ancient rome 1000 b.c. – 476 ad. how does the roman empire differ from others we have studied? how...

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

1000 B.C. – 476 AD1000 B.C. – 476 AD

How does the Roman Empire differ from others we have studied?How did geography help Christianity spread quickly throughout the region

PeoplesPeoples

LatinsLatins ancestors of the Romans, ancestors of the Romans, migrated into Italy by about 800 B.C. migrated into Italy by about 800 B.C. settled along the Tiber River in small settled along the Tiber River in small

villages scattered over seven low-lying villages scattered over seven low-lying hills - villages would become Romehills - villages would become Rome

Greek colonists Greek colonists Etruscans Etruscans

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

Romans threw out the hated Etruscan Romans threw out the hated Etruscan king in 509 B.C. - resolved never to be king in 509 B.C. - resolved never to be ruled by a monarch againruled by a monarch again set up a republicset up a republic PatriciansPatricians were the most powerful and were the most powerful and

served in the senate comprised of 300 served in the senate comprised of 300 PatriciansPatricians

made the laws and served for life.made the laws and served for life. Each year, two consuls elected from the Each year, two consuls elected from the

patrician class to supervise the business patrician class to supervise the business of government/command the armies.of government/command the armies.


In the event of war, senate chose a In the event of war, senate chose a dictator, or ruler who has complete dictator, or ruler who has complete control over a government - dictator control over a government - dictator given power to rule for six months.given power to rule for six months.

PlebeiansPlebeians gained the right to be gained the right to be elected to the Roman senateelected to the Roman senate


450 BC The Laws of Twelve Tables450 BC The Laws of Twelve Tables the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and

set up in the Forum. set up in the Forum. Plebeians had protested that citizens could not Plebeians had protested that citizens could not

know what the laws were, because they were know what the laws were, because they were not written down. not written down.

Plebeians gained the right to elect their Plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials – own officials – tribunestribunes could veto, or block, those laws that they felt could veto, or block, those laws that they felt

were harmful to plebeians.were harmful to plebeians.

Roman SocietyRoman Society FamilyFamily

basic unit of Roman society basic unit of Roman society male head of the household had absolute power male head of the household had absolute power

in the family in the family wife was subject to his authority.wife was subject to his authority.

Role of WomenRole of Women played a larger role in society than did Greek played a larger role in society than did Greek

women.women. ran businesses and supported the artsran businesses and supported the arts most worked at home, raising their families, most worked at home, raising their families,

spinning, and weaving.spinning, and weaving.

Roman SocietyRoman Society

Education Education Girls and boys learned to read and writeGirls and boys learned to read and write rhetoric was an important subject for boys rhetoric was an important subject for boys

who wanted to pursue political careerswho wanted to pursue political careers ReligionReligion

Roman gods and goddesses resembled Roman gods and goddesses resembled those of the Etruscans and Greeks. those of the Etruscans and Greeks.

feasts and other celebrations honored the feasts and other celebrations honored the gods gods

Expansion in ItalyExpansion in Italy

As Rome’s political system changed, its armies As Rome’s political system changed, its armies expanded across Italyexpanded across Italy

By 270 B.C., Rome occupied all of ItalyBy 270 B.C., Rome occupied all of Italy success based onsuccess based on

skillful diplomacyskillful diplomacy an efficient, well-disciplined armyan efficient, well-disciplined army treating defeated enemies with mercytreating defeated enemies with mercy

basic military unit was the legionbasic military unit was the legion made up of 500 menmade up of 500 men Roman soldiers fought without pay and supplied own Roman soldiers fought without pay and supplied own

weapons.weapons.

Punic Wars Punic Wars 264 B.C. - 146 B.C264 B.C. - 146 B.C

conquest of Italian peninsula brought conquest of Italian peninsula brought it into contact with Carthageit into contact with Carthage a city-state on the northern coast of a city-state on the northern coast of

AfricaAfrica settled by North Africans and Phoenician settled by North Africans and Phoenician

traderstraders empire stretched across North Africa empire stretched across North Africa

and the western Mediterranean.and the western Mediterranean.

Punic Wars Punic Wars

1st Punic War: Rome defeated Carthage and won 1st Punic War: Rome defeated Carthage and won Sicily, Corsica, and SardiniaSicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War Carthagians sought revengeCarthagians sought revenge Hannibal, Carthaginian general, led army, including Hannibal, Carthaginian general, led army, including

dozens of war elephants, across the Pyreneesdozens of war elephants, across the Pyrenees Spent 15 years moving his army across Italy.Spent 15 years moving his army across Italy. The Carthaginians failed to capture Rome. The Carthaginians failed to capture Rome. Romans outflanked Hannibal by sending an army to Romans outflanked Hannibal by sending an army to

attack Carthage. attack Carthage. Hannibal returned to defend his homeland where the Hannibal returned to defend his homeland where the

Romans defeated him.Romans defeated him. Third Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Third Punic War: Rome completely destroyed

Carthage. Carthage.

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Military victories put the Romans in control Military victories put the Romans in control of busy trade routesof busy trade routes Incredible riches flowed into RomeIncredible riches flowed into Rome Corruption and self-interest replaced simplicity, Corruption and self-interest replaced simplicity,

hard work, and devotion to dutyhard work, and devotion to duty Wealthy families forced captured slaves to work on Wealthy families forced captured slaves to work on

their estates.their estates. Slave labor hurt small farmersSlave labor hurt small farmers farmers lost their land and went to Rome looking for farmers lost their land and went to Rome looking for

look.look. gap between rich and poor grew - restless class of gap between rich and poor grew - restless class of

unemployed people rioted.unemployed people rioted.

Attempts at ReformAttempts at Reform

first to attempt - called on the state first to attempt - called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers.to distribute land to poor farmers.

reforms angered the senate, saw reforms angered the senate, saw them as a threat to its powerthem as a threat to its power

reformers killed by senatorsreformers killed by senators

Decline of the RepublicDecline of the Republic

civil wars civil wars turmoil sparked slave uprisings and turmoil sparked slave uprisings and

revolts among Rome’s allies. revolts among Rome’s allies.

Julius Caesar’s Rise to Julius Caesar’s Rise to PowerPower

Julius Caesar rose to powerJulius Caesar rose to power dominated Roman politics with Pompeydominated Roman politics with Pompey 59 B.C., Caesar set out to make new conquests. 59 B.C., Caesar set out to make new conquests.

After nine years of fighting, he completed the conquest of After nine years of fighting, he completed the conquest of GaulGaul

Pompey persuaded senate to order Caesar to disband his Pompey persuaded senate to order Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome. army and return to Rome.

Caesar defied the order and with his army led them across Caesar defied the order and with his army led them across the Rubicon River into northern Italy and toward Rome.the Rubicon River into northern Italy and toward Rome.

Civil war erupted across the Roman world.Civil war erupted across the Roman world. crushed Pompey and his supporters. crushed Pompey and his supporters. forced the senate of Rome to make him dictatorforced the senate of Rome to make him dictator

Caesar’s ReformsCaesar’s Reforms

program of public works to employ program of public works to employ the jobless the jobless

gave public land to the poor. gave public land to the poor. Julian calendar based on Egyptian Julian calendar based on Egyptian

knowledge.knowledge.

Assassination and Civil Assassination and Civil WarsWars

Caesar’s enemies worried about his Caesar’s enemies worried about his ambition/plans ambition/plans

March 44 B.C., killed by conspirators.March 44 B.C., killed by conspirators. death of Caesar led to civil wars death of Caesar led to civil wars 2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony , Octavian, 2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony , Octavian,

LepidusLepidus Struggle for power between Mark Antony Struggle for power between Mark Antony

and Octavianand Octavian 31 B.C., Octavian defeated Antony31 B.C., Octavian defeated Antony

Roman Empire and Roman Roman Empire and Roman PeacePeace

senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, or senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted OneExalted One

declared him princeps, or first citizen. declared him princeps, or first citizen. ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14, and brought the 500 year ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14, and brought the 500 year

republic to an endrepublic to an end Augustus helped the empire recover from the Augustus helped the empire recover from the

long period of unrestlong period of unrest laid foundation for a stable government laid foundation for a stable government undertook economic reforms including a census undertook economic reforms including a census

to make the tax system fairer. to make the tax system fairer. set up a postal service and issued new coins to set up a postal service and issued new coins to

make trade easier.make trade easier.

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

Caligula appointed his favorite horse Caligula appointed his favorite horse as consulas consul

Nero viciously persecuted Christians Nero viciously persecuted Christians and was even blamed for setting a and was even blamed for setting a great fire that destroyed much of great fire that destroyed much of Rome.Rome.

Pax Romana/Roman Pax Romana/Roman PeacePeace

200 year span that began with Augustus 200 year span that began with Augustus and ended with emperor Marcus Aureliusand ended with emperor Marcus Aurelius

Roman legions maintained and protected Roman legions maintained and protected the roads the roads

Roman fleets chased pirates form the Roman fleets chased pirates form the seas.seas.

Trade flowed freely to and from distant Trade flowed freely to and from distant lands in Africa and Asia. lands in Africa and Asia.

Trade along Silk Road in Asia.Trade along Silk Road in Asia.

EntertainmentEntertainment

Circus Maximus, Rome’s largest race-Circus Maximus, Rome’s largest race-course, chariots thundered around an course, chariots thundered around an oval course.oval course.

Gladiator contests Gladiator contests amusements were a way to pacify amusements were a way to pacify

the city’s restless mobthe city’s restless mob

Spread of EmpireSpread of Empire

Through war and conquest, Rome spread its Through war and conquest, Rome spread its civilization to distant landscivilization to distant lands

Rome acted as a bridge between the east Rome acted as a bridge between the east and the west by borrowing and transforming and the west by borrowing and transforming Greek and Hellenistic achievementsGreek and Hellenistic achievements Romans took Greek ideas and adapted them to Romans took Greek ideas and adapted them to

their own waystheir own ways blend of culture became known as Greco-Roman blend of culture became known as Greco-Roman

civilizationcivilization

Literature, History, and Literature, History, and PhilosophyPhilosophy

Poetry- The Aeneid, Virgil tried to show that Poetry- The Aeneid, Virgil tried to show that Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Greece. Greece.

Other poets used verse to satirize Roman Other poets used verse to satirize Roman society. society.

PhilosophyPhilosophy Romans borrowed much of their philosophy from Romans borrowed much of their philosophy from

the Greeksthe Greeks The Hellenistic philosophy of Stoicism impressed The Hellenistic philosophy of Stoicism impressed

Roman thinkers.Roman thinkers.

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Roman art and architecture based on Roman art and architecture based on Greek and Etruscan models - made Greek and Etruscan models - made adaptations to develop their own style.adaptations to develop their own style. sculptors stressed realism. sculptors stressed realism. beautified their homes with works of art. beautified their homes with works of art. emphasized grandeur in architecture - emphasized grandeur in architecture -

improved on devices such as the column improved on devices such as the column and the arch.and the arch.

Technology and ScienceTechnology and Science

excelled in engineering - built roads, excelled in engineering - built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout the bridges, and harbors throughout the empire. empire.

Ptolemy proposed his theory that the Ptolemy proposed his theory that the Earth was the center of the universeEarth was the center of the universe

The Greek doctor, Galen, advanced The Greek doctor, Galen, advanced the frontiers of medical science by the frontiers of medical science by insisting on experiments to prove a insisting on experiments to prove a conclusion.conclusion.

Roman LawRoman Law

Important legacy of Rome - commitment Important legacy of Rome - commitment to the rule of law and to justice. to the rule of law and to justice.

principles of Roman law would become the principles of Roman law would become the basis for legal systems in Europe and Latin basis for legal systems in Europe and Latin America.America.

Two Systems of LawTwo Systems of Law civil law that applied to its civil law that applied to its citizenscitizens. . law of nations - it applied to law of nations - it applied to allall people under people under

Roman rule.Roman rule.

Religious Diversity in the Religious Diversity in the Early EmpireEarly Empire

Traditional Roman gods remained importantTraditional Roman gods remained important growing number of people looking for other growing number of people looking for other

spiritual fulfillment.spiritual fulfillment. Mystery Religions- emphasized secret rituals Mystery Religions- emphasized secret rituals

and promised special rewards. ie. the cult of and promised special rewards. ie. the cult of Isis.Isis.

Religious Toleration - Rome tolerated the Religious Toleration - Rome tolerated the varied religious traditions as long as citizens varied religious traditions as long as citizens showed loyalty by honoring Roman gods and showed loyalty by honoring Roman gods and acknowledging the divine spirit of the emperoracknowledging the divine spirit of the emperor


Divisions in Judea- 63 B.C, the Romans had Divisions in Judea- 63 B.C, the Romans had conquered Judea, where most Jews of the time lived - conquered Judea, where most Jews of the time lived - Romans excused Jews from worshipping Roman gods.Romans excused Jews from worshipping Roman gods.

Among the Jews, religious ferment created deep Among the Jews, religious ferment created deep divisions. Jewish conservatives rejected other divisions. Jewish conservatives rejected other influences and called for strict obedience to Jewish influences and called for strict obedience to Jewish laws and tradition.laws and tradition. Most Jews were willing to live under Roman rule, others, Most Jews were willing to live under Roman rule, others,

called Zealots, were not. They called on Jews to revolt called Zealots, were not. They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish an independent state.against Rome and reestablish an independent state.

Some Jews believed that a messiah, or anointed king sent by Some Jews believed that a messiah, or anointed king sent by God, would soon appear to lead the Jewish people to freedomGod, would soon appear to lead the Jewish people to freedom


Jewish Revolt - A.D. 66, Jewish Revolt - A.D. 66, Roman forces crushed the rebels, captured Roman forces crushed the rebels, captured

Jerusalem, and destroyed the Jewish temple. Jerusalem, and destroyed the Jewish temple. Revolts continued into the next century Revolts continued into the next century Roman armies leveled Jerusalem. Roman armies leveled Jerusalem. Thousands of Jews were killed, enslaved and Thousands of Jews were killed, enslaved and

transported to various parts of the empiretransported to various parts of the empire Although they were defeated in their efforts to Although they were defeated in their efforts to

regain political independence, Jews survived in regain political independence, Jews survived in scattered communities around the scattered communities around the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

ChristianityChristianity

Jesus began teaching 27 ADJesus began teaching 27 AD Teachings grounded in Jewish traditionsTeachings grounded in Jewish traditions Promised forgiveness and eternal life for Promised forgiveness and eternal life for

believersbelievers Romans feared Jesus would lead an Romans feared Jesus would lead an

uprisinguprising Jesus arrested, put on trial and crucifiedJesus arrested, put on trial and crucified


Disciples believed that day of judgment Disciples believed that day of judgment was comingwas coming

Spread word – at first spread slowlySpread word – at first spread slowly Appeal increased as life in empire became Appeal increased as life in empire became

more difficultmore difficult At first seen as sect of Judaism and freed At first seen as sect of Judaism and freed

from obligations to worship emperorfrom obligations to worship emperor By 100 AD Christianity seen as attack on By 100 AD Christianity seen as attack on

Roman religion and law and outlawed itRoman religion and law and outlawed it


Many Christians became martyrsMany Christians became martyrs 200 AD (after era of Five Good 200 AD (after era of Five Good

Emperors) people turned to Emperors) people turned to Christianity for hopeChristianity for hope

By 300 church so large govt could By 300 church so large govt could not punish membersnot punish members

Accepted Christianity as religionAccepted Christianity as religion


312 emperor Constantine supported 312 emperor Constantine supported ChristianityChristianity

391 emperor Theodosius made 391 emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Christianity the official religion of the empireempire

Church became well organizedChurch became well organized 325 Church council at Nicaea wrote 325 Church council at Nicaea wrote

down beliefs of churchdown beliefs of church Claimed existence of TrinityClaimed existence of Trinity


Each Christian community had its priestEach Christian community had its priest Bishops had authority over priests Bishops had authority over priests

traced their spiritual authority through the traced their spiritual authority through the apostles to Jesusapostles to Jesus

Seen as equal successors to the apostlesSeen as equal successors to the apostles As rituals and structure became As rituals and structure became

defined, divisions arosedefined, divisions arose


Bishops in major cities gained more Bishops in major cities gained more authority authority Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem,

Constantinople (eastern empire) Constantinople (eastern empire) became patriarchsbecame patriarchs

Rome – Pope – claimed greater authorityRome – Pope – claimed greater authority

Extent of Christian communities by the 1st century CE Extent of Christian communities by 185 CE (the time of Irenaeus) Early centers of Christianity Early centers of Christianity, Boundary of the Roman Empire for most of the 1st and 2nd centuries CE

Fall of the EmpireFall of the Empire

THE DECLINE AND

FALL OF ROME

Military Causes• Germanic Invasions•Weakened Roman legions•Poorly trained armies•Little loyalty among hired soldiers

Political Causes•Oppressive government•Corrupt officials•Divided Empire•Internal Power Struggles

Social Causes•Erosion of traditional values•Self-serving upper class•“Bread and circuses”

Economic Causes• Heavy Taxes• Population decline• Reliance on Slave Labor• Indenture of farmers to wealthy land owners

ancient rome 1000 b.c. – 476 ad. how does the roman empire differ from others we have studied? how...

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