Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek

as taught at Louisiana State University

Fall 2013Richard Warga

Unit 20: Remaining Vocabulary

Elementary Greek

This class (someday, Month ##, 2013)AGE Unit 20: Particles, Adverbs and

Remaining Vocabulary• This Unit presents – question and answer words – particles – adverbs – defective verbs

Elementary GreekUnit 20: Questions and AnswersQuestions• ἆρα This word has no independent meaning: it simply turns a statement into

a yes/no question. Do not confuse it with the conjunction ἄρα “therefore” • πότε when?• ποῦ where? • πῶς how?• πότερον whether Answers• ναί yes

– μάλιστα definitely yes• οὐ no

Elementary Greek

Unit 20: Particles• Most languages do not write out the delicate nuances of speech,

but Greek has a tradition of recording the Greek voice with great precision (as shown by its commitment to spelling words just as speakers pronounced them).

• This tradition means that written Greek often includes a number of small words that speakers used in colorful ways to convey a certain tone. These words do not necessarily have a particular vocabulary meaning, but they flavor and spice the material, often in quite revealing ways.

• Such words might or might not serve a grammatical purpose, so they are not technically a part of speech. The traditional term for words used this way is “particle.”

Elementary GreekUnit 20: Particles• αὖ “on the other hand…” • γε intensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it • δή literally “now!” but more generally emphatic • ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • καίτοι marks a transition, restatement or conclusion • μέντοι postpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies); “however”

(in a transition) • μήν follows a particle that it emphasizes • νῦν, νυνί ”now” “as it is now…” • οὐκοῦν sets up an expectation to agree • πέρ enclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and

conjunctions

Elementary Greek

From Unit 14: Greek Adverbs• Adverbs generally provide additional information about

the verbal action. • This is a very broad category, so in practice adverbs cover

nearly everything not covered in the other categories of words (verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, preposition, conjunction).

• This unit covers only adverbs that are formed from adjectives. Unit 20 will cover the remaining adverbs.

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Adverbs• ἀεί always• ἄνω up• ἄρτι now • αὖθις again• αὐτίκα immediately

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Adverbs• εἶτα then, next• ἐκεῖ there • ἔνθα there• ἐνταῦθα here, there• ἔπειτα then, next • ἔτι still• εὖ well • εὐθύς immediately

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Adverbs• ἤδη already • μάλα very, very much• μάλιστα most, most of all, certainly• μᾶλλον more, rather• οὐκέτι no longer

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Adverbs• πάλιν back, backwards • πάντοτε always, at all times • πλέον more, rather• πολλάκις often • ποτε sometime • που somewhere • πρίν before, until; formerly• τότε then

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Some adverbs that also function like prepositions

• ἅμα together with (+dat.)• ἄνευ without, except, besides (+gen.)• ἄχρι(ς) until (+gen.)• ἕνεκα because of (+gen.) • ἔξω outside of (+gen.) • μεταξύ between (+gen.) • μέχρι as far as (+ gen.), until • ὁπίσω behind, after (+gen.)• πλήν except (+gen.) • χωρίς separately, without (+gen.)

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical• ἀεί always• ἅμα at the same time, together with • ἄνευ without, except, besides (+gen.)• ἄνω up• ἆρα particle introducing a question

– do not confuse with the conjunction ἄρα “therefore”• αὖ “on the other hand…” αὖθις again• αὐτίκα immediately• γε intensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it • δή literally “now!” but more generally emphatic

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical• εἶτα then, next• ἐκεῖ there • ἕνεκα because of (+gen.)• ἔνθα there• ἐνταῦθα here, there• ἔξω outside; except• ἔπειτα then, next • ἔτι still• εὖ well

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical• ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • ἤδη already • καίτοι marks a transition, restatement or conclusion • μάλα very, very much• μάλιστα most, most of all, “definitely yes” • μᾶλλον more, rather• μέντοι postpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies);

“however” (in a transition) • μεταξύ between• μέχρι as far as (+ gen.), until • μήν follows a particle that it emphasizes

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical• ναί yes • νῦν, νυνί ”now” “as it is now…” • ὅπου where • ὅπως how, as, so that• οὐκέτι no longer• οὐκοῦν sets up an expectation to agree

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical• πάλιν back, backwards • πέρ enclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and

conjunctions • πλέον more, rather• πλήν except (+gen.) • πολλάκις often • ποτε at some time, once; πότε when?• πότερον whether• που somewhere; ποῦ where? • τότε then

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀμήν amen• ἄρτι now • ἄχρι(ς) until (+gen.)• ἐκεῖ there • ἔξω outside; except• ἔτι still• εὐθύς immediately • ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows • ἤδη already

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἰδού Look! • μᾶλλον more, rather• ὁπίσω behind, after (+gen.)• ὅπου wherever• οὐαί “How horrible it will be!” • οὐκέτι no longer

Elementary Greek

Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • πάλιν back, backwards • πάντοτε always, at all times • πλήν except (+gen.) • ποῦ where? • πῶς how?• τότε then• χωρίς separately, without (+gen.)

Elementary Greek• Although advanced vocabulary lists and lexica give six

principal parts for Greek verbs, you are responsible for only the first three. For most reading purposes at the beginning and intermediate levels, these three are sufficient.

• Some verbs lack even these three principal parts. Such verbs are called “defective.”

• The following slides list the “defective” verbs from your vocabulary lists and thus complete your vocabulary.

Elementary Greek

• Next class (someday, Month ##, 2013)– Unit 20 Biblical reading. – Unit 20 Classical reading. – Be able to: • read the sentences aloud • parse each verb, noun and pronoun • translate the sentences into English.

Elementary Greek

Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical• -----, βιώσομαι, ἐβίων live• δεῖ it is necessary • διαφέρει it makes a difference • δοκεῖ it seems (best) to (+ dat.)• εἶμι go

– For conjugation of this verb, see following slides. • -----, ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask

Elementary Greek• εἶμι • εἶ imperative: ἴθι• εἶσι

infinitive: ἰέναι

• ἴμεν• ἴτε • ἴασι

participle: ἰών ἰοῦσα ἰόν

Building a Greek VerbThe Present Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 175)

This verb is formed from the stem ἰ-/εἰ-. As often with -μι verbs, the singular shows the long vowel sound and the plural has the short vowel sound. Although a present tense, it formally means “will go” but it has a complex relationship with the verb ἔρχομαι (see Unit 23).

Elementary Greek• ᾖα or ᾔειν • ᾔεισθα or ᾔεις • ᾔειν or ᾔει

• ᾖμεν • ᾖτε • ᾖσαν or ᾔεσαν

Building a Greek VerbThe Imperfect Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 166)

This verb is formed from the stem εἰ-.

It functions as the imperfect of the verb ἔρχομαι (see Unit 23).

Elementary Greek

Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical• ἥκω, ἥξω have arrived, be present

– This verb has a perfect active stem and perfect meaning, but it conjugates just as a regular –ω verb.

• κεῖμαι lie – This verb serves as the perfect passive of τίθημι in the sense of

meaning to “have been put” somewhere. • οἴομαι, οἶμαι parenthetical “I think” • πάρεστι it depends on (+ dat.)• συμφέρει it is useful • χρή it is necessary

Elementary Greek

Unit 23 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • ἀσπάζομαι, -----, ἠσπασάμην greet • -----, ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask • κάθημαι sit • λογίζομαι, -----, ἐλογισάμην calculate • ὀφείλω owe

Elementary Greek

Unit 24 conjunctions for complex sentences • ἵνα where; purpose: so that, in order that • μέχρι until• ὅπου where, wherever • ὅπως how; purpose: so that, in order that • πρίν before, until; formerly • ὥστε result: that