ancient greek philosophers legacy - vr redes
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ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS LEGACY
PEDAGOGY 1Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación– Licenciatura en Lenguas Extranjeras
–
Juan Carlos González Sánchez – M. Sc.
––
Traditions, skills and knowledge of a culture that get passed on to people in the
future
Something a culture is known for
A gift from the past
Babe Ruth’s legacy was
homerun hitting.
What is a legacy?
Taken from: ©2004 Mrs. Joan Crick
Taken from: ©2004 Mrs. Joan Crick
The Legacies of Ancient GreeceThe Legacies of Ancient Greece
architecturearchitecture
philosophyphilosophy
OlympicsOlympics
epicsepics
Greekmythology
Greekmythology
tragedycomedytragedycomedy
trial by jury
trial by jury
democracydemocracyscientificmethod
scientificmethod
SocraticMethod
SocraticMethod
theatertheater
classificationclassification
marathonmarathon
HippocraticOath
HippocraticOath
STEP BY STEP - OUR AUTOR’S -
Socratic Method
Teaching through step-by-step questions that are designed to lead the student to
the truth
Socrates was a Greek philosopher
who wanted people to question and
think for themselves
Athenians were afraid and
threatened by his ideas, so he was tried and put to
death.
Taken from: ©2004 Mrs. Joan Crick
Socratic MethodOrigins
• Based on ideas of Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.).• Socrates’ actual method was an extended
public dialogue/debate between teacher and a student (aka “dialectic”). This can be rather harsh.
• Therefore, we use a moderated version, consisting mostly of group discussion.
• Teacher poses questions rather than providing answers.
• Considered one of the most powerful teaching tools. Taken from:
©2005 Allen Susan
Purposes
• To engage students by arousing their curiosity.
• To make learning a participatory--not passive--experience.
• To encourage critical (i.e., higher-order) thinking and problem-solving skills.
Taken from: ©2005 Allen Susan
Technique
• Stimulate discussion with probing questions.
• Draw as many students as possible into the discussion.
• Keep discussion focused.• Apply rigorous logic--and ethics.• Allow students to disagree with instructor. • Never embarrass, mock or denigrate a
student. • Periodically summarize what has and has
not been dealt with and/or resolved. Taken from: ©2005 Allen Susan
Cautions
• One of Socratic teaching’s strengths is its unpredictability. This can also present unexpected and occasionally uncomfortable moments.
• Discussions can digress drastically if not reined in by teacher/moderator.
• Teaching students to think for themselves is not always a welcome development.
Taken from: ©2005 Allen Susan
AND THEN…
Teacher
Teacher
Socrates
Plato Aristotle
Particular Philosophies of
Education• Idealism, the first systematic philosophy in
Western thought…Socrates and Plato, the Socratic method was dialogue
• Generic notions: Philosophers often pose abstract questions that are not easily answered but are concerned with the search for truth
• World of matter in constant state of flux, senses are not to be trusted, continually deceive us
• Truth is perfect and eternal, but not found in the world of matter, only through the mind
Allegory of the Cave
People lived life chained facing a blank wall of a cave.They could only see the moving shadows projected by the people and fire behind them.The people began to think this of was reality.However philosophers are people from the cave that understands that the shadows are being cast by other people in true form. Fascinated with the idea of “Perfect Form”
Idealism
• The only constant for Plato was mathematics, unchangeable and eternal
• Plato’s method of dialogue engaged in systematic, logical examination of all points of view…ultimately leading to agreement and a synthesis of ideas…this approach known as the dialectic.
Idealism
• Plato believed education helped move individuals collectively toward achieving the good.
• The State should be involved in education, moving brighter students toward abstract ideas and the less able toward collecting data…a gender free tracking system
• Those who were brighter should rule, others should assume roles to maintain the state
• The philosopher-king would lead the State to the ultimate good
Idealism
• Evil comes through ignorance, education will lead to the obliteration of evil
• More modern idealists: St. Augustine, Descartes, Kant, Hegel
• Goal of Education: interested in the search for truth through ideas…with truth comes responsibility to enlighten others, “education is transformation: Ideas can change lives.”
Idealism
• Role of the Teacher: to analyze and discuss ideas with students so that students can move to new levels of awareness so that they can ultimately be transformed, abstractions dealt with through the dialectic, but should aim to connect analysis with action
• Role of the teacher is to bring out what is already in student’s mind: reminiscence
Methods of Instruction
• Lecture from time to time, but primary method of teaching is the dialectic…discuss, analyze, synthesize, and apply what they have read to contemporary society
• Curriculum…importance of the study of the classics…many support a back to the basics approach to education
… ARISTOTLE
The Beginnings
Aristotle was born in 384 BCHis father was physician to the king of
Macedonia.When he was 7, he went to study at Plato’s
Academy.Began as a student, became a researcher
and finally a teacher.Was considered one of Plato’s best students.Plato died and willed the Academy to his
nephew.Aristotle left and founded the Lyceum.
Aristotle and Realism
Aristotle was a realist. Plato was an idealist.Central thread of idealism is the principle or
thesis of independence.– Reality, knowledge and value exist
independently of the mind. Realism rejects the Idealist notion that only ideas are real.
Believed form is within matter and change takes place in matter.
Believed a relationship exists between science and philosophy, and that the study of one leads to the study of the other.
Science and Philosophy
For instance, studying the material aspects of an acorn should lead to a deeper, more complex reflective thought of what an acorn is – of what it is in essence or form (Ozmon and Craver, 2008).
Aristotle’s views
Balance is the central concept to Aristotle’s views.
Saw universe as being in a balanced and orderly fashion.
Education was the means used to create a state of good citizens.
Man is a rational animal
Aristotle believed “man is a rational animal.”While animals express pleasure or pain with
their cries, man and only man is able to speak.
Ability to speak allows man to be able to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong, what is beneficial and what is harmful.
So, how are these skills and knowledge acquired?
Through education.
Education was Central
A fulfilled person was an educated person.
Education was essential for the self-realization of man.
The supreme good to which all men aspire is happiness.
Education and Learning
Aristotle believed education and learning are always about an object and should have content.
He believed a teacher instructs a learner about an object, about some knowledge, or some discipline.
Teaching and learning are always about disciplined inquiry into some aspect of reality.
A school should cultivate and develop each person’s rationality.
Knowledge and Belief
Knowledge is different from belief in that knowledge is the beginning of dialectic reasoning.
Aristotle believed people make mistakes when their judgment is not found on reason.
A person cannot make a mistake if they have knowledge of something.
Aristotle argued that man should know his own weaknesses so that he would be more cognizant of what he does to make mistakes. If he knows how he creates mistakes, he can take steps to make sure he does what it takes to prevent mistakes from happening.
Learning
Students learned about something by practicing it over and over again until they learned it.
This was done through the practice of habituation.
Idea of learning was “Practice first, theory afterwards,” or “Do the deed and ye shall know the doctrine.”
Learning, cont.
Work begun by nature and continued by habit or exercise was completed and crowned by instruction.
This had two functions:– To make action free by making it rational, and– To make possible an advance to original action.
Nature and habit make men slaves, gov’d by instincts and prescriptions.
Instruction, or revelation of the grounds of action, set men free.
Greeks thought of this as the realization of manhood – or the divine in man.
Who was to be educated?
Men of noble nature.Only citizens of the state were to be
educated.The role of women was to keep house and
have children. Believed women were “intellectually inferior” to men.
Marriage was simple an arrangement to procreate and rear offspring.
Women were regarded as a means and not as an end.
Slaves were not educated.
Men were divided into two classes
A Governing Class, andA Governed Class– Governing Class required education so
that it could govern the Governed Class.– Governed Class required just enough
education as would enable it to obey.Only by completing these duties would
each class find its usefulness and satisfaction, or balance.
The order of things
Man
Wife
Children
Slaves
Some reported thoughts on Aristotle:– “Perplexed with obscure terms and
useless questions,” John Locke.– Had “a naïve and childlike animistic view
of the world,” Jean Piaget.Aristotle died in 322 B.C.
Realism
• Aristotle was the leading proponent of realism, started the Lyceum, the first philosopher to develop a systematic theory of logic
• Generic Notions…only through studying the material world is it possible to clarify or develop ideas…matter is real independent of ideas
Aristotle’s Systematic Theory
of Logic• Begin with empirical research,
speculate or use dialectic reasoning, and culminate in a syllogism
• A syllogism is a system of logic that consists of three parts: (1) a major premise, (2) a minor premise, and (3) a conclusion
• For a syllogism to work, all the parts must be correct
Philosopher’s Concerns
• What is the good life?• What is the importance of reason?• Moderation in all things…balance in
leading one’s life: reason is the instrument to help individuals achieve balance and moderation
HOW ABOUT?
Definition: Learning is…
A change in behavior as a result of experience or practice.
The acquisition of knowledge.Knowledge gained through study.To gain knowledge of, or skill in, something through
study, teaching, instruction or experience.The process of gaining knowledge.A process by which behavior is changed, shaped or
controlled.The individual process of constructing
understanding based on experience from a wide range of sources.
Some First Principles
• Learning is something all humans do – Fetuses learn– Infants learn– Children learn– Adults learn
• Learning is not uniquely human – all living things learn
• Learning evolved as an adaptation for promoting survival
What is Learning?
• Learning is a process
• Learning is a product
Process of Learning
• Learning involves the individual– Brain– Body
• Learning involves others– Dyads– Groups– Organizations– Communities– Society
• Learning takes place somewhere– In physical environment– With things and tools
• Learning occurs over time
Products of Learning
• Learning is about ideas and concepts
• Learning is about behaviors and skills
• Learning is about attitudes and values
Definition: Theories are…
What is a Theory?– A theory provides a general explanation for
observations made over time.– A theory explains and predicts behavior.– A theory can never be established beyond all
doubt.– A theory may be modified.– Theories seldom have to be thrown out
completely if thoroughly tested but sometimes a theory may be widely accepted for a long time and later disproved.
So, how do people learn?
Easy answer: We don’t know for sure.
Difficult answer: We have multiple theories that provide glimpses of an answer from many different perspectives. These stem from psychologists, philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, linguists, neuroscientists…
Broad domains of theories
Behaviorism (Ch. 3)Constructivism (Ch. 5)Sociocultural (Ch. 6)Cognitivism (Ch. 7)
I believe that (the) educational process has two sides—one psychological and one sociological. .
. Profound differences in theory are never gratuitous or invented. They grow out of
conflicting elements in a genuine problem.-John Dewey, In Dworkin, M. (1959) Dewey on Education
How did we get to this point?
A bit of history…
Where can truth and knowledge be found?
Plato (428-347ish B.C.E.)
Truth is found within ourselves (rationalist)Ideas do not belong to the actual world:
They are too perfect (e.g., one’s conception of triangles or circles). They belong to the REAL world, in which ideas are eternal and flawless.
Knowledge innate—in place at birthKnowledge “drawn out” when teacher
asks questions; help students recall fundamental insights they possess (self reflection)
Learning passive process
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave
Aristotle (470–399 BCE)
Truth is found outside of ourselves using our senses (Empiricist)
Developed a scientific method of gathering data to study the world around him.
“There’s nothing in the intellect that wasn’t previously in the senses”
So what?
Why is an understanding of learning theory important for
educators?
References
Animation factory - www.animationfactory.com
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission website - http://www.cmhpf.org/kids/dictionary/ClassicalOrders.html
Greenblatt, Miriam & Peter Lemmo. Human Heritage: A World History. ©2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Headden, Susan, ed. The Ancient World. © 2004 U.S. News & World Report.
Microsoft Design Gallery Live - http://dgl.microsoft.com
Mythman - www.mythman.com
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