ANATOMY

Unit 1 Notes:

Organ Systems

& Living

Organization

(1) Living Organization

• All living things are made of cells and atoms/molecules.

• Levels of Organization:

– Atoms and Molecules

– Organelles and Cells

– Tissues

– Organs

– Organ Systems

– Organism

(2) Atoms, Molecules & Reactions

• The basis of all living things is atoms.

• All living things contain at least the following biological elements:C H O N P S

• All cellular processes are driven by energy exchange and the movement and reacting of different molecules.

(3) Homeostasis

• Involuntary processes and reactions are in place to maintain Homeostasis within cells.

• Homeostasis = Internal stability / balance.

• Examples:

– Shivering when cold.

– Production of red blood cells when oxygen drops.

– Buffering of acidic foods using bicarbonate.

(4) Nervous System

• Function:

– Controls all other organ systems.

– Allows you to respond to changes/stimuli.

– Allows you to maintain homeostasis.

• Made Up Of:

– Brain

– Spinal Cord

– Nerves

– Neurons

(5) Lymphatic System

• (A.K.A. The Immune System)

• Function:

– Protect body against harmful infectious agents + compounds.

• Made Up Of:

– White Blood Cells

– Antibodies and Antigens

– Lymph Vessels, Nodes, and Fluid

(6) Cardiovascular System

• Function:

– Work with the respiratory system to circulate gases.

– Pump nutrients throughout the body to working tissues.

• Made Up Of:

– Heart

– Blood Vessels

– Blood + Blood Cells

(7) Respiratory System

• Function:

– Work with the cardiovascular system to circulate gases.

– Bring oxygen into body + expel carbon dioxide.

• Made Up Of:

– Nasal Cavity

– Trachea + Bronchioles

– Lungs

– Diaphragm

(8) Skeletal System

• Function:

– Provide body support and mobility.

– Protect organs.

– Store minerals and growth hormones.

• Made Up Of:

– Bones

– Joints

– Cartilage

(9) Muscular System

• Function:

– Allow for body mobility by working with skeletal system.

– Produce body heat.

– Allow for organ function and movement.

• Made Up Of:

– Muscle

– Ligaments + Tendons

(10) Digestive System

• Function:

– Break food into smaller pieces.

– Metabolize biomolecules within food.

– Absorb useful nutrients + expel waste.

• Made Up Of:

– Oral Cavity + Esophagus

– Stomach

– Small + Large Intestine

– Rectum + Anus

(11) Excretory System• (A.K.A. The Urinary System)

• Function:– Filter Blood.

– Remove excessive / harmful compounds within blood.

• Made Up Of:– Kidneys

– Ureters

– Bladder

– Urethra

(12) Reproductive System

• Function:

– Pass genes on to produced offspring.

• Made Up Of:

– Male Sperm, Testes, Penis

– Female Eggs, Ovaries + Uterus, Vagina

(13) Endocrine System

• Function:

– Produce hormones.

– Control and initiate the progress of growth, development, organ function, and reproduction.

• Made Up Of:

– Glands

– Hormones

(14) Integumentary System

• Function:

– Protect internal organs.

– Allow for increased manipulation.

– Increase heat barrier.

– Produce vitamins.

• Made Up Of:

– Skin

– Nails

– Hair