anatomy terminology. body regions axial region (down midline of body) appendicular region (limbs)
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy Terminology
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Body Regions
Axial Region (down midline of body) Appendicular Region (limbs)
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)– a) Head– b) Neck– c) Trunk (has 3 parts)
1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.– Pectoral Region (chest)– Costal ( rib) margin
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
Lumbar region (low back)• Gluteal region (buttocks)
3) Pelvis (area that would be covered by brief underwear) Contains urinary and reproductive organs
Inguinal region (Groin)
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
2. Appendicular Region (limbs) a) Upper Limbs
1) Axilla (armpit)2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow
Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn)3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!4) Wrist5) Hand: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges;
Pollicis: ThumbPalmar surface: Palm
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
2. Appendicular Region (limbs) b) Lower Limbs
1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!2) Leg (knee to ankle).
Calf (back of the leg)Popliteal region (behind knee)Genu: the knee itself
3) Ankle4) Foot: 5 digits
Hallux: big toePlantar surface: sole of foot
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.8a
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.8b
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Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4a
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Figure 1.4b
Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)
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Anatomical Position
The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and palms facing forward.
Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly.
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Anatomical Position
Figure 1.3
Anatomical PositionThe person is standing up straightThe palms face anteriorlyThe knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent)The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly
Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?
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Positional Terms
These are terms used to describe the position of certain structures on the body.
Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that these words are usually used in relating the position of one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”.
Incorrect: the nose is medial Correct: the nose is medial to the ears
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Positional Terms
Anterior (Ventral)Posterior (Dorsal)
SuperiorInferior
MedialLateral
SuperficialDeep
ProximalDistal
SupineProne
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Positional Terms
Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles)
Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body Superior: towards the head Inferior: towards the feet Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body Lateral: away from midline Varus: inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint. Valgus: outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or
joint.
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Positional Terms
Superficial: Toward the external environment Deep: Towards the inner body Proximal: towards the heart Distal: away from the heart Supine: Laying on one’s back Prone: Laying on one’s stomach
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Positional Terms
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Positional Terms
(Skip)
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Positional Terms
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Body Planes
• Frontal (Coronal)• Sagittal• Transverse
Sagittal plane
Para-Sagittal plane
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Body Planes and Sections• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
• Sagittal plane– Divides right from left side of body or organ
• Midsagittal (median) plane– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides • Parasagittal plane
– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
• Transverse plane • Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts
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Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.5
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Banana Sectioned into Planes
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
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Varus - ValgusGenu = Knee
Genu Valgum Genu Varus
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Varus - Valgus• Coxa = hip
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Hallux Abducto-Valgus
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Movement Terms
Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint
Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position
Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
In the foot, there are special terms used instead of flexion/extension:
Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints.
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward. When you stand on your toes, you are plantarflexing your ankle joints.
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Flexion and Extension
Flexion: to decrease the angle of a jointExtension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical positionHyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
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Flexion and Extension
Flexion: to decrease the angle of a jointExtension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical positionHyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
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Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
ExtensionHyperextension
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Movement Terms
Internal Rotation (or medial rotation): to rotate in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
External Rotation (or Lateral Rotation): to rotate in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body.
These two terms are usually used to describe motions of the shoulder or hips.
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Internal Rotation External Rotation
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Movement Terms
Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body
Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body
Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle
Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”
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Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
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Movement Terms
Inversion: to rotate the palms or soles in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.
Eversion: to rotate the palms or soles in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
You invert and evert your hands, but the bones of the ankle don’t move in a single plane. Rather, they move in three planes, so that motion is more properly called supination and pronation.
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Movements of the Hand or Foot Only
Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes.
Supination (tri-plane movement)– Inversion– Adduction– Dorsiflexion (or Flexion in hands)
Pronation (tri-plane movement)– Eversion– Abduction– Plantarflexion (or Extension in hands)
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Need more explanation?
The hands are able to invert and evert. To invert, start in anatomical position, and move the palms so they face each other. To evert, move the palms so the backs of the hands face each other. These movements occur in one plane only....the frontal plane.
The hands are also able to pronate and supinate. To supinate is like gathering a scoopful of snow from a table in front of you and cupping the snow in your hand to make a snowball. Another example is to pretend there is a deck of cards, face down, on the table in front of you, and you reach out, grab a card and pull it towards you while flipping it so you can see the face of the card. To pronate, take that imaginary card in the palm of your hand and put it back, face down, on the table. This scooping motion occurs in three planes.
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Need more explanation?
People who do not understand biomechanics (including some doctors and the authors of many anatomy books!) will state that the feet can pronate/supinate and invert/evert, and that "pronation/supination" means the same thing as "inversion/eversion" and that they can be used interchangeably. That is incorrect.
The feet can pronate/supinate, but they cannot invert/evert without tearing a ligament because the subtalar joint is not shaped to strictly invert/evert in a single plane. When you try to invert/evert the foot, you will actually be moving the foot in three planes at the same time, more like a scooping motion, like drawing a semi-circle in the air with your foot. Therefore, the correct term for this motion of the foot is pronation/supination.
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Need more explanation?
If you examine this scooping movement of pronation/supination carefully, you will see that this movement occurs in three planes, whereas inversion/eversion is movement in one plane only:
Pronation Supination
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Pronation and Supination
PronationSupination
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Gliding Motion
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Common Confusion of POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS
Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in
Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and eversion.
Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back. Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like
holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.
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Movement Terms
Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly, such as the shoulders or jaw
Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly
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Movement Terms
Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly, such as shoulders or jaw.
Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly
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Movement Terms
Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
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Range Of Motion
Range Of Motion (Rom) – The normal range of movement of any body joint.
Range of motion also refers to exercises designed to maintain this range and prevent contractures.
Active Range Of Motion– is the range through which a joint can move
(typically angular, in one degree of freedom), without assistance or resistance.
Passive ROM– is the range through which a joint can be moved
by an external force (e.g., applied by a therapist).
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Regional Terminology
Thorax– Pectoral Region– Costal = rib
Abdomen Pelvis
– Inguinal (Groin)
Lumbar region Gluteal region Axilla (armpit)
Upper Extremity Arm (Brachium)
Cubital fossa Forearm Hand
Palmar surface of hand
Lower Extremity Thigh Leg (Calf in back)
Popliteal region (behind knee)
Foot Plantar surface of foot
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Joint Abbreviations
MPJ: Metacarpal (or metatarsal) phalangeal joint
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Joint Abbreviations
IPJ: Interphalangeal joint– DIPJ is the distal IPJ– PIPJ is the proximal IPJ
NOTE: There is only one joint in the thumb, so it is just called the IPJ
PIPJ
IPJ
DIPJ
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Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view)
X-ray beam passes from anterior to posterior.
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Anterior-Posterior X-ray (AP view)
X-ray beam passes from anterior to posterior.
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Lateral X-ray (Lat view)
X-ray beam passes from medial to lateral
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Lateral X-ray (Lat view)
X-ray beam passes from medial to lateral
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Oblique X-ray
Beam enters at 45° angle; good for identifying fractures.