Anatomy & Physiology

of the human body

What is Anatomy?Anatomy is defined as the study of… Structures

Structure refers to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the components of the human body.

The word anatomy comes from 2 words:

Ana which means “up or apart”Tomos which means “to cut”

What do we do in this class?1.Study the body form head to toe, from cell to

the entire organism.2. Understand the terminology used in the

study of the body.3.Understand the function of the organs and

organs systems of the body.

How do we study the body?1.We dissect!2.We memorize terms and functions.

Who should take Anatomy and Physiology?

Doctors NursesScience TeachersAthletes

Trainers

Parents

DancersActors &Actresse

sEtc. etc. etc…….

Everyone could benefit from taking A & P. What do we need to know to begin to study A & P?

Underlying theme for the year:

F3 -Form Follows FunctionEvery one of the organs of the human body has a specific function and the form of that organ is DIRECTLY tied to the function it provides.

Why Study the body as a whole?The functions whole body contributes to a state called:

Homeostasis

Balance within a system

We must stay in Homeostasis to stay alive, so what functions must stay Homeostatic?(the process of staying in homeostasis)

Maintain Boundaries -

Keep the outside “stuff” outside and inside “stuff” inside.Movement - Whether it be the entire body or molecules through diffusion

Responding -

Respond to outside or inside stimuli

Digestion -

Take in and breakdown food.

Metabolism -

Use the food to get energy

Excretion -

Get rid of waste materials.

Reproduce -

Create viable offspring

Growth -

Increase number of cells/ size or organism

DORSAL/POSTERIOR* – toward the spinal/back

SUPERIOR– toward the front/head,

VENTRAL/ANTERIOR *– toward the belly

INFERIOR – toward the tail,

also called CRANIAL or CEPHALIC

also called CAUDAL

Body Directions and Terms!

* Anterior and Posterior are different in Humans than 4 legged animals

To make it easier to study A & P, We must know our way around the body

A man’s feet are more Inferior than…

his hips

A man’s head is more SUPERIOR than…

his shoulders

These terms are Relational:

There is no “place” called the inferior of the body

Other body directions:

LateralMedial

MEDIAL is towards the middle or centerline

LATERAL is toward the side.

ie:

The shoulder is lateral to the spine, or the spine is medial to the shoulder

Intermediate

is in the center of the body

Proximal – close to the body trunk, or where the limb is attached.

Proximal

Distal – farther from the body trunk, or where the limb terminates

Distal

Superficial – closer to the surface

Deep – Away from the surface

There are terms for the regions of the body also. These will be our first quiz.

Anterior body terms:

The use of these terms will help you locate the area of the body that is being described in the text, and or discussion. Also, knowledge of these terms will assist in the names and places of bones and muscles of the body.

These are in your book(28 of them)

Posterior Body Regions ( 19 of them – some are duplicates )

Many of the terms on this slide are a continuation of the terms of the anterior region

Along with the regions, there are five major Cavities of the human body:These cavities are:

Cranial Cavity - house the brain

Spinal Cavity – house the spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity – house the organs of the chest

Abdominal Cavity – house the “gut” organs

Pelvic Cavity – house the reproductive and urinary organs

There are also “imaginary” planes in the body

Medial planeDivides the body into two equal halves along the midline of the body.

Frontal PlaneDivides the body into a front and back half along the lateral line of the body.

Transverse PlaneDivides the body into a superior and inferior half along a horizontal line.

Levels of organizationThe body is organized in a very specific way. From the most

basic to the most complex:

AtomsMoleculesCellsTissuesOrgansOrgan SystemOrganism

All of these are combinations of the previous level or organization

Major Body SystemsIntegumentary system

The entire external covering of the body . Acts as a barrier to the outside world for the body

Skeletal SystemMajor protection to the body organs. It gives a framework for the body’s muscles. It is the source of blood in adult humans

Muscular SystemThree different types of muscles, Skeletal muscles allow movement within the environment and provide heat. Smooth muscles cover and protect organs. Cardiac muscles form the heart.

Nervous SystemTwo parts, Central and Peripheral carry signals to and from the brain to the body. Initiate movements within the body. Also control the glands and other systems

Endocrine SystemHormone secreting glands with regulate processes within the body.

Cardiovascular SystemMade of the Heart and the blood vessels (Veins and Arteries). This system acts as a “conveyor belt” for the body. It moves all materials around the other systems.

Lymphatic SystemThis system is used to cleans the body of debris outside the other systems and organs. It also houses the white blood cells.

Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with fresh Oxygen and carries away Carbon Dioxide and other wastes.

Review for Intro and Body terms Quiz:Identify the following terms:

1. 29 Anterior body regions 2. 10 Posterior body regions3. Superior (cephalic, cranial) 4. Inferior (caudal)5. Anterior (ventral) 6. Posterior (dorsal)7. Medial 8. Lateral9. Intermediate 10. Proximal11. Distal12. Superficial13. Deep 14. Median plane15. Frontal plane 16. Transverse plane17. Cranial cavity 18. Thoracic cavity19. Spinal cavity20 Abdominal cavity21. Pelvic cavityKnow about the following:

1. The levels of organization from atom to organism.2. What is the term “Anatomy”3. Know what is involved in the eleven (11) different major

body systems4. What is homeostasis and how does it work?5. What are, and describe the Eight (8) necessary life

functions starting with Maintaining Boundaries?

Digestive SystemTake in, and breaks down the food that the body needs. It is also responsible for removing feces that is indigestible by the body.

Urinary SystemEliminates Nitrogen wastes (Uric acids) from the body and regulates the blood stream.

Reproductive SystemOverall function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. Also creation of hormones that affect the other organs of the body in various ways.