%), Aymara (25%), Guarani (1.5%), Chiquitano(2.2%), Mojeno (0.85%), Others (1.5%).
60% of Bolivia's population live below the national poverty line.
80% live in poverty in rural areas.
Ranked 108th out of 187 countries on the HDI (UNDP, 2012).
Most of land inappropriate for agriculture (Slunge & Jaldin, 2007).
Overexploitation of soil, cattle-grazing and cultivation for export (soybean) main factors for land degradation (Slunge and Jaldin, 2007).
Insecurity in land tenure and unequal land distribution.
Two realities; small or subsistence agriculture and large scale agriculture.
Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation distribution affect physiology and growth of crops as well as sensitivity to pests and plant diseases (Lwanciw, 2007).
Methodology
Data analyzed from diverse studies conducted from 2008 to 2016 - Peru and Bolivia.
Data collected from FGDs, in-depth interviews, participatory video and surveys.
Information disseminated through videos, reports, papers and book chapters.
Findings and Discussion of Results
Andean Cosmo Vision
Communal Landholding
Peasants' understanding of
agro-ecological aspects to
preserve biodiversity
Multi-cropping
Cultivating different and various varieties in one parcel or plot - CHALO
Different varieties in different plots or ecological zones.
Including repellent plants into the plot
Bartering, (trueque) and com-padrazgo with other communities in different altitudes
Knowledge and skills in weather prediction by grassroots indica-tors or signs (seales)
Predicting changes in the weather - Frosty nights (helada)
Recognizing the behaviour or presence of different plants and animals as weather predictors
Interpreting the position, behaviour and appearance of stars, sun, wind, heat as weather predictors
Soil conservation
The construction of terraces or Andenes
Anticipating or delaying the planting season for soil health
Cultivating at different times at different ecological zones
Applying different types of tillage systems (barbecho, ocos and chacmeo)
Types of Power Exercised Between Stakeholders (NON COGEPAN)
POWER RELATIONS
Government (GO)
Public Sector (PS)
Universities (UN)
Informal Markets
(IM)
Bartering (BA)
Input Suppliers
(IS)
R&D and Extension
Sector
(RE)
Peasant Communities
(PC)
Community Based
Organizations
(CB)
Peasant Communities Associations
(AS) Power P
P MP MP NP MP MP MP NP NP
Role of Stakeholder
KS KS KS KS KS SS KS KS KS KS
Type of Relationship
E/D E/D E and/or D D EU D D and/or E
E/EU/B EU/B EU/B
P=Power MP=Medium Power NP=Non Power KS=Key Stakeholder SS=Secondary Stakeholder Enabler=E D=Deliverer E U=End User B=Beneficiary
Innovated Practices to Maintain Native Potatoes Biodiversity
InnovativePractice Features Constraints Threats
In-situ Conservation of Native Potatoes
Positive Selection of Plants Morphological and genetic
diversity On-farm maintenance of native
potatoes (own places of originand diversity) (female peasantproducer driven approach)
Inconsistent morphological characterization and registers of varieties
Need more knowledge on conservation (post harvest and storing activities)
Natural mutation and recombination of varieties
Climate change,facing climate stressmore frequently
State attention andsustainablepartnerships
Market pressure toproduce certainvarieties forcing toeliminate varieties
Peasant producersface exclusion andinequality whenparticipating intraining and events
Recognizing Native Potatoes Resistance to Diseases and Pests
Varieties are horizontally resistantto insects, diseases and pests
Vegetative periods vary fromearly to late periods
Some varieties contain lowreducing-sugar and long-termcapacity to be stored
Needs more scientificknowledge to recognize,differentiate and rankvarieties
Climate change, formalmarket pressure and newdiseases
Distinguishing varieties for their nutritional qualities and features when processed
Produce diverse sub products fordaily consumption, bartering andpetty trade
Specific varieties are transformedin chuo, dry potatoes, flour,potato starch, potato alike coffeeand tocosh
Most of varieties need toreach the consumer
Qualitative and medicinalproperties need scientificsupport. For example,tocosh is thought to havehigh levels of naturalpenicillin but weakscientific proof
Innovations in
peasant farming
Access to
Information
and
Technolog
y
Access
and
Control of
Land
Access to
Extension
Services
Married womens land
holding
1.Directly
Sharecropping
Renting
Own (buying)2. Indirectly
Community Land
Use of ICTs
(cellphones) and text
messaging for prices and
commercialization of
native potatoes
Farmer field schools
1.Internships or pasantias
2.Gastronomic and agri-food fairs
(Alianza Cocinero-
Campesino)
Women become partners with men producers and other stakeholders-
leaders
Women develop and stregthnen knowledge/capacities/skills (individually and
collectively)
Achieving changes:
Structural ------ Agency
Types of Power Exercised Between Stakeholders (COGEPAN)
NGO FOVIDA (FO)
Government Sector (National, Regional, Provincial) (GS)
Universities (UN)
Formal Market (FM)
R&D and Extension (RE)
Peasant Communities (PC)
Input Suppliers (IS)
Public Sector (PS)
Producers Associations (PA)
Power P P P NP P NP NP P NP
Role of
Stakeholder
KS KS KS KS KS KS SS KS KS
Type of Relationship
E/D E/D E/D D D E/EU/B D D and/or E EU/B
P=Power MP=Medium Power NP=Non Power KS=Key Stakeholder SS=Secondary Stakeholder Enabler=E D=Deliverer EU=End User B=Beneficiary
Recommendations
Institutional and Policy Framework
PROGRAMMING
Defining R&D and establishing general principles.
IDENTIFYING
Identifying and harmonizing the ideas, validating feasibility
FORMULATING
Designing , planning, formulating innovations
IMPLEMENTING
Planning knowledgesharing benefits
EVALUATING and AUDITING
Analyzingoutcomes and activities
Farmers (formal and
informal groups)
Projects and/or activities
Landscape or national
Programs and/or
brokering organizations
Institutional levels
Monitoring and documenting
Principles- The ecosystem (field), the
learning place- Facilitate and not teach- Hands-on and discovery-
based learning - The farmer is the expert- Equity and not hierarchy- Integrated and learner-
defined curriculum - Comparative experiments- Agro-ecosystem analysis - Demand driven topics- Team building and social
animation- Participatory monitoring
and evaluation - Aligning protocols with
program goals
Focus Areas1. Structural elements
Stakeholders Interactions Institutions Infrastructure
2. Functional factors Activities Learning processes Knowledge
Development Knowledge diffusion
and sharing Technology
development Technology adoption
and adaptation Structural support Enabling environment
Levels of Action- Individual- Project a