Chapter 6: Ancient StuffAround 8000 B.C.E. to Around 600 C.E.I. Chapter Overview:A. Nomads: Follow the FoodB. Settling Down: The Neolithic RevolutionC. The Big, Early Civilizations: Rivers DeliverD. Early Mesoamerica & Andean South America: For Every Rule Theres an ExceptionE. The Classical Civilizations: MesoamericaF. The Classical Civilizations: MediterraneanG. The Late Classical Period: Empires Collapse & People on the Move

II. Big PictureA. Civilizations existence & development of cities formal institutions: economic, political, religious different social levels & occupations use of technology arts methods of communication & transportationB. How Changes Occur Within a Society exposed to a different way of doing things interaction w/ another culture inventionsC. Impact of Geography & Climate explain where people live & build cities why people move how early civilizations chose to defend themselves interaction b/n civilizations

III. History Review Through 600 C.E.A. Nomads: Follow the Food really early people no cities no agriculture no advanced tools sole focus in life: satisfy basic needs (food & shelter) Neolithic Revolution development of spoken language ability to control & use fire ability to make tools out of stone

Foraging Societies: Hung & Gather small groups of people traveled point to point as climate & food availability changed depend on nature for sustenance unable to store food long-term few personal belongings no permanent shelters Pastoral Societies: Taming the Animals domestication of animals in mountainous regions w/ insufficient rainfall small-scale agriculture main food supply of animal products (milk, eggs) extended family few female rights stratification & social status: based on herd size few personal possessions no permanent townsB. Settling Down: The Neolithic Revolution Agricultural Societies: This is My Land 8000 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E. agricultural lifestyles & town/city life small, independent groups/communities permanent settlements: good soil, stable water source varied & constant supply of food domesticated animals & simple tools sense of unity & cultural traditions people tied to land, ownership of property Important Consequence of Agriculture: A Food Surplus specialized individual labor more complex societies organized economies governmental structures religious organizations invention of irrigation techniques Impact of Agriculture of the Environment diverting water clearing land for farming creating farmland usage of animals: food, clothes, agricultural labors larger field size Technology: Metal Workers Deserve Medals hard stones (granite) sharped & formed into farming tools hoes & plows pottery: cooking weaving: baskets, nets, clothes wheel: carts sails: boats metals: tools, weapons bronze: copper + tin Bronze Age: Neolithic EraC. The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver Introduction river valleys: regular supply of water, good soil, animals/plants, transportation large areas of lands w/ large populations distinct, organized cultures loosely connected city-states (urban center, surrounding agricultural land) major civilizations: 3000 to 2000 B.C.E. Mesopotamia: Lots of Water, Lots of History Mesopotamia: land b/n the rivers Tigris & Euphrates river Sumer, Babylon, Persia part of Fertile Crescent (extends westward toward Mediterranean) Sumer: The First Major Mesopotamian Civilization southern part of Mesopotamia successful agriculture river management cuneiform: writing; laws, treaties, social/religious customs trade: wheel 12 month calendar math system: units of sixty geometry: survey land, develop architecture (arches, columns) polytheistic: more than one god each city state: 1 exclusive god ziggurats: terraced pyramids, temples to appease gods 1700 B.C.E.: overthrown conquerors: adopted traditions & technologies From Sumer to Babylon to Nineveh to Babylon Akkad: city, north of Sumer first known code of laws used cuneiform Babylon: overrun Akkad by 1700 B.C.E. King Hammurabi expanded code of laws Code of Hammurabi: dealt w/ every part of daily life distinguished b/n minor & major offenses established justice & fairness rule of law: apply laws to nearly everyone overrun by Kassites Hittites: dominated region by 1500 B.C.E. iron weapons: stronger than bronze Assyrians: learned iron from Hittites capital at Nineveh empire across Fertile Crescent army: highly disciplined but cruel frequent uprisings authorities sent people into exile: enhance cultural diffusion Medes & Chaldeans: defeat Assyrians Nebuchadnezzar: Chaldean king, rebuilt Babylon showplace of architecture & culture defeated by Persian Empire Ancient Egypt: Stay Awhile Along the Nile rich soil small towns predictable floods stable agricultural cycle, substantial food surpluses Three Kingdoms in One Civilization: Old, Middle, New New Kingdom: height 1400 B.C.E.: upper Nile River, through Mediterranean Palestine, & parts of Turkey Egyptian Achievements: King Menes: united river valley before Old Kingdom capital at Memphis drainage & irrigation systems pharaohs obelisks & pyramids enormous tombs hieroglyphics: writing astronomy: reliable calendar dependent on trade: timber & stone for building gold & spices for luxury You Can Take It With You polytheistic focus on afterlife earthly belongings in afterlife mummification: preserve dead bodies huge pyramids for pharaohs

Egyptian Women, Hear Them Roar Queen Hatshepsut: first female ruler, ruled for 22 years during New Kingdom expanded Egyptian trade expeditions high status of women more rights & opportunities New Kingdom: buy & sell property, inherit property, will property dissolve marriages subservient to men, less education valued most when they bore children Egyptian Social Structure: Another Pyramid top: pharaoh, owned all lands priests nobles merchants & skilled artisans peasants: largest group, worked land give over half of what they produced to kingdom slaves: prisoners of war or descendants not much worse off than free peasants worked on land, irrigation/building projects sometimes appointed to government positions Ancient Egypt in Decline 1100 B.C.E. conquered by Assyrian & Persian Empire completely absorbed by Romans Indus Valley Civilization: Indus Industry Ruled isolated due to mountains north & west of Indus River Khyber Pass: through Hindu Kush Mountains, trade excursions 2500 to 1500 B.C.E.: northwestern India major cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, each more than 100,000 people master-planned, uniformly constructed, sophisticated waterway systems strong central government polytheistic industry: potters wheel, cotton/cloth 1900 B.C.E.: cities abandoned 1500 B.C.E.: crumbled to Aryans The Arrival of Aryans nomadic tribes from north of Caucasus Mountains horses & advanced weaponry polytheistic; Vedas & Upanishads; Hinduism, reincarnation caste system: warriors, priests, peasants later: landowners/merchants added above peasants, Brahmans (priests) moved above warriors more rigid overtime Early China: Shang on the Hwang Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River Valley) stable agriculture surplus northern China powerful military, chariots 1600 to 1100 B.C.E. limited contact w/ rest of world All Under Heaven, ethnocentric bronze workers, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery/silk decimal system, highly accurate calendar Focus on the Family extended family patriarchal structure gods controlled all aspects of lives spirit of dead ancestors: advocates w/ gods Enter the Zhou 1100 B.C.E.: ousted by Wu Wang Zhou (Chou) Dynasty maintained many traditions & customs nearly 900 years Mandate of Heaven: Heaven grated power as long as rulers governed justly feudal system nobles split off into independent kingdoms bureaucracies: departments for specialized government tasks 256 B.C.E.: fighting, warfare, end of dynasty West Africa: Bantu Migrations & the Stateless Society 1500 B.C.E.: begin migrating south & east from Niger & Benue River Bantu family of languages agriculture & metallurgy migration spurred by climate changes: Sahara Desert too dry Jenne-Jeno: upper Niger River valley, first city in sub-Saharan Africa 250 B.C.E.: small fishing settlement 400 C.E.: urban size not hierarchically organized collection of individual communitiesD. Early Mesoamerica & Andean South America: For Every Rule Theres an Exception Olmec: 1500 to 400 B.C.E., Mexico urban society corn, beans, squash irrigation techniques large-scale buildings polytheistic system of writing calendar Chavin: 900 to 200 B.C.E., Andes urban polytheistic agricultural, seafood metals: tools & weapons llamas: beasts of burden similarities b/n Chavin & Olmec developed civilization in isolated areas did not develop in river valleyE. The Classical Civilizations: Mesoamerica Mayan Civilization: In Search of More Slaves: 300 B.C.E. to 800 C.E. southern Mexico, Central America collection of city-states ruled by same king pyramid builders, hieroglyphics Golden Age: 500 to 850 C.E. great scholarship works complex calendar tremendous cities: Tikal (political center) cosmos: heavens, humans, underworld gods created humans out of maize & water agricultural cycles in exchange for honors, sacrifices, & bloodletting rituals warfare: religious active participation from King & nobility to acquire slaves for building projects & agriculture no large animals majority of population: peasants top: kings, priests, nobility, merchants advanced agricultural techniques: ridged field system cotton & maize, elaborate cotton textiles Chichen Itza (temple), ziggurats, ball courts number system w/ 0F. The Classical Civilizations: India & China Introduction 300 B.C.E. to 550 C.E. Maurya & Gupta in India Qin & Han in China The Mauryan Empire in India 321 to 180 B.C.E. from Indus River Valley through Ganges River through Deccan Plateau founded by Changdragupta Maurya: unified smaller kingdoms grandson Ashoka Maurya: take empire to greatest heights trade: silk, cotton, elephants to Mesopotamia & Roman Empire powerful military Ashoka: converted to Buddhism, preached nonviolence & moderation Rock & Pillar Edicts: live generous & righteous lives declined after Ashokas death in 232 B.C.E. due to economic problems & attacks from northeast The Gupta Dynasty in India 320 to 550 C.E. revival under Chandra Gupta II decentralized & smaller golden age: relative peace & advances in arts/sciences concepts of pi & 0 decimal system: Arabic numerals, 1 to 9 Hinduism: dominant religion, rigid caste system women increasingly losing rights cannot own/inherit property cannot participate in religion increasingly urban society child marriage collapsed under pressure from White Huns The Qin Dynasty in China 221 to 209 B.C.E. strong agriculture economy powerful army w/ iron weapons unified under single emperor Great Wall of China well organized, centralized, territorial Qin Shi Huang: first emperor recentralized various feudal kingdoms standardized all laws, currencies, weight, measures, writing intolerance: books & scholars patriarchal legalism fell to peasants one year after his death The Han Dynasty in China 200 B.C.E. to 460 C.E. Xiongnu: large nomadic group from northern Asia Wu Ti: Warrior Emperor, enlarged Han Empire to central Asia trade along Silk Road, spread of Buddhism civil service system, Confucianism highly skilled bureaucracy, stability paper, sundials, calendars navigation: rudder, compass broaden metal useG. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean Introduction 2000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. Greece & Rome beginning of Western civilization representative government art, architecture, literature, science, philosophy Persian Immersion 500 B.C.E.: Nile River to eastern Mediterranean to Turkey to Greece to Afghanistan conquer earlier civilizations Satrapies: local administration of provinces satrap: governor, paid taxes & contributed soldiers to king wide self government long roads: Great Royal Road (Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea) transportation & Communication Lydians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews, Oh My! Lydians: conied money (v. barter) Phoenicians: powerful naval city-states along Mediterranean simple alphabet (22 letters) adopted by Greeks Hebrews: Judaism monotheistic 100 B.C.E.: Israel in Palestine frequently invaded freed from captivity under Persians Greece peninsula b/n waters of Aegean & Mediterranean Seas mountainous land natural harbors & mild weather trade & cultural diffusion by boat commercial activity exchange wine & olive for grain limited area, colonies abroad powerful military, sophisticated communication, transportation, & governance Social Structure & Citizenship: It Takes a Polis collection of city states (polis) common culture & identity in each polis Athens: political, commercial, cultural center monarchy to aristocracy to democracy Draco & Solon: aristocrats, create democracy Sparta: agricultural, highly militaristic, disciplined, equality not individuality women: higher status each polis: citizens (adult males), free people w/ no rights, noncitizens open civic decisions & debates first democracy: only adult males slave labor: gave Greeks free time to participate in politics Greek Mythology: Many Gods polytheistic gods: human failings War w/ Persia: Greece Holds On 499-449 B.C.E. united city-states against Persia ended in stalemate 2 major victories: Marathon & Salamis Greece maintain control of Aegean Sea Golden Age of Pericles: peace & prosperity The Golden Age of Pericles: Athens Wows the World 480 to 404 B.C.E. Athens: cultural powerhouse under Pericles democracy for adult males Parthenon Delian League: alliance of city-states philosophy & arts flourished Socrates, Plato, Aristotle: observation, rational thought drama, sculptures, architecture math & science: Archimedes, Hippocrates, Euclid, Pythagoras Homer: Iliad, Odyssey; before Golden Age inspiration for Renaissance & Enlightenment Trouble Ahead for Athens Peloponnesian League: Sparta & other city states Peloponnesian War: due to trade dispute in Corinth 431 to 404 B.C.E. Athens: defensive strategy great plague afflicted city, e.g. Pericles Athenss navy defeated at Syracuse on Sicily Macedonians: under Phillip III of Macedon conquered Greece respected culture & allowed it to flourish Alexander the Great: taught by Aristotle, expanded Macedonia conquered Persian Empire extended to India died at 33 in Babylon generals divided empire Hellenistic Empires adopted Greek customs & spread to unknown world Hellenism: culture, ideals, pattern of life of Classical Greece revived trade in Athens & Corinth Ptolemaic Empire: wealthiest Alexandria: mouth of Nile did not interfere in Egypt Alexandria Museum & Alexandria Library Rome 509 B.C.E. to 476 C.E. Alps to the north: protection from invasion sea: limited naval attacks crossroad: easy access to Africa, Palestine, Greece, Iberian Peninsula Roman Mythology: Many Gods polytheistic adopted Greek gods Social Structure in Rome: Organized & Patriarchal patricians: land-owning noblemen plebeians: all other free men slaves: better conditions in city, up to 1/3 of population representative republic Senate: patrician families Assembly: first patricians, later opened to plebeians 2 consuls: annually elected by Assembly, can veto Assembly more stable than direct democracy civil laws to protect individual rights Twelve Tables of Rome: codified laws, e.g. innocent until proven guilty pater families: eldest males women: could own property, sometimes supervise family business/estate Roman Military Domination: All Directions, All the Time Punic Wars v. Carthage: city-state in North Africa on and off from 264 to 146 B.C.E. First Punic War 264 to 241 B.C.E. control of island of Sicily Rome won Second Punic War 218 to 201 B.C.E. Hannibal: Carthaginian general surprised Romans w/ attack from north Hannibal forced to defend Carthage agreed to sue for peace Third Punic War 149 to 146 B.C.E. Rome invaded Carthage & burned it continued expansion throughout Mediterranean obtained Greece by defeating Macedonians fought Gauls (north) & Spaniards (West) extensive road networks & aqueducts Collapse of the Republic & the Rise of Imperialism large landowners: used more slaves, displaced small farmers overcrowded cities, unemployment devalued Roman currency, inflation political leaders fought among themselves weakened power of Senate first triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Caesar Caesar: power over Gaul (France), did not conquer Germany civil war b/n Senate & Caesar Caesar became emperor for life 44 B.C.E.: senators assassinated Caesar second triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus Octavius: Augustus Caesar, emperor Rome became capital of West rule of law, common coinage, civil service, secure merchant travel Pax Romana: peace for 200 years expanded to largest geographical proportions literature: Ovids Metamorphoses & Virgils Aeneid architecture: Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum astronomy (Ptolemy), roads/aqueducts Religious Diversity: New Chiefs of Beliefs paganism: state religion of early Roman Empire sacrifices to Roman Gods Christianity: after Augustus grew out of Judaism initially tolerated persecuted by Emperor Nero Constantine: Edict of Milan in 313 C.E., end persecution 391 C.E.: Christianity as official religion

H. Late Classical Period: Empires Collapse, and People on the Move Introduction 200 to 600 C.E. fall of Han China, Gupta Empire, western part of Roman Empire, & Maya Collapse of the Maya no sure reason disease, drought, declining health internal unrest, warfare exhausted environment 9th century C.E.: desert cities Collapse of Han China Wang Mang: Xin dynasty, interrupted Han 9 to 23 C.E. seize throne from Liu family undermined using Mandate of Heaven disastrous missteps, weakened empire unsuccessful reforms of land ownership & currency waging war on edge of empire heavy taxation of landowners famines, floods, inflation peasant uprisings Han recovered by collapsed in 220 C.E. several regional kingdoms Collapse of the Gupta Empire invaded by White Huns weakened state late 5th century: Hun kingdoms in western/northern India Collapse of the Western Portion of the Roman Empire reasons internal decay external pressure sheer size of empire & huge expense succession of weak leaders series of epidemics 284 C.E.: Diocletian becomes emperor divided empire into 2 regions, co-emperors brought armies back under imperial control strengthen imperial currency, force budget on government, cap prices 305 C.E.: civil war erupted upon retirement 306 C.E.: Constantine as co-emperor 322 C.E.: defeated rival, assumed sole control over empire built Constantinople at Byzantium 340 C.E.: moved capital to Constantinople after death: emperor divided again into east & west west: spiral downward, center in Rome east: thrived, center in Constantinople Sassanid Persian empire Zoroastrianism powerful military defeat Romans in many engagements Germanic barbarians attacked Rome at same time pressured by Attila & Huns 410 C.E.: Visigoths sacked Rome Contrast Them: The Fall of Han China, the Gupta Empire & RomeWestern Rome 476 C.E.Gupta 550 C.E.Han China 220 C.E.

tax revolts by upper class & church exempt from taxesnot enough taxes for militaryofficials exempt to taxes; difficult to collect from peasants

decrease in tradedpopulation increases, less land per family

25/26 emperors died violently in 50 yearscorruption of court officials

division of empire weakened westland divisions, increased power of provincial officialsunable to control large estate owners

unable to defend against Goths & Hunsunable to defend against White Hunsconstant conflict w/ nomadic Xiong-nu

Cultural Diffusion 200 to 600 C.E. known world becoming a smaller place trade routes constant contact disease: Black Death, measles, smallpox religion: Buddhism, ChristianityIV. Major Belief Systems through 600 C.E.A. Polytheism Mesopotamia, Mediterranean Aryan, Hinduism, traditional Chinese systems multiple gods who impact daily life Greek & Rome: human qualities Egypt: benevolent & kind Sumer: feared & appeased center of art & literature rituals, priestly classB. Confucianism Chinese culture since 400 B.C.E. Confucius: son of aristocratic family from northern China strong willed, thinking at odds w/ state policy never gained high position in government educator & political advisor Analects: collection of Confuciuss thoughts political & social philosophy: create orderly society practical ruler & subject parent & child husband & wife older brother & younger brother friend & friend junzi: individuals considered superior due to education, conscience, & selflessness values ren: humanity, kindness, benevolence li: propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders xiao: filial piety, family obligation women: secondary status impact: compatible with religion government leaders tight-knit communitiesC. Daoism Chinese since 500 B.C.E. Dao: way of the nature/cosmos passive & yielding no ambition/activism doctrine of wuwei: disengagement from worldly affairs founded by Lao-tzu impact: formation of small, self-sufficient communities counter-balance Confucian activism harmony w/ nature: science (astronomy, chemistry, botany)D. Legalism Chinese, esp. Qin Dynasty peace & order through centralized, tightly governed state didnt trust human nature tough laws harsh punishment, unquestioned authority important professions: farming & military impact: unification of China massive projects: e.g. Great Wall widespread resentment acceptance of Confucianism & DaoismE. Hinduism Indian subcontinent began w/ Aryan invaders Brahma: creator, supreme force gods: manifestations of Brahma Vishnu: preserver Shiva: destroyer life goal: merge w/ Brahma dharma, caste, reincarnation, moksha (release of soul) Vedas & Upanishads impact: caste system spawned BuddhismF. Buddhism eastern civilizations: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan found by young Hindu prince Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal rejected wealth searched for meaning of human suffering Buddha, the Enlightened One died in 483 B.C.E., religion split into 2 movements Four Noble Truths: All life is suffering. Suffering is caused by desire. One can be freed of this desire. One is freed of desire by following the Eightfold Path. Eightfold Path: right views, aspirations, speech, conduct, livelihood, endeavor, mindfulness, meditation toward nirvana: state of perfect peace reincarnation anyone can achieve nirvana Theravada (Hinayana) Theravada: the way of the Elders; Hinayana: the lesser Vehicle meditation, simplicity, renunciation of human consciousness Buddha: not a god little significance of gods Mahyana (the Greater Vehicle) greater ritual other forms of salvation Buddha as deity bodhisattvas: help people achieve nirvana priests & scriptures impact reject castes took off when Ashoka converted to Buddhism reabsorbed into HinduismG. Zoroatsrianism Iranians, especially under Sassanid Empire, Central Asians, Indians in second millennium B.C.E.in Central Asia prophet Zoroaster 2 gods representing good & evil Ahura Mazda: god of good & truth spiritual salvation f soul Avesta: important texts impact state religion of Sassanid Empire influenced ChristianityH. Judaism Hebrews God selected a group of people unique relationship w/ God created by God tasks: honor & serve God Torah: Law of Moses spawned Christianity & IslamI. Christianity splinter group of Jews, Roman Empire Jesus of Nazareth: Son of God, Messiah crucified in 30 C.E. Old & New Testaments of Bible personal & sovereign God Christ: link b/n God & humans tasks: know God, worship him, & service him compassion, grace through faith, promise of eternal life impact spread by Jesuss disciples & Paul of Tarsus appeal to lower classes & women Roman EmpireV. Technology & Innovations Through 600 C.E. farming tools, metallurgy ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel, pottery (storage) copper, metal tools weapons & defense systems: iron, wheeled chariots irrigation, public sewers agriculture: pyramids, walls, aqueducts, coliseums, stadiums, roads specialization: silk, cotton/wool, gems, jewelry, olive oil, spices calendar: 365 day solar calendar from Maya India/Maya: concept of 0 China: windmills, terra cotta (Qin), wheelbarrows, alcohol, gunpowder, paperVI. Changes & Continuities in the Role of Women lose power as people settle down maintained power within private sphere upper-class: more restricted in public, public veiling Buddhism/Christianity: equal in ability to achieve nirvana Hinduism/Confucianism: structured & restricted Daoism: balance of male & femaleRome/GreeceIndiaChina

strict & patriarchalstrict patriarchal caste systemstrict Confucianism

little land ownershipnot allowed to inherit propertyonly sons inherit property

high literacy among elitesforbidden to read sacred textsupper classes educated in arts/literature & values

Spartan women were citizensnopenope

women could own businesses (esp. widows)need large dowry, no remarriagearranged marriages, widows allowed to remarry

could be priestesses or nunscould not achieve mokshaBuddhist convents & Daoism balances male & female

VII. Pulling It All TogetherA. Civilizations agriculture written language use of metals less concerned w/ next meals trade routes & conquestB. Sources of Change trade conquestC. Humans Versus Nature canals, irrigation ditches stone-cutting, plowing, metal working predict & control nature: calendars & sundials less subject to natural events less interested in appeasing gods18