ancient pakistanjournals.uop.edu.pk/papers/ap_v9_1to164.pdfthe decline of the harappan civilisation...

ANCIENT PAKISTAN

VOLUME 9 - 1994

SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF CHARSADDA DISTRICT

BY

IHSAN ALI

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR - PAKISTAN

Introduction

Background Information

The Peshawar Valley, in which the district of Charsadda · is located, has been one of the earliest areas of South Asia to enter the realm of history. Already in the famous river hymn of the Rigveda (X. 75), the Kabul (Kubha) and Swat (Suvastu) rivers are mentioned; in another hymn Gandhara is described as a region noted for its wool. The region was clearly well settled and was already forming into a distinct cultural unit. One of its most famous native sons, Panini, describes, around the 6th century BC, several principalities in the area; soon afterwards the Achaemenid Empire extended its hold over Gandhara, which was named as one of the 20 provinces in Darius' famous Behistun inscription. Alexander and As.oka were two other notables of antiquity who· influenced the history of the region. The region continued to flourish under the Kushans, although it, along with the rest of Northwestern India, suffered greatly at the time of the Hun invasions. This is reflected in the 7th century AD accounts _of Hsuen Tsang (Beal 1884), and in the fact that Albiruni writing in the 11th century makes no mention of Pushkalavati in describing his route from Kanauj to Ghazni.

In contrast with the wealth of historical .information, which began with the Vedas, the archaeological record has taken a longer time to be recognised. Nevertheless, the history of exploration in Charsadda area is a relatively long one. Already in 1863, Gen. Sir A. Cunningh�m (1864: 89), the father of archaeology in Indo-Pakistan, identified the mounds near

ANCIENT PAKISTAN • VOL.9

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Charsadda town as the remains of the ancient capital of Gandhara, Pushkalavati. In the 1880s, Garrick (1885) gave further description of these sites, and in 1882 a company of Sappers and Miners under the direction of Lt. Martin excavated the first trenches in the mounds of Bala Hisar and Mir Ziarat. Only a small number of finds were recovered, including an inscribed pedestal, now in the Lahore Museum.

In 1902, John Marshall, freshly appointed as Director of the revived Ai-chaeological Smvey of India, also excavated at Bala Hisar, having been struck by the resemblance of the site to the Acropolis of Athens. The resemblance, needless to say, was only superficial, since the Acropolis is on a natural mound, while the Bala Hisar is the accumulation of centuries of human occupation (a point already made by Wheeler 1962: 7). Nevertheless, Marshall's training in Classical Archaeology and love for Greece led him to direct his first major project in South Asia at the site (published in Marshall and Vogel 1903). Unfortunately, however, since he chose to excavate at the highest point, now known to be late Mediaeval in age, the results of the work were disappointing and no further excavations were carried out during his tenure as Director General, which was dominated instead by the excavations at Taxila, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.

In addition to his excavations, Marshall (Marshall and Vogel 1903: 144; Figure 2) has also surveyed the area around Bala Hisar, recording 12 sites (See Map 2 and Chart 1). Some of these still survive; others, however, have vanished without a trace. In 1918-1919, in a brief report 10 sites of the area were mentioned, some already in Marshall's list, others recorded 'tor the first time (See Chait 2).

It was Late Colonel D.H. Gordon who, in 1932 dated some figurines from :Sardheri (Site No. 61) on comparative basis to a period between 100 B.C. to 100 A.D. (Wheeler 1962)1 . Later Mlle. Simone Corbiau conducted some haphazzard and hurried excavation at Sardheri and dated the material to the third millenium B.C., but Col. Gordon, once again, re-affim1ed his view of dating the material from Sardheri to a date later than 200 B.C. 2

(Wheeler 1962, and Dani 1966).3 In 1958 the systematic work recommenced at the site of Bala W

Wheeler (Wheeler 1962). He excavated a long trench stretching from the

eastern face of the Bala Hisar Mound, across the postulated defensive

ditch, to the western face of the adjoining mound. Although Wheeler's

dating of the finds now appears much too conse1vative, he did provide a

good stratigraphic sequence for the first time, which will be of consider

able help in placing archaeological surface collections in chronological

order. The sequence now appears to stretch from the early 1st millen

nium BC in the lowest levels, through the Achaemenid, Mau1yan and Ku

shan periods, to Mediaeval times. References by 19th centuiy infom1ants

to wooden structures as late as 1800 on the top of the mound form the

final chapter in the occupation of this long lived site.

Since Wheeler's excavations, further work was carried out at the nearby

site of Shaikhan Dheri - aerial photographs had already revealed a rigor

ously geometric settlement layout (Wheeler 1962), superior even to the

plan of Sirkap, and excavations under the direction of Professor Dani

(Dani 1966) provided good information on the stratigraphic sequence

and cultural content of the site. After a long hiatus, work was resumed in

1992, when Dr A. Rehman of the University of Peshawar excavated the

site of Khan Mahi I (# 59 report pending). Work at Shaikhan Dheri has

also resumed recently under the direction of the newly established Prov

incial Department of Archaeology and, when published, will provide a

good compliment to the information already obtained from here as well

as from Bala Hisar.

There has, thus, been considerable archaeological activity in Charsadda;

however, all of the work has centred on a few key sites, with the excep

tion of Marshall's brief su1vey. The relationship of these sites to their rural

hinterland, the distribution of sites in relation to natural resources (and to

each other, spatially), and changes in these patterns over time, have not

yet received the attention they deserve. Until this lack of information is

remedied, we will not possess an understanding even of the largest and

best excavated settlements, which presently stand as islands in an un

charted sea. It is for this reason, and to make a complete gazetteer of

sites in need of protection from illegal excavations, that the Department

of Archaeology of the University of Peshawar in collaboration with the

Federal Depa1tment of Archaeology and Museums has initiated a pro

gramme of surface su1veys in all the districts of the province. Since the

district of Charsadda is the home of the author, it seemed appropriate

Al\"CIEi'

that he be charged with the execution of sUivey work in the area, -and

the fruits of the work are to be presented in this report.

The Methods Of Regional Surveys

4

Spatial archaeology is now a well established sub-discipline, having been

pioneered by David Clarke (1977) under the influence of economic ge

ographers. Its methods have been succesfully employed in a wide range

of contexts; the works of R. McC. Adams (1966, 1972, 1981) in Mesopota

mia, and of William Sanders (1977) in the Basin of Mexico may be the

best known and most widely cited examples, but the method has also

been well tested in other regions. It is not my purpose here to discuss theoretical issues connected with surlace surveys; the works. cited above

may be profitably consulted for that. Instead, the application of the

method in Pakistan will be summarised briefly, as well as the methods

adopted in the Charsadda project.

The most extensive application of the methods remains Mughal's monu

mental Cholistan survey of the 1970s (Mughal 1981, 1990), which has re

volutionised our understanding of the Harappan Civilisation. Although

surveys had been carried out previously - by Fairservis (1956, 1959) and

de Cardi (1965) in Baluchistan, by the Department of Archaeology and

Museums, Government of Pakistan in Baluchistan and the Panjab

(Mughal 1972) - it was Mughal's work which truly established the impo11-

ance of regionally oriented research. Not only were over 300 sites discov

ered in a hitherto neglected area, but a wealth of information on

settlement hierarchies and the relationship of sites to rapidly changing

natural features was also obtained. Extensive surlace collections of pot-

tery were related to the cultural sequences obtained from excavated sites,

and information was also collected on the range of craft activities carried

out. The decline of the Harappan Civilisation was revealed to be less

abrupt than generally supposed, and the important role of changes in

river courses in that process were highlighted. The value of Mughal's

work lies no less in its influence on the regional studies of Flam (1986) in

Sindh, Possehl (1980) in Gujarat, Joshi and Madhu Bala (1984) in Harya

na, to name but a few examples.

ANCIENT PAKISTAN • VOL.9

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It was with Mughal's work as a model that the Chars:1dda st11vey was designed, l'epresenting the first effo11 in Pakistan :it a regionally oriented study of Tron Age and Historic;1l culnires. The :iirns of the project were the following: provide a gnetteer of archaeological sites for purposc>s of conse1vation, protection and; when necessa1y.rescue excavation; study the d�stributiori of sites in relation to �he natural environment; study the distribution of sites, in particular central places, in relation to one another; obtain info1mation on the size, chronology, surface conditions and craft indicators of individual sites through_ detailed .surface. collections. In addition to using archival sources, fieldwalking. was extensively employed and many local info1mants interyiewed.

In numerous respects, the work in Charsadda was much more complicated than the Cholistan Sl11vey. To begin _with, the area is one of themost intensively cultivated in the province and years of ploughing and

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digging for manure have. seriously _damaged most sites. Even the large mound of Bala Hisar hns not been spared and mnny smaller sites have viltually disappeared_. This can be seen if one tries to trace the sitesmapped by Marshall and Vogel in 1902-3 and the sites mentioned in 1918-19 repo1t (See Maps _I, 2 and Cha1ts 1, 2 and 3), many of which no longer exist. The density of population in the area has also resulted in the occupation of many ancient mounds by modern inhabitants. Other mounds have become graveyards; while this has helped to prese1ve the arch�eoJogical remains, it has also placed the sites om of the bounds of academic research. Finally, the activities ?f illegal excavators have destroyed most of the promising Buddhist sites (See Pits 9, 11 and 12). Given such a situation it has been pa11icularly impo1tant to_ obtain the confidence of local informants, who in numerous cases have become the only sources of info1mation for sites that have practically vanished without a trace. At the same time, as the discove1y of 14-f (Map land Chart 3)_ settlements shows, there are still rich rewards for surface exploration.

Organisation Of The Report

The info1mation obtained from each site, including the results of surface collections and inte1views, were recorded on pro-fo1ma sheets and these will fo1m the basis of the report. The name, location, size and surface condition of each site will be listed as well as inferences regarding date,

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and any infom1ation that could be elicited as to the results of local excavations. Although the list of scientifically excavated sites in the area is sho11, the ceramics of the surface srnveys were related to the excavation repoits whenever possible. These reports describe the sites of Zarif Kourona (G.M. Khan 1973) - the earliest settlement of the Peshawar Valley going back to the Gandhara Grave Culture - as well as those of Bab Hisar (Wheeler .1962) and Shaikhan Dheri (Dani 1966). As already mentioned, the results of recent excavations at Shaikhan Dheri, Khan Mahi I and Gor Khuttree (in Peshawar City) will, when published, provide much additional information on the historic:ll periods. A few coins, terracotta figurines and architecmral fragments will also aid in the dating.

Following the description of sites the corpus of potte1y collected from the surface will also be described, as it fo1ms the basis of dating the sites. The repo11 · will consist of two pa1ts, one describing the typological scheme and the other the individual pieces collected. This will be followed by a listing of the small finds - coins, sculptures and terracotta figurines. The repo11 will conclude with an overview of the settlement histo1y of the region and with recommendations for future research and conservation. In view of the large scale destrnction of our archaeological heritage, urgent steps are required. One of the measures already proposed is the establishment of a museum at Charsadda (the proposal for which has already been submitted to the Government of N.W.F.P., when Mr Mohammad Azam Khan was the Chief Secreta1y, on his suggestion by Professor Dr. F.A. Durrani and Ihsan Ali) to raise awareness of local cultural history and it has been one of. the aims of the project here described to facilitate this.

...

Gazetteer Of Sites

This section presents details of the 144 sites identified by the suivey. In

formation includes location, approach, owner of the land, approximate

height (in metres), and findings for each site. Most of the findings given

here are those that were repotted by local inhabitants, although the types

and qt1alities may be a little exaggerated.4 A selection of charts and maps

further defines the sites. Chait 111 presents a list of the explored sites;

those which have been marked with an asterisk are recommended for

excavation. Chart IV lists the sites where surface collection was possible.

Charts IV, V and VI show Buddhist, Historic, and Early Historic sites, re

spectively, with approximate area given in hectares. Map I is a suivey

map of Charsadda District 1993. Maps 3, 4, and 5 present locations of

Buddhist, Historic, and Early Historic sites, respectively. The te1m shami

lat is used extensively in the catalogue for those sites that are the prop

e1ty of many individuals/families.

Other details from some sites that are included in the Gazetteer itself are

given in the sub-section, Supplemental Description .

•

1 For finds collected by the author, please refer to chapters Small finds, Ceramic Typology and Lhe relevant figures and plaLes.

ANCIEl\iT PAKISTAN • VOL.9 7

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1. Kula Dhand (Yousaf Khan Qila)

• Location:• Approach:

Owner:• Findings:

2. Khar Bandai

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:• Findin[JS :

3. Khro Shah

• Location:

• Approach:O wner:

• Findings :

4. Ghrumbak


Ou 1ner:

• Height (in meters):• Findings:

2 km South of Shabqadar Naguman Rd. From Mahsul Chungi. Yousaf Khan Village. Coins, pots with ashes, building stones. Site covered by modern buildings.

2 km SW of Mansob. Shabqadar Hospital or Matta Road. Alim Zai tribe. Sculptures. coins and bones.

1/ 2 km from M1.111da Head. on west side of Matta Rd. Shabqadar - Matta 7 Munda Road. Shamilat. Coins, ceramics, stone inscription. Site now occupied by refugees.

1/2 km NW of Ghrumbak village, in the fields. Shabqadar - Batagram road,'-± km away, near Jamata vilbge. Faqir Khan Bahadur. 2-3Potte1y, stones, bones, sculptures, gravesreponed. Site parTially covered by modernbuildings, graves.

5. Sikandar Khan Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owtter:

• Heigbt Un meters):• Findings:

2 km S of Daulatpura - Sa1w:1ni - Gui Abad Rd. Batagram - Sardaryab Rd. Shamibt. l - 2

Coins, ceramics. Barren mound, partly occupied by buildings.

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6. Sarwani Dherakai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

7. Dheri Saidan


1/2 km NW of S:11wani village. Sa1wani & Dheri Sibndar Khan villages. Khalo Khan. l - 2

Mainly ceramics.

3 km from Daulatzai. Shabqadar Nagum;:m Rd. from Daulatzai. Shamilat. 7-8

Coins, terracotta figurines, ce>rarnics. Covere:>d by houses and modern graves.

8. Haryana Dherakai ( Goongi Dherai)

• Location:• A{)J)roacb:

Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

9. Sandasar Dherakai


• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

10. Tawani Graveyard

• Location:• A{)J)roacb:

Ou·ner: • Heigbt (in meters):• Findings:

1/2 km NW of Ha1yana village. Batagram Rd. Shamilat. 3.75 Beads, sculptures, potte1y. Gr:we-covered.

N of Sandasar village. Batagram - Sarda1yarb Rd., from Daulatpura Rd. stop. Shami lat. j - 2 Few sherds. Grave-covered; objects found during grave-digging.

S of Shaikhan village, near Jamata. Daulatzai village from Sarda1yab - Batagrarn Rd. Shamilat. --t - 5

Coins, beads, porte1y. Grave-covered: objects found during grave-digging.

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11. Fateh Khan Graveyard

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

Village Daulatpura, between Sarda1yab Rd. and river Khiali. S�rda1yab Rd. Shamilat. 3-4

Spouts, pitchers and grinding stones. Four separate mounds; site covered by graves.

12. Anba Dher Graveyard


SE of Anba Dher village. Anba Dher village, Sarda1yab - Batagam Rd. Shamilat. 3-4

Ceramics, beads, found by locals. Site covered by graves.

13. Torki Dherai (Tarkha I)


14. Shibli Dherai



15. Shadalam Dherai

• Location:

• Approach:


1/2 km N of Daulatpura Adizai Rd. Fron:1 both villages. Shamilat. 3-4

Bones, ceramics, including lamps. Covered by graves.

I km SE of Tarkha village in fields. Daulatpura Adizai Rd. Shamilat. 5-6

Beads, ash-filled jats, lids. Site covered by graves.

S.East of Tarkha village near Katyala, in fields. From Tarkha village. Shamilat. 3-4

Coins, ceramics, bones, beads, gold rings; found by locals in the recent past.

A N C I E '\J T P A K I S T A '\J • V O L. 9

16. Nim.a Dherai

• Location:


17. Gula Jan Dherai

• Location:

• A[2proach:• Owner:'• Height (in meters):• Findings:

(Mehboob-e-Tarkha) 1/2 km from left bank of river Sarda1yab. From Tarkha Village. Sharnilat. 8-9

Coins, beads, ash-:-filled pots. Exposed section.

(Kangra)2 km SE of Kangra village in Sara Kourona. From Kangra Batagram Rd. Shamilat. 4-5Beads, bones.

18. Mehboob Khan Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• HeiEJht (in meters):• Findings:

19. Usmani Dherai


4 km SE of Kangra & 2 km NW ofJitrnah Pm. Kangra via.Sara Kourona. Shamilat. 6-7

Beads, ceramics and coins. Site well protected.

4 km NE of Kangra. From Kangra village. Farooq Shah.

4-5

Sculptures, coins. Site partly occupied byhouses. Good for excavations.

20. Bero Sukkar Dherai (A, B, C)

• Location:• A(2proach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):

E of Sukkar village, W of Khiyali river. Sarda1yab Batagram road, at Gari. Bilquis. 6.- 9

• Findings: Bone, ash. pots, sculpuires, coins, rings, beads. Fo11ified site; fo11ifications removed 50 yrs ago. Site recommended for excavation.

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21. Wara & Loya Dherai A, B; (Nahqi)

• Location:


W. o[,Nahqai, 2 km on kaccha ro:i.cl to K:i.rka-,;;: · . .-. r . na1. N�,�9� �P:�age, from Sarda1yab Batag1:arp R.:• Findings:

N of Kangra Rd. From Batagran1 chowk. Kha_n Afzal. 2-3

Ash-filled pots, stone and mud walls, ceramics. Site pa11ially covered by 'moelern houses.

24.KarkanaiKaodarA4ir?, (' · · ·

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:

• Hei2ht (in meters):• Findings:

W of Kander village. From Batagran1 Police station. Shamilat. 2-3

Kiln, ceramics, coins, gold & silver rings, beads. Sit�;paitia:lly oe;;m1pied by; graves.

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25. Yaghi Band Graveyard

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):

E of Yaghi Band & SW of Karkanai. Batagram Adizai Rd. Shamilat. 3-4

• Findings: Pots, beads, coins, bones, inscription, sculprures. Traces of stone walls reported by inhabitants. Site partly covered by graves.

26. Gonda Graveyard

• Location:• A{dJroach:

1/2 km N of Gonda on Kotak Rd. From Gonda village ( Shabqadar - Batagram .Rd).

• Owner: Shamilat. • Height (in meters): 6 - 7• Findings : Beads, pots with ashes, TIC figurines & stone

walls. Religious site, known for a tomb. Site fully covered by graves.

27. Marsin Dherai [New Ma�hra]


28. Sreekh Adira


N of Mathra village. From Batagram via new Mathra village. Shamilat. 5-6 Pottery, beads, coins, grinders, figurines, bricks. Stone walls, bricks on site - ideal for excavation.

SW of Sreekh village. From Batagram Rd. Shamilat. 2-3

Only small sherds of plain pottery visible. Site>fully covered by graves.

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29. Mandezai Mounds


On Hasanzai - Batagram Rd. From Batagram. Shamilat. 10 - 12

Sculptures, beads, coins, walls. Mounds are famous for saints' graves.

30. Kotak, Dherai Patai

• Location:• AQ,proach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

1 km N of Tamab village, in fields. Shabqadar via Katozai - Mirzo - Kotak. Shamilat. 5-6Coins, beads, ceramics, sculptures, walls. Sitepartially covered by raw sugar mills ( Garuai).

31. Budhai/Kamangar Dherai

• Location: 3 km NE of Mirzai, in fields. • Approach: From Kotak or Mirzai - Hasanzai Rd, Shabqa-

dar. • Owner: Shamilat. • Height (in meters): 2 - 3• Findings: Ceramics, coins, beads, ashes, burnt brick

walls.

32. Ucchawala, Dheri Sheikhan

• Location:


E of Major Qila, 3 km S of Shabqadar - Naguman. Shabqadar - Naguman Rd. Shamialt.

3-4Beads, ash-filled jars, lamps, coins, figurinesreported to have been found.

Al\'CIE�T PA. KISTAN • VOL.9

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33- Sokhta Graveyard

• Location:• A[2proach:• Owner:• Height (in mete1"S):• Findings:

N of Sokhta village on Kotak Rd. Shabqadar Batagram Rd. Shamialt. 3-4Pots, beads, coins, stone walls. Site covered bygraves.

34. Shah Dargah Mound (Sokhta)

• Location:• A(2.Proach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

35. Changaro Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height C,:n meters):• Findings:

36. Minai Graveyard

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:· • Height (in meters):• Findings:

37. Spinkai

• Location:• AJWroacb:·• Owner:• Height C,:n meters):• Findings:

E of Sokhta village, Shabqadar Batagrari1 Rd. From Sokhta village, 3/4 km in fields. Mandezai inhabitants. 3-4Coins, sculptures, pots, beads. Thought to beruling seat of Mmwatis' Father.

W of Kotak, E of Mirzai village, Kotak road. Mirzai village, Shabqadar Hasanzi Rd. Shamilat. 3-4Ash-filled pots. Site covered by graves.

SW of Mirzai village, Mirzai - Mian Isa road. Shabqadar on Hasanzi Rd. Shamilat. 3 - 4

Few sherds; site covered by graves extensively.

Spinkai village. Shabqadar Hasanzi Rd. at Mirzai. Spinkai village residents. 4-5

Pottery and ashes; few houses cover the surface.

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38. Katuzai, Dherai Kourona


39. Rai Dherai 1

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findinas:

40. Mughal Kas

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findinss:

41. Mani Khela

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Heiaht (in nieters):• Findinss:

Kamzai Sardar Garhi road. Hasanzai or Abazai. Sharhilat. 3-4Pots, beads, sculptures & coins.

E bank of the river Khiali. An attractive scene. From Munda Head Works. Mian Hamid Gui. 5-6Pots, coins, sculptures, gold, beads, TICfigurines. Pa11 of a smpa, stone walls stillpreserved. This ve1y rich Buddhist site wasrobbed recently by heavy bulldozing andpicking.

Porey Qila, Matta-Mughal Khail. Police station, Matta. Shamilat. 4-5

Ash filled jars, bones, coins, beads. TICfigurines, Sculpnues. Illegally excavated site,completely destroyed.

Mani Khela village. Sardheri Mardan Rd, Dargai I Gui Abad pul. Shamilat. 5-6

Buddhist architectural fragments. Pieces ofsculptures.

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42. Qadeem Patai, Dherai

• Location: lkm NE of Mani Khela village, on Mani Khela road.

• Approach: Mardan Charsadda Rd. • Owner: Qadeem Khan. • Height (in meters): 1 - 2• Findings : Foundations of stone walls. Site illegally

excavated.

43. Dosehra mound


44. Bubak Dherakai


• Owner:• Height (in meters):

NE pa1t of the village. Mardan Nisa tta Rd. Shamilat .. 1 - 2 No surface collection was made.

W of Bubak high school. .Bubak village, Nowshera Charsadda Rd., via Turlandi. Shamilat. 3-4

• Findings: Pots, copper coins, sculptures, beads, brickwalls reported. Site now completely destroyed.

45. Sparli Dherai (Nisatta)


46. Ibrahim Zai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Findings:

2 km E of Nisatta. Nisatta-Doshera Mardan Rd. Sabz Ali.

3-4

Beads, coins, pots, TIC figurines, ash-filled jars.

Ibrahim Zai village. PTC Sardheri via Nisatta Rd. School Property. Gold coins repo11ed. Pottery.

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47. Nisatta Graveyard


SE of Nisatta, behind Govt. High School. Shah Pasand Qila, Nowshera Charsadda Rd. Shamilat. 8-9Ashes, jars, gold, beads, T/C figuriness, coins,sculptures. Walls found by local inhabitants.

48. Momin Khan Dherai 1

• Location:

• Approach:

East bank of Kabul River to the No1th of the village. Nowshera -Charsadda Rd., via Shiekh Ahmed baba.

• Owner: Shamilat. • Height (in meters): 5 - 6

• Findings: Potte1y, coins.

49. Mra Dherai

• Location:• ARProach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

Southeast of Paper Mills, Charsadda. From Charsadda. Nisatta Shamilat. 5-6Pottery, bricks, stone walls, ashes bones, T/Cfigurines, coins. Site very rich in finds.

50. Firdous Khan Patai, Ghunda Karkana

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Findinss:

S of Hajiano Kili, 50 m from railway line. Mardan Charsadda Rd. Firdous Khan. Ceramics, sculptures. Objects found in a trench by owner himself.

51. Zarin Abad Dherai Kill


S of Zarin Abad - Mills Rd. Zarin Abad - Charsadda Rd.

• Oumer: Occupied by houses. • Height (in meters): 2 - 3

• Findinss: Pottery, coins, bones, sculptures repo11ed recently. Stone and brick walls & wells found on site.

J\ '-; C I F. '( T P A K I S TA :'\ • V O L.

52. Majuki Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

At Charsada graveyard, N of Maj11ki village. From Charsadda Chowk. Shamilat. 2-3

TIC objects, coins, gold rings, sculpmres,beads. wall foundations exposed whiledigging for graves. Once a very high mound,now severely damaged.

53. Mian Klli/Kharono Dherai


E of Mian Kili, Prang. Charsadda Chowk. Sattar Bacha. 5-6

Ceramics, TIC objects, sculptures, figurines reported. Once a protected site, now stands lonely.

54. KanizakalGhuncha Khan Dherai

• Location:• AJJProacb:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

Between railway station and Nowshera road. Railway station Charsadda. Maluk. 1-2

Sculptures, potte1y, stones were excavated by owner.

55- Kula Dher (Charsadda)

• Location:• Approach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):

On Mardan road, Charsadda. From Charsadda. Shamilat. 2-3

• Findings: Ceramics, some with ashes, gold lamp, bricks.

56. Kashmiryan ( Gohar Patai)

• Location:• Approach:• Ou)ner:• Findings:

NW of Manga, W of Hisara, 1 km N of road. Mardan Charsadda Rd. Gohar. Ceramics, sculpmres of stucco & schist. Site found in fields; illegally excavated.

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57. Sunbarai Dherai (Aziz Khan Patai)

• Location:• A{2Proacb:• Owner:• Findings:

E of Sunbarai. Dargai, on Mardan Charsadda Rd. Aziz Khan. Minute pieces of potte1y are visible on surface.

58. Muftipur (Gul Abad)


59. Khan Mahi II

1 km from Dargai. Mardan Charsadda Rd. Shamilat. Ash-filled pots. Objects found during digging of house-foundations.

Kban lvfabi I (Police Station) has already been excavated by Dr. Abdur

Rahman, Chairman, Department of Archaeology, Universl(V of Pesha

war in 1992 (Rep01t pending).

• Location:

• A{2Proach:• Owner:• Heigbt (in meters):• Findings:

60. Dargai

• Location:• Approacb:• Owner:• FindinJ5s :

61. Sardheri

• Location:

• Approacb:• Owner:• Findings:

On Rajar Takht-Bhai Rd. To the west of Khan Mahi I. From Charsadda via Rajar. Rest House. 2-3

Ceramics.

Dargai village. Mardan Charsadda Rd. Shamilat. Ash-filled pots. Site occupied by houses.

On Mardan Charsadda road, 8 km from Charsadda. From Charsadda on Mard.an Rd. occupied by houses. Previous reference to site given by Dr. M. Ashraf in his Ph.D. thesis.

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62. Malka Dher


63. Wardaga Mound


Malka Dher village, 3 km W of Sardheri. Mardan Charsadda Rd. Shamilat.

3-4

TIC figurines, pots, coins. Objects recoveredduring illegal excavations. Site covered bygraves and houses.

Dherai kili, G. M. S Sardheri. Shamilat. 2-3

Coins, pots, schist sculpnires. Objectsrecovered during illegal excavations.

64. Utmanzai Rest House

• Location:• Approach:• Approach:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

65. Qila Kourona


Ra jar� Takht-Bhai Rd. Takht Bhai - Charsadda Rd. Irrigation Dept. 5-6

Ashes, bones, pottery, TIC figurines, beads, coins. Site covered by Irrigation Rest House.

N of Rajar-Mohd Narai road, in fields. Ra jar village. Alamgir Khan. 1-2

Buddhist stone slab. Object found by inhabitants a few years ago.

66. Shaheedano Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):

Mohd Narai-Utmanzai Rd. Ra jar village, Charsad.da. Tafkhimllah. 4-5

• Findings: TIC objects, pottery, beads, jars, ashes & walls,figurines. Site pa11ly occupied by houses.

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67. Zahir Shah Patai, Tambulak

• Location:• At!fJroach:• Ou.mer:• Height On meters):• Findings:

68. Sarki Mashran

• Location:• Approach:• Oumer:• Findings:

69. Katarpan Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Olvner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

70. Rajar Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Olvner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

N of Tambulak, 1 km in fields. Bahlola village. Zahir Shah. 1 - 2 Pottery. Excavated trenches traceable on site.

Sarki village. Umarzai or Utrnanzai. Dr. Younas. About 30 jars with lids, filled with ashes have been reported to have been discovered in the past.

At Utmanzai. 2 km from Haleem Abad. Utmanzai or Sarki Rd. Asif Khan. 2-3

Ceramics, ash filled jars, terracotta figurines,coins and inscriptions repo11ed.

Between Rajar and Utmanzai. From Charsadda. Govt of Pakistan. 3-4

Pots with ashes, coins hoard, sculpmres,beads. Site covered by houses and graves.

71. Khkaree Baba (Utmanzai)


N of Utmanzai, E of M. Committee office. Charsadda Tangi Rd. Piran. 6-8

Ceramics, beads, TIC figurines, gold rings. Site pa11ly occupied by graves.

A '\ C l F '\ T P i\ K l S T .\ '\ • ,. 0 T.. ()

72. Ghazgi Spinawarl Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Oumer:

• Findings:

73. Skaro Dherai

• Location:• Approacb:• Olone1·:

• Findings:

74. Jangi Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Ouner:

• Heigbt (in meters):• Findings:

75. Hindu Kamar

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:

• Height (in rneters):• Findings:

76. Kokoo Dherai

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:• Findings:

Jalal Kili pul, 1 km from Jalal Kili. From Sarki, Ma1wandi Rd. Shamilat. Coins, bead, pots with ashes, TIC figures, sculpt. An inscribed slab in Peshawar Museum is from here.

l km S of Zarbab Garhi. on Umarzai Rd. Umarzai Rd. Amiml Mulk. Pots, terracottas, stone walls, charcoal. Finds recovered during bulldozing.

W of Charsadda Tangi Rd, S of Turangzai. Charsadda Utmanzi Rd. Sha,milat.

4-5 Beads, potte1y, sculptures, figurines. Finds obtained during grave-digging. Site covered by graves.

E of Jindi, SW of Turangzai, near Shahai village. Turangzai village. Government. 2-3 Sculptures, coins, dressed stone walls, inscriptions repo11ed. Site destroyed by illegal excavation.

At Akhun Dheri village, Harichand Um;irz:1i road. Charsadda Umarzai Rd. Nasir Khan. Scanty remains, including pone1y.

A '\ C: I F '\ T P A K I S T .\ '\ • \. 0 !..

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77. Sartoor Baba (Umarzai)

• Location:• Af2Proach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

78. Banglae Dherai

Tangi Charsadda road, N of Umarzai village. From Charsadda - Tangi Rd. Shamilat. 10 - 15 Ashes, charcoal, bones, potte1y, coins, walls. Many sections exposed on mound. Site covered by graves.

• Location: W of Abdul Manan Kili. • Approach: Umarzai via Ali Jan kili. • Oumer: Muhammad Ayub. • Height (in meters): 3 - 4• Findings : Structural remains. Pa1tly prese1ved religious

site, wo1th excavating.

79. Malakano Kill Dherai


NW 9f Malakano kili, E of Kanda Khwar. Ali Jan kili Umarzai Rd. M. Hasan.5-6

Beads, bones, schist slabs, pots, walls, sculptures.

80. Jhara Sikandar Abad

• Location:


W of Charsadda-Tangi road, N. of Sa1toor Baba. From Charsadda. Shamilat. 2-3

TIC objects, pots, jars, TIC rods. Illegallyexcavated stupa found in the fields.

81. Mir Alam Khan Patai

• Location:• Approach:• -Oumer:• Findings:

E of Ali Shah Qila, SW of MianJan Qila. Tangi Rd, near Sherpao. Mir Alam Khan. Pottery as found in site t:-80.

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82. Momin Abad (Tirahwaal)


83. M. Aslam Patai


84. Mumano Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):,• Findings:

NW of Nishan Abad village. Tangi Charsadda Rd. M. Afzal.2-3

Ash-filled pots, coins, terracottas, beads.

NE of Sherpao - Ziam road. From Sherpao. Muhammad Aslam. 1 - 2

Ash-filled pots, terracotta figurines.

Sherpao-Ziam Shakh road. Sherpao village. YaqubJan. 2-3

Coins, terracottas, plastered walls, heavy stone walls, pottery. Artefacts visible in sections.

85. Sher Muhammad Khan Patai


86. Badshano Kill

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Finding_s:

Sherpao-Ziam Shakh road. From Sherpao. Sher Muhammad Khan. Large quantity of sculptures repo11ed. Sculpn1res found over the past several years.

SE of Sherpao'-Ziam Shakh road. She1pao (Chauki Rd). Sher Mohammad Khan. 1 - 2

A large stone wall still present'.

A '-; C: I E "-; T P :\ K I S T A '..; • \' O L. 9 .., --:,

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87. Jamal kill (Hisara Nehri)


• Height On meters):• Findings:

NE of Sherpao, 3 km W of Kanda. Mumano Dherai via Sherpao-Abazai Canal. Shamilat. 1 - 2

Only a small stone wall is now present.

88. Awai Din Dab Kourona

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Heigbt (in meters):• Findings:

89. Sokana, Kanewar I

• Location:

• Approach:• Otuner:

• Height (in meters):• Findings:

90. Kanewar

E of Tangi Charsadda road, S of Khwar. Sherpao Tangi Rd. Haji Awal Din. 2 - 3 Pots, beads, terracottas, sculptures, walls. Objects reported by informants.

E of Tangi road at Kanewar, right bank of Khwar. Tangi Rd. Fazli Halim. 3-4Pots, jars, walls, coins, sculptures.

• Location: W bank of the road. • Approach: Kanewar village. • Owner: Inam. • Height (in meters): 2 - 3• Findings : Stone walls, pots, coins, terracottas, sculptures.

Finds reponed from illegal excavations.

91. Bajuro Kill (Asad Kourona)

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:

• Findings:

S of Hisara Nehri, right side of Lower Swat canal. From Tangi, 5 km E. Asad Khan. Ceramics, sculptures, dressed stones. Finds reported from illegal excavations.

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92. Tangi Temple


• Findings:

At Tangi Barazai. From Tangi village. Temple remains. A statue of a cow was found, broken.

93. Akhun Baba (I) I Hayat Khan Graveyard (Il)

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Heigbt (in meters):• Findings:

E of Jindi, Sherpao. Sherpao Charsadda Rd. Shamilat. 2 - 3

Minute sherds only. Site mostly covered by graves.

94. Said Abad Mound (Tangi)

• Location:


95. Faqir Khan Patai


96. Chehal Ghazi

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Hei2ht (in meters):• Findings:

N. bank of Lower Swat Canal, l km from Bochi pul.Tangi via Gandheri Rd.Yousaf Gui.

3-4

Pots, TIC figurines, coins, gold ring,sculpmres, beads and bones. Objects found inillegal excavations.

1/2 km N of canaL NE of Said Abad. Tangi, left side of canal. Faqir Khan. 1 - 2

Potte1y, sculptures. Objects from illegal excavations, that was stopped.

E of Jindi & Gandheri Tangi Gandheri Rd Farid Gui 10 - 12 Sculptures, coins, potte1y. Two mounds with stone walls; ideal monaste1y site. Mostly robbed.

:\ :\ C I E :\ T P .,\ K I S T :\ '( • V O L. 9 27

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97. Kandase Baba

• Location:


N. bank of lower Swat canal, 2 km from Bochipul.Tangi village via Bochi pul.Ajab Khan.5-6

Schist sculptures, coins, pottery - all Kushan. Site popular with illegal excavators.

98. Sre Dherai (Marghuz)


99.DobandaiKandare


2 km N of Marghuz village on a high ridge. From Marghuz on Ziarat village. Haider Ali Mian. 20 - 25 (Ridge). Pottery. Walls and underground chambers can be observed.

N of Gandheri, village Palai, W of Jindi river. Tangi via Gandheri Rd. Aqil & Ayub. Beads, ceramics, stone walls.

100. Ramesh Gul Kourona


SE of Sherpao. Sherpao Hospital. Fields. Pots, ashes, beads, jars, lamps, sculptures. Objects found four years ago. About forty years back Bad.shah Gul exavated sculptures from here which he had given to a Hindu Patwari.

101. Station Kourona, Dherai Kill


2 km W of Tangi village. Tangi, Station Kourona. Shamilat. 1 - 2

Pots, coins, gold, stone walls and sculptures. Objects found while digging for foundations.

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102. Kharono Dherai Oura Rd)


103. Jura Kill A, B

• Location: .• A(!Proach:• Owner:• Height On meters):• Findings:

3 km SW of Tangi, opposite Pama Jranda. Tangi via Jura Rd. Shamilat. 6-7

Pottery, coins, sculpmres, beads, TIC figurines, stone wall foundations. Partly covered by houses.

Jura. From Tangi. Shamilat. 2-3Pots, coins, beads, sculpnues, iron tray.Objects found both in mound A & B. Sitecovered by houses.

104. Pirano Graveyard (A,B)

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in ,meters):• Findings:

NE 6f Panra Jaranda, SW of Tangi Station. TangiJura Rd. Piran of Tangi. 5-6

Ceramics from A; ceramics and schist from B. Ideal site for excavation.

105. Kas Kourona (Sherpao)

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Height (in nieters):• Findings:

Near Akhun Baba Ziarat, left of Jindi. Sherpao via Bahadur Khan kili, 2 km W of Rd. Aftab Sherpao. 2 - 3 Stone walls and potte1y. Stone waits visible on the surface.

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106. Mirza Dher Graveyard

• Location:• A(Wroacb:• Oioner:• Hei3bt (in meters):• Findings:

NW part of Mirza Dher village. Tarnab Chena Rd from Charsadda. Sharnilat.

3-4

Coins, ceramics, wall foundations, TIC lamps.Objects from foiled illegal excavations. Surfacecovered by graves.

107. Totakai, Sara Makha A & B

• Location:• Owner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

Tangi-Mirza Dher road. Shamilat. (A) 2 - 3, (B) 8 - 11

Pots, jars, lamps, TIC figurines, sc11lprnres,walls reported. Two mounds separated by c.500 yards.

108. Gandaghar, Gutki Dherai


2 km W of Sherpao, W of Tota bi. From Sherpao-crossing Jindi. Zafar Khan. 2-3

Walls, jars, beads, coins. Site robbed.

109. Spilano Dherai, Sherpao


W of Sherpao, 1/2 km W of Jindi. Sherpao via Gumbati Rd. Aftab Khan. 2-3

Potteiy, building stones, bones, ashes. Sitecompletely robbed.

110. Mula Dherai (Kochakai)


E bank of Jindi river. Tangi via main canal, near Jindi pul, 3 km. Ghulam Nabi. 2-3

Jars, pots, lion sculpmres, stone walls.· Buddhist site; robbed.

.\ '\ C: I E '\ T I' :\ K I S T , \ '\ • \ 0 L.

111. Mughal Dherai

• Location:

• Approach:• Owner:• Findings:

On crossing of Jindi-Mandani Rd a1id Amir Abad. From Lower Swat canal from Tangi side. Shamilat. Pottery, ashes, building stones. Site occupied by houses.

112. Momin Khan Dherai II (Chena)


113. Chalagram


114. Ghazo Dherai


1/2 km NE of Chena. From Tamab Rd/Sherpao/Umarzai. Hussain Mohammad. 2-3

Coins, sculptures, beads, TIC figmines,pottery. Objects from illegal excavations.Pa1tly robbed.

Umarzai-Chena Rd. From Umarzai, 3 km main Tangi Rd. Saif-ur-Rehman. 2-3

Sculptures, pots, jars, silver and copper coins. Stu pa & monastery walls visible; site robbed.

Same as above. Tarnab Chena Rd. Shamilat. 5-6

Coins, beads, sculptures, copper couplets. Building stones and bricks also found. Site covered by houses.

A :\ C l E :\ T I' A. l< l S T :\ :\ • V C) !.. 9 31

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115. Dre Khulae Thana


Jindi-Harichand Rd. Mandani via Shakur Rd. Shamilat. 5-6

Ceramics. Objects recovered during road construction. A few houses on the top.

116. Behram Khan Dherai


·117. KarimJranda


118. Siwano Kill

• Location:• Approach:• OUJner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

119. Rai Dherai Il


1 km S of Shakur, on Mandani Shakur Rd. From Mandani. Shamilat. 6-7

Beads, ash-filled pots, terracotta figmines. Site covered by houses.

On Shakur Qila road, 3 km from Shakur. Tangi vai Mandani. Haji Hamesh Gul. 3-4

Pots, jars, charcoal , walls. Objects found bylocal inhabitants. Site pa1tly covered byhouses.

E of Shakur, 2 km away from Mandani road. Mandani via Shakur Rd. Ajmal Khan. 2-3

Pots, coins, schist pieces.

Inside a dairy fa1m. From Harichand. Govt. of NWFP. 1 - 2 Jars with ashes, coins repotted. Completely washed from the scene.

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120. Qaroon Dherai, Tangi


121. Fazl-e-Karim Patai

• Location:• AJ1.Proach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

122. Pappu Dherai


E of Qaroon Dherai, close to W bank of Jindi. Tangi via Abazai canal. Tangi village residents. 3-4Beads, coins, sculptures. Objects found bylocal inhabitants.

N of Hamid Mian viilage. Charsadda via Tarnab Rd. Fazle Karim. 2 - 3 Minute potte1y sherds.

1 km NW of Hamid Mian Dherai. From Umarzai. Fazli Hakim. 2-3Schist sculptures, coins, pots, stone walls,beads. Objects shown to the author by localinfo1mants. Site p:111ly covered by houses.

123. Hameed Mian Dherai (Turangzai)

• Location:• Approach:• Otuner:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

1 km W of Turangzai. Kot -Tarnab Rd/Turangzai village. Niaz Ali Shah. 9 - 11 Abundance

34

124. Dur Matjan

• Location:

• Approach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

125. Nimawrae Baba


126. (a) Sartoor Baba

• Location:

• Approach:• Oumer:• Height (in meters):• Findings:

126. (b) Parsa Baba

• Location:• Approach:• Heisht (in meters):• Findings:

127. Spinkai Sholgara

• Locatio11• Appro(I� I� ·• Ozoner:• Heisht (in meters):• Findings:

At Kot Tamab, Nimawrae Baba Rd, 3 km from Tarnab. From Tarnab Rd. Shamilat. 2-3

Sculptures, coins, TIC figurines, beads. Siteextensively robbed; relic casket found once.

SW of Turangzai, S of Hamid Mian Dherai. Kot - Tamab Rd. Karimullah Bacha. 12 - 13

Site occupied by the tomb of a well known saint.

W bank of Jindi, in forest, SE of Nimawrae Baba. From Nimawrae Baba. Piran of Utmanzai. 3-4Graves of ancient and Islamic periods. Sitecovered by forest.

NE of forest, 50 m. W of Jindi river. as A. 3-4Rich in architectural remains, but few artefacts.Buddhist wall remains visible; wo11hexcavating.

S of Nimawrae Baba, NW of Utrn� nz;1j From Utmanzai, via Dur Marj:rn. Wasil Khan. 2-3

3 mounds, totally destroyed by illicit digging.

ANCIENT PAKISTAJ\' • VOL. CJ

128. Haji Faqir Khan Patai


N.W of Spinkai and to the S.W of Site No. 126.From Umarzai via Nimawrae Baba or from Kotvia Nimawrae Baba Road.

• Owner: Haji Faqir Khan.• Height (in meters): 2 - 3• Findings : Stones, bricks, wall foundations and robbed

trenches.

129. Dost Mohd Khan Kourona


130. Spilano Dherai


W of Jindi, NE of Shaikhan Dheri. From Utmanzai via Nirnawrae Baba. Dost Mohd Khan. Only small sherds now visible. Site covered by houses.

2 km along Utmanzai-Nimawrae Baba road. From Utmanzai via Nimawrae Baba road. Shainilat. 3-4Full range of objects associated with a stupa.Site Illegally excavated for sculptures. Stuparemains still visible.

131. Bala Hisar · Mound A, B, C, D.


132. Shaikhan Dherai


S.W of Jindi river.From Peshawar Rd.Govt. of Pakistan.Full range of objects from a major urban site.4 mounds, site excavated by Marshall (1902)and Wheeler (1958).

NW of Ra jar and NE of Bala Hisar. From Rajar Village, Peshawar Rd. Shamilat Full range of objects from a major urban site. Site excavated by Dani 0966), Farid Khan (1993).

:\ '\ C I E � T P ;\ K I S T .\ '\ • \I O I..

133. Sapaira Dherai

• Location:

• AJ1Proach:• Owner:• Heieht (in meters):• Findines:

134. Tora Panra


135. Girawar Dherai


Tarnab Rd, Khwishgi Kourona, 1 km from Peshawar Rd. Charsadda Peshawar Rd via Tarnab Rd. Mian M. Shah. 5-6

Ceramics. Site pa11ly occupied by houses.

E of Tarnab road, 3 km N of Charsadda. From Charsadda Peshawar Rd. Shamilat. 3-4

Pots, TIC figurines, stone walls, sculpmres.Site partly covered by houses.

2 km SE of Kot village. From Charsadda Peshawar Rd via Taran.ab Rd. Atirangzeb. 3-4

Sculptures, coins and potte1y. Site paitlycovered by houses.

136. Miana Dherai (Tarnab Kot area)

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Heieht (in meters)�• Findings:

137. Jogyano Dherai

• Location:• Approach:• Owner:• Heieht (in meters):

-

• Findings:

Hamid Mian Kili, Nirnawrae Baba road. From Tamab Rd via Nimawrae Baba Rd. Shamilat. 2-3

Sculptures, coins, potte1y. Objects found in a well. Site covered by graves.

Hamid Mian Kili - Nimawrae Baba road. From Tamab road via Nimawrae Baba road. Piran of Utmanzai. 2-3

Potteiy , stones, robbed trenches.

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138. Pia Dherai


139. Pakhana Dherai


On Pla Dherai road - Sholgara. From Chuti pul via Pla Dherai Rd. Aziz Khail. 3-4

Ash-filled pots, stone walls, jars and T/Cobjects reported. Objects found by localinhabitants. Site covered by houses.

W of Bala Hisar Dheri. From Charsadda via Bala Hisar. Musarat Shah Bacha. 3-4

Ceramics, minor antiquities found by locals. Site possibly part of Bala Hisar complex.

140. Chakli Dherai, Tarnab


141. Khazana Dherai


2 km S of Tarnab, on Sher Khan Wand. Tarnab Rd via Fazli Rahim Maubna koor. Karimullah of Tan1ab. 2-3

TIC figurines, gold, bangles, walls, coins, schist slabs. Objects found by local inhabitants.

On Tan1ab Rd, 2 km short of Tarnab. From Charsadda. Shamilat. 3-4

Coins, architectural fragments. Objects found(and used) during bridge building long ago.

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142. Sandasar II Chena

• Location:• Approach:• Oumer:• Findings:

W bank of Chena river, 1 km sho1t of Chena. Charsadda via Tamab Rd. Abdul Malik. Sculptures, pottery. Site once probably a mound. Objects found by owner. Site partly covered by houses.

143. Dagi Ghulam Qadir Khan


N of village. From Charsadda via Tamab Rd. Shamilat.

3-4

Ceramics, TIC objects, stone lamps, sculptures. Objects found while digging for graves. Site covered by graves.

144. Adam Ghar Baba Graveyard


1/2 km E of Khiali river, N.W of Tamab. From Tamab village. Shamilat. 3-4

Stone grinders, ceramics. Objects recovered from cultivated fields. Site covered by graves.

A'\C:IE�T PAKlSTA;,( • VOI.. 9

ancient pakistanjournals.uop.edu.pk/papers/ap_v9_1to164.pdfthe decline of the harappan civilisation...

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