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EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
«IBC AND BACKSTEPPING CONTROL OF AN ELECTRIC
VEHICLE»
1 C. DEPATURE, Prof. A. BOUSCAYROL, Dr. W. LHOMME2 Prof. L. BOULON, Prof. P. SICARD
1L2EP, Université Lille1, MEGEVH network,2GREI, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
EMR’15, Lille, June 20152
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- EMR and Inversion-Based Control (2000) -
system model
assumptions energetic approach
controlrepresentation
inversion
electromechanical thermal
Peugeot 3008 HY4, … DW10, … Ballard FC, …
electrochemical piezo-electric
Stimtac Standalone
• Graphical tool.
• Energy management and real time applications.
• Global stability not guaranted.
EMR’15, Lille, June 20153
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
• Mathematical tool.
• Tracking control. Non linear systems.
• Ensure a stable control.
robotic
Linear IM autonomous vehicle “Red Rover”
chaotic
Duffing oscillator
assumptions energetic approach : stability
criterion
system model stable control
electromécanic
- Backstepping : step by step iterative procedure (1990) -
EMR’15, Lille, June 20154
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- Objective -
• Deduce a systematic and stable control structure of an EV.
• Real time application.
Based on the Tazzari Zero
EMR’15, Lille, June 20155
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- Outline -
1. Control structures determination
2. Systematic and stable control structure
3. Real Time validation
4. Perspectives
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« 1. CONTROL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION »
EMR’15, Lille, June 20157
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
strategy
- EMR and Inversion-Based Control of an EV -
3 cascade loops
3 controlers to be
defined
5 measurementsVbus
ibus
u13,23
i13,23
θd/s
isdq
isdqVsdq
esdq
Tim
Ωgear
Ftract
vev
vev
Fres
vev-refFtract-refTim-ref
Φrd
isd
Φrd-ref
isd-ref
isdq-refVsdq-refu13,23-ref
Bat. Env.
driver requirements
minv
Vbus
ibus
Tim
Ωgear
inverter ind. machine trans. chas.
EMR’15, Lille, June 20158
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
4,3,/
2
1
1
1
sdqrd
ev
isdqsdqeqbusinvondvuuvsdeq
sdq
rdsdsrr
rrd
vresrdsqrw
srg
totev
eiRumKKCTL
idt
d
iML
R
dt
d
FiLR
pMk
Mv
dt
d
- Backstepping control of an EV -
1. External loop control law:
evrefevvve
1error e1
Stability
criterion as
dV1/dt ≤0
1st local control
law
111111
111211
ˆ~
~~
2
1
2
1
dt
de
dt
deMV
dt
d
eMV
Ttot
Ttot
rdsrg
rwtotvresrefevtotprefsq
pMk
LRMFv
dt
dMeki
ev
111
ˆ
System
dteM Ttot 111
modelling error
energetic approach
non linearity
EMR’15, Lille, June 20159
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
2d local control law
3rd local control law
srr
r
rrefrd
rr
rrprefsd
MR
L
Ls
LL
ReRki
22
222
ˆ1
4,3,4,34,3
1/
111 ˆ1 eqisdqrefsdqeqeqeqpsduvondvu
businv LeisLReRkTCKK
um
sdqrd
Deduced stable control structure:
3 cascade loops, 3 well defined controllers
step, noise
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« 2. SYSTEMATIC AND STABLE
CONTROL STRUCTURE »
EMR’15, Lille, June 201511
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
vev-refFtract-refTim-ref
isdΦrd-ref
isd-ref
isdq-refVsdq-refu13,23-ref
driver requirements
Vbus strategy
minv
- Structure identification -
• IB Control defines a control structure.
• Backstepping defines a stable control.
EMR’15, Lille, June 201512
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- Controllers structure : Focus on the speed loop -
Backstepping stable controler
PI, PID, Fuzzy, …
s
KM
_
+
vev
vev
Fres
Ftrac
vev-refFtrac-ref
_
+C(t)
+
+
classical IBC controler
PI controler form + direct inversion
s
KM
_
+
vev
vev
Fres
Ftrac
vev-refFtrac-ref
_
+PI
+
+
MK
s+
EMR’15, Lille, June 201513
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
strategy
Vbus
ibus
u13,23
i13,23
θd/s
isdq
isdqVsdq
esdq
Tim
Ωgear
Ftract
vev
vev
Fres
vev-refFtract-refTim-ref
Φrd
isd
Φrd-ref
isd-ref
isdq-refVsdq-refu13,23-ref
DC Env.
driver requirements
minv
inverter ind. machine trans. chas.
- Deduced stable control structure -
Derivative term : Real time validation
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« 3. REAL TIME APPLICATION »
EMR’15, Lille, June 201515
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- HIL Setup -
electric
drive
load
drive
load drive
control
mechanical
powertrain
powertrain
control
Tim-ref
Tim-est1
gear
Tim
vev
vev-ref
gear-ref
• Electric drive : 20 kW IM
• Load drive : 20 kW SM
• Sampling time : 100 µs
• Integrator : discret
• Derivative : discret
electicity & Vehicle Platform
dSPACE Control board
Hardware setup
EMR’15, Lille, June 201516
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- Emulated vehicle velocity -
Implementation using pole placement method :
ref
real
• derivative = anticipation
time response
no delay
EMR’15, Lille, June 201517
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
• Not noise-sensitive (1 speed low-pass filter).
- Emulated vehicle torque -
EMR’15
Lille
June 2015
Summer School EMR’15
“Energetic Macroscopic Representation”
« 4. PERSPECTIVES »
EMR’15, Lille, June 201519
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
itot1
ubus iim2
Tim
gear iim1
its ibus ich1
uch1
Lsc
usc
iLsc
Lfc
ufc
iLfc
uch2
ich2
Rb
iRb
iESS
uRb
- Application on a FC vehicle -
• Real time application on a Fuel Cell / Superpacitor system.
• Definition of stability rules : EMR control formalisation.
• Same Control structures deduced from EMR and backstepping.
• Real time application on the traction: robust and stable.
EMR’15, Lille, June 201522
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- References -
[1] W. S. Levine, The control handbook, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2010.
[2] Faa-Jeng Lin, Chih-Kai Chang, and Po-Kai Huang, “FPGA-Based Adaptive Backstepping
Sliding-Mode Control for Linear Induction Motor Drive,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22,
no. 4, pp. 1222–1231, Jul. 2007.
[3] Jing Zhou and Changyun Wen, “Backstepping Control,” in Control and Mechatronics, CRC
Press., pp. 20–1 – 20–21.
[4] C. Dépature, P. Sicard, A. Bouscayrol, W. Lhomme, and L. Boulon, “Comparison of
Backstepping Control and Inversion –Based Control of a Range Extender Electric Vehicle”,
IEEE VPPC, Coimbra (Portugal), 2014.
[5] A. F. Burke, « Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles »,
Procceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 806-820, 2007.
[6] Z. Q. Zhu, Y. S. Chen, and D. Howe, “Online optimal flux-weakening control of permanent-
magnet brushless AC drives,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1661–1668, Nov. 2000.
[7] H. K. Khalil, Nonlinear systems, 3 rd. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 2001.
EMR’15, Lille, June 201523
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
strategy
Vbus
ibus
u13,23
i13,23
θd/s
isdq
isdqVsdq
esdq
Tim
Ωgear
vev-refFtract-refTim-ref
Φrd
isd
Φrd-ref
isd-ref
isdq-refVsdq-refu13,23-ref
Bat.
driver requirements
minv
Ftract
vev
vev
Fres
Env.
- EV Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation -
Ftract
vev
vev
Fres
Env.
Ωgear-ref
DC.
Ωgear
TL
iL
VL
TL-ref Load drive
EMR’15, Lille, June 201524
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
- Reduced scale FC vehicle HIL simulation -
Control structure deduced from EMR.
Drive cycle
Power distribution
EMR’15, Lille, June 201525
« IBC and Backstepping control of an EV »
dt
dyref
y x
asservisement
yref
+
-
système causale
y x
asservissement
anticipation
yref
+
+
-
système causale
x
asservissement
précommande
+
+
-
système causale
loi de commande
yref
(a) (b) (c)
y
Principe de la (a) commande déduite de la REM, (b) commande par
backstepping, (c) commande Feed Forward d’un système causal.
- Control of a causal system -