ANATOMY 2010 1.2 Topic One

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of the body Its structure (what its made up of) Its function (how it all works)

Knowledge of human anatomy allows us to have a better understanding of how our body works at rest and during exercise and allows us to apply this knowledge to our sporting interests.

Body Systems

There are many different systems in your body e.g. Digestive system or reproductive system.

During this topic we will look at 5 of them Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system

The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

Is the foundation on which the body structured.

The skeleton is made up from 206 individual bones that when put together create our shape and form the base for which other tissues, organs and muscles attach to.

Functions of BonesFunction Definition Example

Support Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles the soft organs

Spine supports the head and trunk

Protection Provides protection for the vital organs in the body

Cranium protects the brain, ribs support lungs and heart

Movement Skeletal muscles,

which are attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts

Bones move because of joints and musclese.g. Elbow joint is moved by biceps and triceps

Storage Bone serves as a reservoir for minerals

Calcium and potassium

Supply The bulk of blood cell formation occurs within the bone marrow.

Red and white blood cells are formed in the bones.

Bone Classifications

Bones come in many shapes and sizes. The unique shape of each bone allows it to perform its different function.

Bones are classified by their shape as follows; Long Short Flat Irregular

Long Bones

Are longer than the are wide e.g. Humerus, femur. They provide movement

Short Bones Are small cube shaped bones e.g. Carpals and

Tarsals. Allows small and fine movements Flat Bones

Are thin, flat and sometimes curved bones e.g. Bones in the cranium. They provide protection.

Irregular Bones Are bones that fit into none of the other

categories are considered irregular e.g. Vertebrae or pelvis. Allows for fine movement.

The Skeleton The word skeleton comes from a Greek

word meaning ‘dried up body’ or ‘mummy’ The skeleton is made up of 206 bones and

can be divided into two skeletons: The Axial Skeleton

This is the bones that form the central column of the body e.g cranium, vertebral column and rib cage

The Appendicular Skeleton This is the bones of the upper and lower limbs

and the shoulder and hip girdles the attach limbs to the axial skeleton

The Anatomical Position

It is important that when discussing parts of the body; movement that happens; positioning of internal organs, bones and muscles that you apply the standardized anatomical position.

This means that there is a standard way of describing where one body part is in relation another regardless of what position the body is in.

4 Key Features of the Anatomical Position Palms are facing forward Thumbs point away from the body Standing up straight Feet together

Terms of Reference

When standing in the anatomical position you can refer to body parts, bones or organs in relation to each other by using the different terms of reference.

Usually we would say that ‘the ears are located of each side of the head to the right and left of the nose’. Using anatomical terms of reference it would translate to ‘the ears are lateral to the nose’

Complete Terms of Reference worksheet

Joints

Joints and Movement Where two bones meet they form a Joint Movement can only happen where there is

a joint. The amount of movement that happens at a joint is determined by what type of joint it is.

There are 3 types of joints; Fibrous – immoveable, provide protection e.g.

Skull and Pelvis Cartilaginous – slightly moveable, shock

absorption e.g. Vertebrae, ribs Synovial – freely moveable, provides support

and stability e.g. Shoulder, knee

Two key types of synovial joints are the HINGE joint and the BALL AND SOCKET joint.

Hinge joints allow for movement in one direction

Ball and Socket joints allow for movement in many directions

Movements of Synovial Joints Synovial joints are the freely

moveable joints we are only focusing on two of them – hinge and ball and socket.

The movements that occur at these joints depends on the type of joint it is.

Movement Definition ExampleFlexion Is a bending action

that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the bones involved closer together.

Arm - Bending at the elbowHip – raising the thigh towards the trunkKnee – bending at the kneeShoulder – moving the arm forward

Extension Is a straightening action that increases the angle of the joint.

Arm – straightening the elbowHip – moving the leg backward (or lowering the thigh)Knee – straightening the kneeShoulder – moving the arm backward

Abduction Moving a limb or part of a limb away from the midline of the body

Moving arms and legs out wards when you do a star jump

Adduction Moving a limb or part of a limb towards the midline of the body

Bring arms and legs back together when doing a star jump

Supination Movement of the hand into a palm up position

Remember supination as in a soup bowl.

Pronation Movement of the hand into a palm down position

The opposite of supination

Dorsiflexion Pulling the toes up towards the tibia

Toes come up like a dorsal fin on a dolphin

Plantarflexion Pointing toes downwards

Planting your foot on the accelerator

Summary of Notes so far Skeleton consists of 206 bones Skeleton has 5 functions:

Protection Storage Supply Support Movement

When describing body parts we always refer to them how they are when in the Anatomical Position

Movement can only happen where there is a JOINT The type of joint determines what kind of movement happens Two key synovial joints are the HINGE and the BALL AND

SOCKET. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation,

Supination, Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion are all ways of describing the movement that is taking place at a joint.

The Muscular System

Functions of the Muscular System Provide movement Circulation of Blood Posture and support Heat production

Muscle Categories

Voluntary Muscles Are muscles we have control over and

choose when to use e.g. Biceps or Quadriceps

Involuntary Muscles Are muscles that we do not have control

over and do not decide when to use them e.g. heart

Types of Muscles

There are 3 types of muscles in your body Smooth Muscle – Involuntary

Found in arteries, intestines and organs. The contractions of these muscle fibres are slow and sustained.

Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary Only occurs in the Heart

Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary Attached directly to the bone via tendons Contraction and relaxion Works in pairs Muscle fibres

Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles make up over 1/3 of your body’s mass – over 650 muscles

Muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons

Muscles work in pairs to produce movement with one muscle contracting and one muscle relaxing.

Muscles can only pull – they can’t push. The contracting muscle is the agonist or

prime mover, the relaxing muscle is the antagonist.

Skeletal muscles lie over joints in the body. When a muscle contracts (shortens) the bones that the muscle are attached to are pulled in the direction of the contraction.

In the picture the biceps muscle iscontracting (agonist). This musclelies over the elbow joint. When the bicep contracts it shortens and pullsthe bones in the lower arm up in the same direction, causing flexion of the arm at the elbow

Muscle structure

Muscle actionsMuscle Main Action(s)

Deltiod Shoulder abduction, flexion and extension

Pectorals Shoulder adduction and flexion

Latissimus dorsi Shoulder adduction and extension

Triceps Elbow extension

Biceps Elbow flexion

Abdominals Trunk flexion and rotation

Gluteals Hip abduction and extension

Hamstring Knee flexion and hip extension

Quadriceps Knee extension and hip flexion

The Nervous System

What does the Nervous System do? The nervous system is the master

controlling and communicating system in your body

It is responsible for all behaviour, every thought, action and emotion.

Cells of the nervous system communicate by means of electrical signals which are rapid and specific and create a response.

Functions of the Nervous System Sensory Input – your body has

millions of sensory receptors that monitor change both in and outside of the body and collect information.

Integration – it processes and interprets all of the information and makes decisions about what to do about it.

Motor Output – creates a response in either muscles or organs in response to changes

Nervous System in Action

When you are driving in your car and see a red light (sensory input), your nervous system integrates this information (red light means ‘stop’) and sends a message to the muscles in your leg and foot to contract and relax to move the foot onto the brake (motor output).