Ancient Peoples of the Southwest10,000BC to 1500ADArizona History Lecture #1Heidi J. Osselaer

AztlanPimeria AltaEl NorteThe American Southwest

Mogollon RimSonoran DesertColorado Plateau

Bering Strait MigrationApproximately 10,000 BC

Paleo-Indians

Clovis or Folsom toolsmade of stone, bone, or woodBasketsHighly mobileTraded extensivelyPetroglyphs

Atlatl

Maize arrives from Mesoamerica around 2000 BC

Corn, beans, and squash also known as the Three Sisters

Paleo-Indian 7000 BC and 200 ADTemperatures rise, less rainfall in SouthwestMaize (corn) imported from Mesoamerica (Mexico)Hunter diet supplemented with corn, squash, and beansMore sedentary life than the Clovis or Folsom people Farming requires cooperation and a system of rules and authority Pottery is more abundantMetates and manos used to grind cornBows and arrowsLived in pit houses

Metates and manos

Earthen pit house

Earthen pit house interior

Plastered pit house

beans (lysine)+squash+corn= protein

Heidi

Puebloan People

Includes Hohokam, Mogollon, and AnasaziPueblo is Spanish word for town dwellerMore sedentary than Cochise People, but still continued to hunt and gather native plantsLived in permanent villages in buildings made of clay, wood, and plasterEmployed dry-farming techniques to grow corn, beans, and squashWorked communally in fields to ensure all members of society were fedPottery is used in trade

Hohokam

HohokamLived in the Salt River ValleyHohokam means those who have gone or all used upBuilt pueblo homes and used dry-farm irrigation techniques

Snaketown around AD1000Snaketown about 1100ADSnaketown site today

Recreation of a pit house at the Pueblo Grande Museum

Pueblo Grande was built AD500

Pueblo Grande Museum

Excavation of a Hohokam pit house

Excavation site at Pueblo Grande

Ruins at Casa GrandeFirst prehistoric and cultural site preserved by the US government, 1892

Ancient ballcourt at Pueblo Grande

Hohokam ballcourt

Artist concept of Pueblo Grande platform mound

Snaketown pottery

Hohokam red on bluff pottery

Caliche sediment

Excavated Hohokam canal

Hohokam canal system

Canal irrigation of corn

Salt River Project canal

Heidi

Mogollon Rim

MogollonLived on the Mogollon RimCooler, wetter climate than the Salt River ValleyLocation required less irrigation, able to gather and hunt moreNamed for a Spanish governor of MexicoFamous for their pottery

Mogollon potterybrownwareMimbres

Mogollon Mimbres pottery

AnasaziFour Corners regionAnasazi means the ancient ones or ancestors of our enemiesClosely related to the MogollonFirst settled at Black Mesa 850AD10 to 15 inches of precipitation and snowfall a year

Anasazi ruins at Black Mesa

Canyon de Chelly ruins

Chaco Canyon

Doorways at Chaco Canyon

Pueblo Bonito

Architectural plan of Pueblo Bonito

Chaco Canyon roads

Anasazi roads

Kiva ruins Chaco Canyon

Chetro Ketl Great Kiva

Anasazi 900-1100AD

Pictograph shows 1054 supernova

Salado Named derived from Rio Salado, Spanish for Salt RiverLived in the Tonto Basin 1100-1500 AD

Besh-Ba-Gowah

Salado dwelling AD1150-1450

Salado pottery polychrome

Sinagua= sin (without) agua (water)

Sunset CraterErupts AD1064-1067Sinagua move south temporarily

Sinaguan pottery

Montezuma Castle

Montezuma Well

Patayan CultureUpland YumanLived around Grand CanyonRelied on hunting primarilyDescendents include:Yavapai, Hualapai, andHavasupaiRiver/Delta YumanLived in western Sonoran desertHunted, but also agricultureDescendents include: Quechen/YumanHighly mobile

Patayan intaglios incised designs

Common Features of Southwest PeoplePrimarily sedentaryPracticed dry-farming techniques and huntedMade potteryTraded extensivelyLived initially in pit houses but then transitioned to pueblo structuresFairly peaceful

Health Issues Hard work and accidents lead to arthritisCorn-intensive diet deprives body of sufficient calcium, leading to osteoporosisAnemia and malnutrition commonAverage age 25 to 27Only 5 to 15% live to age 5083% of children under 10 are anemic

Enamel hypoplasia indicates malnutrition

Drought begins AD1090Crop failures lead to famineFew trees to supply food and homes for animalsLeads to population decrease

1100-1500 ADIncreased violenceGreat migration

1325-1850 Summer rains vanishApache (Athapaskan) tribes appearAdaptation to a new environment begins

Questions for ConsiderationHow did the people of the prehistoric Southwest adapt to a changing climate? Give specific examples.

List common cultural traits shared by the major groups of people living in the Southwest prior to contact with Europeans.

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