anatomy & physiology laboratory manualanatomy and physiology laboratory 1 chapter 1 the...

Anatomy & PhysiologyLaboratory Manual

Second Edition

Main Version

Christine M. EckelCarroll College

Kyla Turpin RossGeorgia State University

Theresa Stouter BidleHagerstown Community College

9781259139437_FM_MAIN_i-xxiv_Print.indd 1 4/16/15 9:49 AM

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL: MAIN VERSION, SECOND EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous edition © 2014. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 RMN/RMN 10 9 8 7 6 5

ISBN 978-1-259-13943-7MHID 1-259-13943-3

Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L. StrandVice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Marty LangeVice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether DavidManaging Director: Michael HackettDirector of Digital Content: Michael G Koot, PhDBrand Manager: Amy ReedDirector, Product Development: Rose KoosProduct Developer: Donna NemmersMarketing Manager: Jessica CannavoDigital Product Analyst: Jake TheobaldDirector, Content Design & Delivery: Linda AvenariusProgram Manager: Angela R. FitzPatrickContent Project Managers: April R. Southwood/Christina NelsonBuyer: Sandy LudovissyDesign: David HashContent Licensing Specialist: Carrie BurgerCover Image: wheelchair athlete © David MoyerCompositor: MPS North America LLCPrinter: R. R. Donnelley

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

www.mhhe.com


brief contentsPART I IntroductIon to

thE AnAtoMy And PhySIoLogy L AborAtory

Chapter 1The Laboratory Environment 1

Chapter 2Orientation to the Human Body 27

Chapter 3The Microscope 43

PART I I orgAnIzAtIon of thE huMAn body

Chapter 4Cell Structure and Membrane Transport 57

Chapter 5Histology 91

PART I I I SuPPort And body MovEMEnt

Chapter 6Integument 123

Chapter 7The Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function 143

Chapter 8The Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton 161

Chapter 9The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton 195

Chapter 10Articulations 229

Chapter 11The Muscular System: Muscle Structure and Function 247

Chapter 12The Muscular System: Axial Muscles 283

Chapter 13The Muscular System: Appendicular Muscles 311

PART IV coMMunIcAtIon And controL

Chapter 14Nervous Tissues 345

Chapter 15The Brain and Cranial Nerves 371

Chapter 16The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes 419

Chapter 17The Autonomic Nervous System 443

Chapter 18General and Special Senses 459

Chapter 19The Endocrine System 501

PART V MAIntEnAncE And rEguL AtIon

Chapter 20The Cardiovascular System: Blood 523

Chapter 21The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 545

Chapter 22The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation 579

Chapter 23The Lymphatic System and Immunity 627

Chapter 24The Respiratory System 651

Chapter 25The Urinary System 685

Chapter 26The Digestive System 715

PART VI rEProductIon

Chapter 27The Reproductive System and Early Development 751

iii


CHRISTINE MARIE ECkEL received her B.A. in integrative biology and M.A. in human biodynamics from the University of California, Berkeley, and her Ph.D. in neurobiology and anatomy at the University of Utah School of Medicine. Christine is associate professor of biology at Carroll College in her hometown of Helena, Montana, where she teaches the two-semester anatomy and physiology course for pre-nursing and pre-health science majors, and an advanced dissection course for premedical students. She also serves as the faculty advisor for pre-physical therapy and pre-physician assistant students. Prior to her position at Carroll College, Christine was associate professor and course director for medical gross anatomy and medical microanatomy at West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine (WVSOM). In the 14 years prior to her position at WVSOM, Christine taught undergraduate human anatomy and human physiology courses at Salt Lake Community College and the University of California, Berkeley. She earned outstanding teaching awards at all three of these institutions.

Christine is the author of Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual, second edition (McGraw-Hill Education). In addition, her cadaver dissections and photographs are featured in several textbooks, including this laboratory manual.

Christine served as the Western Regional Director for the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) for two terms. She has also served on several committees for both HAPS and the American Association of Anatomists (AAA). Her research is in the field of educational outcomes, and she serves as a peer reviewer for the journals Anatomical Sciences Education and Medical Education.

With over 25 years of experience engaging with students at all levels, including community college students, medical students, and surgical residents, Christine has a unique appreciation for the learning challenges experienced by students at each level. Christine's passions for anatomy and physiology, teaching, dissection, and photography are evident throughout the pages of this laboratory manual. In her spare time, Christine loves to mountain bike, skate ski, and explore the great Montana outdoorsÐa lways with her camera in hand.

kyLA TURPIN ROSS received her undergraduate degree from Louisiana State University in biological and agricultural engineering and her Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University. Kyla then served as a postdoctoral fellow in the Fellowships in Research and Science Teaching (FIRST) program at Emory University, an NIH-funded program that provides training in both research and teaching. Kyla is now senior academic professional at Georgia State University (GSU), where she teaches and manages the introductory and graduate human anatomy and physiology courses. Kyla has extensive experience developing lecture and laboratory curricula, and incorporates active learning in the classroom as a method to reinforce difficult physiological concepts. In addition, Kyla plays an active role in mentoring GSU faculty and teaching assistants and planning and hosting an annual teaching assistant workshop. She is involved in STEM initiatives at GSU, and serves as the faculty advisor for the Department of Biology Tutorial Center. She has served as a reviewer for numerous publications, and has authored a custom laboratory manual for GSU' s human anatomy and physiology course. She is active in several committees within the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS). In addition to academic endeavors, Kyla serves on the Decatur Family YMCA board of directors.

TERRI STOUTER BIDLE received her undergraduate degree from Rutgers University and her M.S. degree in biomedical science from Hood College in Maryland, and has completed additional graduate coursework in genetics at the National Institutes of Health. She is a professor at Hagerstown Community College where she teaches anatomy and physiology and genetics to pre-allied health students. Before joining the Hagerstown faculty in 1990, Terri was coordinator of the Science Learning Center, where she developed study materials and a tutoring program for students enrolled in science classes. She has been a developmental reviewer, and has written supplemental materials for both textbooks and laboratory manuals. Terri is a coauthor of Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach, second edition.

With love and thanks to my entire family, including the dogs.

With love and thanks

about the author

To my husband Jim, daughter Ella, and son

Cameron: I treasure your constant love and

unending support.

To my husband Jim,

With love and thanks to my husband Jay

and my daughter Stephanie for their continued support.

With love and thanks

iv


contentsPreface xiv

PArt I IntroductIon to thE AnAtoMy And PhySIoLogy L AborAtory 1

Chapter 1The Laboratory Environment 1GROSS ANATOMy 4

The Scientific Process of Discovery 4ExErCiSE 1.1 The ScienTific MeThod 6

ExErCiSE 1.2 PreSenTing daTa 7

Measurement in Science 8ExErCiSE 1.3 UniTS of MeaSUreMenT 10

Laboratory Equipment 10ExErCiSE 1.4 idenTificaTion of coMMon diSSecTion inSTrUMenTS 11

ExErCiSE 1.5 ProPer diSPoSal of laboraTory WaSTe 15

Dissection Techniques 15ExErCiSE 1.6 Placing a ScalPel blade on a ScalPel blade handle 16

ExErCiSE 1.7 diSSecTing WiTh a ScalPel 19

ExErCiSE 1.8 diSSecTing WiTh SciSSorS 20

ExErCiSE 1.9 blUnT diSSecTion TechniqUeS 22

Chapter 2Orientation to the Human Body 27GROSS ANATOMy 30

Anatomic Terminology and the Anatomic Position 30

Anatomic Planes and Sections 30ExErCiSE 2.1 anaToMic PlaneS and SecTionS 31

Directional Terms 33ExErCiSE 2.2 direcTional TerMS 33

regional Terms 34ExErCiSE 2.3 regional TerMS 35

Body Cavities and Membranes 36ExErCiSE 2.4 body caviTieS 36

Abdominopelvic regions and Quadrants 38ExErCiSE 2.5 locaTing Major body organS USing abdoMinoPelvic region and qUadranT TerMinology 38

Chapter 3The Microscope 43HISTOLOGy 46

The Compound Microscope 46

Caring for the Compound Microscope 46ExErCiSE 3.1 ParTS of a coMPoUnd MicroScoPe 47

Focus and Working Distance 49ExErCiSE 3.2 vieWing a Slide of The leTTer e 49

Diameter of the Field of View 50ExErCiSE 3.3 MeaSUring The diaMeTer of The field of vieW 51

ExErCiSE 3.4 eSTiMaTing The Size of a SPeciMen 51

Depth of Field 52ExErCiSE 3.5 deTerMining dePTh of field 52

Finishing Up 52

GROSS ANATOMy 53

The Dissecting Microscope 53ExErCiSE 3.6 ParTS of a diSSecTing MicroScoPe 54

PArt II orgAnIzAtIon of thE huMAn body 57

Chapter 4Cell Structure and Membrane Transport 57HISTOLOGy 61

Structure and Function of a Generalized Animal Cell 61ExErCiSE 4.1 obServing cellUlar anaToMy WiTh a coMPoUnd MicroScoPe 63

v


PArt II I SuPPort And body MovEMEnt 123

Chapter 6Integument 123HISTOLOGy 126

The Epidermis 126ExErCiSE 6.1 layerS of The ePiderMiS 127

ExErCiSE 6.2 fingerPrinTing 128

ExErCiSE 6.3 PigMenTed Skin 129

The Dermis 130ExErCiSE 6.4 layerS of The derMiS 130

ExErCiSE 6.5 Merocrine (eccrine) SWeaT glandS and SenSory recePTorS 131

ExErCiSE 6.6 The ScalP—hair follicleS and SebaceoUS glandS 133

ExErCiSE 6.7 axillary Skin—aPocrine SWeaT glandS 135

ExErCiSE 6.8 STrUcTUre of a nail 136

GROSS ANATOMy 137

integument Model 137ExErCiSE 6.9 obServing claSSrooM ModelS of inTegUMenT 137

Chapter 7The Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function 143HISTOLOGy 146

Bone Tissue 146ExErCiSE 7.1 coMPacT bone 147

ExErCiSE 7.2 SPongy bone 148

ExErCiSE 7.3 endochondral bone develoPMenT 149

GROSS ANATOMy 151

Classification of Bones 151ExErCiSE 7.4 idenTifying claSSeS of boneS baSed on ShaPe 152

Structure of a Typical Long Bone 152ExErCiSE 7.5 coMPonenTS of a long bone 153

ExErCiSE 7.6 coW bone diSSecTion 154

Survey of the Human Skeleton 156ExErCiSE 7.7 The hUMan SkeleTon 156

Mitosis 65ExErCiSE 4.2 obServing MiToSiS in a WhiTefiSh eMbryo 66

GROSS ANATOMy 67

Models of a Generalized Animal Cell 67ExErCiSE 4.3 obServing claSSrooM ModelS of cellUlar anaToMy 67

PHySIOLOGy 68

Mechanisms of Passive Membrane Transport 68ExErCiSE 4.4 diffUSion (WeT lab) 68

ExErCiSE 4.5 oSMoSiS (WeT lab) 77

ExErCiSE 4.6 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 1: oSMoSiS and diffUSion: varying exTracellUlar concenTraTion 79

Filtration 82ExErCiSE 4.7 filTraTion (WeT lab) 82

Chapter 5Histology 91Histology Slides 94

HISTOLOGy 94

Epithelial Tissue 94ExErCiSE 5.1 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of ePiThelial TiSSUe 97

Connective Tissue 103ExErCiSE 5.2 idenTificaTion of eMbryonic connecTive TiSSUe 104

ExErCiSE 5.3 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of connecTive TiSSUe ProPer 105

ExErCiSE 5.4 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of SUPPorTing connecTive TiSSUe 110

ExErCiSE 5.5 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of flUid connecTive TiSSUe 113

Muscle Tissue 113ExErCiSE 5.6 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of MUScle TiSSUe 115

Nervous Tissue 116ExErCiSE 5.7 idenTificaTion and claSSificaTion of nervoUS TiSSUe 117

vi Contents


Chapter 8The Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton 161GROSS ANATOMy 164

Bone Markings 164

The Skull 165ExErCiSE 8.1 anTerior vieW of The SkUll 168

ExErCiSE 8.2 addiTional vieWS of The SkUll 173

ExErCiSE 8.3 SUPerior vieW of The cranial floor 176

ExErCiSE 8.4 boneS aSSociaTed WiTh The SkUll 178

The Fetal Skull 178ExErCiSE 8.5 The feTal SkUll 179

The Vertebral Column 180ExErCiSE 8.6 verTebral colUMn regionS and cUrvaTUreS 182

ExErCiSE 8.7 STrUcTUre of a TyPical verTebra 183

ExErCiSE 8.8 characTeriSTicS of individUal verTebrae 184

The Thoracic Cage 188ExErCiSE 8.9 The STernUM 189

ExErCiSE 8.10 The ribS 190

Chapter 9The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton 195GROSS ANATOMy 198

The Pectoral Girdle 198ExErCiSE 9.1 boneS of The PecToral girdle 199

The Upper Limb 201ExErCiSE 9.2 boneS of The UPPer liMb 203

ExErCiSE 9.3 SUrface anaToMy revieW—PecToral girdle and UPPer liMb 209

The Pelvic Girdle 210ExErCiSE 9.4 boneS of The Pelvic girdle 211

The Lower Limb 214ExErCiSE 9.5 boneS of The loWer liMb 216

ExErCiSE 9.6 SUrface anaToMy revieW—Pelvic girdle and loWer liMb 223

Chapter 10Articulations 229GROSS ANATOMy 232

Fibrous Joints 232ExErCiSE 10.1 fibroUS joinTS 232

Cartilaginous Joints 233ExErCiSE 10.2 carTilaginoUS joinTS 234

Synovial Joints 235ExErCiSE 10.3 general STrUcTUre of a Synovial joinT 235

ExErCiSE 10.4 claSSificaTion of Synovial joinTS 236

ExErCiSE 10.5 PracTicing Synovial joinT MoveMenTS 238

ExErCiSE 10.6 The knee joinT 239

Chapter 11The Muscular System: Muscle Structure and Function 247HISTOLOGy 250

Skeletal Muscle Tissue 250ExErCiSE 11.1 hiSTology of SkeleTal MUScle fiberS 252

ExErCiSE 11.2 connecTive TiSSUe coveringS of SkeleTal MUScle 253

The Neuromuscular Junction 253ExErCiSE 11.3 The neUroMUScUlar jUncTion 255

Cardiac Muscle Tissue 255ExErCiSE 11.4 cardiac MUScle TiSSUe 255

Smooth Muscle Tissue 256ExErCiSE 11.5 SMooTh MUScle TiSSUe 256

GROSS ANATOMy 257

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 257ExErCiSE 11.6 naMing SkeleTal MUScleS 257

ExErCiSE 11.7 archiTecTUre of SkeleTal MUScleS 260

Organization of the Human Musculoskeletal System 261ExErCiSE 11.8 Major MUScle groUPS and faScial coMParTMenTS of The liMbS 262

viiContents


PHySIOLOGy 264

Force Generation of Skeletal Muscle 264ExErCiSE 11.9 MoTor UniTS and MUScle faTigUe (hUMan SUbjecT) 265

ExErCiSE 11.10 conTracTion of SkeleTal MUScle (WeT lab) 266

ExErCiSE 11.11 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 4: STiMUlUS-dePendenT force generaTion 270

ExErCiSE 11.12 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 7: The lengTh-TenSion relaTionShiP 271

ExErCiSE 11.13 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 8: PrinciPleS of SUMMaTion and TeTanUS 274

ExErCiSE 11.14 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 9: eMg and TWiTch aMPliTUde 275

ExErCiSE 11.15 bioPac elecTroMyograPhy (eMg) 276

Chapter 12The Muscular System: Axial Muscles 283GROSS ANATOMy 286

Muscles of the Head and Neck 286ExErCiSE 12.1 MUScleS of facial exPreSSion 286

ExErCiSE 12.2 MUScleS of MaSTicaTion 289

ExErCiSE 12.3 MUScleS ThaT Move The TongUe 290

ExErCiSE 12.4 MUScleS of The Pharynx 291

ExErCiSE 12.5 MUScleS of The neck 292

Muscles of the Vertebral Column 296ExErCiSE 12.6 MUScleS of The verTebral colUMn 296

Muscles of respiration 300ExErCiSE 12.7 MUScleS of reSPiraTion 300

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall 303ExErCiSE 12.8 MUScleS of The abdoMinal Wall 303

The rectus Sheath, inguinal Ligament, and inguinal Canal 305ExErCiSE 12.9 The recTUS SheaTh, ingUinal ligaMenT, and ingUinal canal 305

Chapter 13The Muscular System: Appendicular Muscles 311GROSS ANATOMy 314

Muscles That Act About the Pectoral Girdle/ Glenohumeral Joint 314ExErCiSE 13.1 MUScleS ThaT acT aboUT The PecToral girdle/glenohUMeral joinT 314

Upper Limb Musculature 317ExErCiSE 13.2 coMParTMenTS of The arM 317

ExErCiSE 13.3 coMParTMenTS of The forearM 320

ExErCiSE 13.4 inTrinSic MUScleS of The hand 325

Muscles That Act About the Hip Joint/Thigh 327ExErCiSE 13.5 MUScleS ThaT acT aboUT The hiP joinT/Thigh 329

Lower Limb Musculature 331ExErCiSE 13.6 coMParTMenTS of The Thigh 332

ExErCiSE 13.7 coMParTMenTS of The leg 335

ExErCiSE 13.8 inTrinSic MUScleS of The fooT 338

PArt Iv coMMunIcAtIon And controL 345

Chapter 14Nervous Tissues 345HISTOLOGy 348

ExErCiSE 14.1 gray and WhiTe MaTTer 348

Neurons 349ExErCiSE 14.2 general MUlTiPolar neUronS—anTerior horn cellS 350

ExErCiSE 14.3 cerebrUM—PyraMidal cellS 350

ExErCiSE 14.4 cerebellUM—PUrkinje cellS 351

Glial Cells 352ExErCiSE 14.5 aSTrocyTeS 352

ExErCiSE 14.6 ePendyMal cellS 353

ExErCiSE 14.7 neUroleMMocyTeS (SchWann cellS) 354

ExErCiSE 14.8 SaTelliTe cellS 354

Peripheral Nerves 355ExErCiSE 14.9 coveringS of a PeriPheral nerve 356

PHySIOLOGy 356

resting Membrane Potential 356ExErCiSE 14.10 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 10: reSTing PoTenTial and exTernal [k+] 357

ExErCiSE 14.11 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 11: reSTing PoTenTial and exTernal [na+] 359

Action Potential Propagation 360ExErCiSE 14.12 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 12: The coMPoUnd acTion PoTenTial 362

ExErCiSE 14.13 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 13: condUcTion velociTy and TeMPeraTUre 364

ExErCiSE 14.14 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 14: refracTory PeriodS 365

viii Contents


Chapter 15The Brain and Cranial Nerves 371GROSS ANATOMy 374

The Meninges 374ExErCiSE 15.1 cranial MeningeS 374

Ventricles of the Brain 378ExErCiSE 15.2 brain venTricleS 379

ExErCiSE 15.3 circUlaTion of cerebroSPinal flUid (cSf) 380

The Human Brain 381ExErCiSE 15.4 SUPerior vieW of The hUMan brain 384

ExErCiSE 15.5 laTeral vieW of The hUMan brain 385

ExErCiSE 15.6 inferior vieW of The hUMan brain 386

ExErCiSE 15.7 MidSagiTTal vieW of The hUMan brain 387

Cranial Nerves 388ExErCiSE 15.8 idenTificaTion of cranial nerveS on a brain or brainSTeM Model 388

The Sheep Brain 390ExErCiSE 15.9 SheeP brain diSSecTion 390

PHySIOLOGy 398

Testing Cranial Nerve Functions 398ExErCiSE 15.10 TeSTing SPecific fUncTionS of The cranial nerveS 400

Testing Brain Function 407ExErCiSE 15.11 bioPac elecTroencePhalograPhy (eeg) 408

Chapter 16The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes 419HISTOLOGy 422

Spinal Cord Organization 422ExErCiSE 16.1 hiSTological croSS SecTionS of The SPinal cord 422

GROSS ANATOMy 425

The Spinal Cord 425ExErCiSE 16.2 groSS anaToMy of The SPinal cord 426

Peripheral Nerves 427ExErCiSE 16.3 The cervical PlexUS 428

ExErCiSE 16.4 The brachial PlexUS 429

ExErCiSE 16.5 The lUMbar and Sacral PlexUSeS 432

Somatic reflexes 435ExErCiSE 16.6 idenTifying coMPonenTS of a reflex on a claSSrooM Model 436

PHySIOLOGy 437

reflex Physiology 437ExErCiSE 16.7 PaTellar reflex 437

ExErCiSE 16.8 WiThdraWal and croSS-exTenSor reflex 438

ExErCiSE 16.9 PlanTar reflex 438

Chapter 17The Autonomic Nervous System 443GROSS ANATOMy 446

Autonomic Nervous System 446ExErCiSE 17.1 ParaSyMPaTheTic diviSion 447

ExErCiSE 17.2 SyMPaTheTic diviSion 449

PHySIOLOGy 451

Autonomic reflexes 451ExErCiSE 17.3 PUPillary reflexeS 451

ExErCiSE 17.4 bioPac galvanic Skin reSPonSe 452

Chapter 18General and Special Senses 459HISTOLOGy 462

General Senses 462ExErCiSE 18.1 TacTile (MeiSSner) corPUScleS 462

ExErCiSE 18.2 laMellaTed (Pacinian) corPUScleS 463

Special Senses 464ExErCiSE 18.3 gUSTaTion (TaSTe) 464

ExErCiSE 18.4 olfacTion (SMell) 466

ExErCiSE 18.5 viSion (The reTina) 467

ExErCiSE 18.6 hearing 470

GROSS ANATOMy 472

General Senses 472ExErCiSE 18.7 SenSory recePTorS in The Skin 473

Special Senses 474ExErCiSE 18.8 groSS anaToMy of The eye 474

ExErCiSE 18.9 exTrinSic MUScleS of The eye 478

ExErCiSE 18.10 coW eye diSSecTion 479

ExErCiSE 18.11 groSS anaToMy of The ear 481

ixContents


PHySIOLOGy 485

General Senses 485ExErCiSE 18.12 TWo-PoinT diScriMinaTion 485

ExErCiSE 18.13 TacTile localizaTion 486

ExErCiSE 18.14 general SenSory recePTor TeSTS: adaPTaTion 487

Special Senses 488ExErCiSE 18.15 gUSTaTory TeSTS 488

ExErCiSE 18.16 olfacTory TeSTS 489

ExErCiSE 18.17 viSion TeSTS 491

ExErCiSE 18.18 hearing TeSTS 493

ExErCiSE 18.19 eqUilibriUM TeSTS 494

Chapter 19The Endocrine System 501HISTOLOGy 504

Endocrine Glands 504ExErCiSE 19.1 The hyPoThalaMUS and PiTUiTary gland 504

ExErCiSE 19.2 The Pineal gland 507

ExErCiSE 19.3 The Thyroid and ParaThyroid glandS 508

ExErCiSE 19.4 The adrenal glandS 509

ExErCiSE 19.5 The endocrine PancreaS—PancreaTic iSleTS (of langerhanS) 511

GROSS ANATOMy 513

Endocrine Organs 513ExErCiSE 19.6 groSS anaToMy of endocrine organS 513

PHySIOLOGy 516

Metabolism 516ExErCiSE 19.7 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 19: Thyroid gland and MeTabolic raTe 516

ExErCiSE 19.8 a clinical caSe in endocrine PhySiology 518

PArt v MAIntEnAncE And rEguL AtIon 523

Chapter 20The Cardiovascular System: Blood 523

HISTOLOGy 526

ExErCiSE 20.1 idenTificaTion of forMed eleMenTS on a PrePared blood SMear 526

ExErCiSE 20.2 idenTificaTion of MegakaryocyTeS on a bone MarroW Slide 530

GROSS ANATOMy 531

ExErCiSE 20.3 idenTificaTion of forMed eleMenTS of The blood on claSSrooM ModelS or charTS 531

PHySIOLOGy 531

Blood Diagnostic Tests 531ExErCiSE 20.4 deTerMinaTion of leUkocyTe coUnTS 533

ExErCiSE 20.5 deTerMinaTion of heMaTocriT 534

ExErCiSE 20.6 deTerMinaTion of heMoglobin conTenT 535

ExErCiSE 20.7 deTerMinaTion of coagUlaTion TiMe 536

ExErCiSE 20.8 deTerMinaTion of blood TyPe 537

ExErCiSE 20.9 deTerMinaTion of blood choleSTerol 539

ExErCiSE 20.10 deTerMinaTion of blood glUcoSe 540

Chapter 21The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 545HISTOLOGy 548

ExErCiSE 21.1 cardiac MUScle 548

ExErCiSE 21.2 layerS of The hearT Wall 549

GROSS ANATOMy 550

ExErCiSE 21.3 locaTion of The hearT and The PericardiUM 550

ExErCiSE 21.4 groSS anaToMy of The hUMan hearT 551

ExErCiSE 21.5 The coronary circUlaTion 556

ExErCiSE 21.6 SUPerficial STrUcTUreS of The SheeP hearT 558

ExErCiSE 21.7 coronal SecTion of The SheeP hearT 561

ExErCiSE 21.8 TranSverSe SecTion of The SheeP hearT 562

PHySIOLOGy 563

Electrical Conduction Within the Heart 563ExErCiSE 21.9 elecTrocardiograPhy USing STandard ecg aPParaTUS 565

ExErCiSE 21.10 bioPac leSSon 5: elecTrocardio-graPhy i 566

x Contents


ExErCiSE 21.11 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 22: refracTory Period of The hearT 568

ExErCiSE 21.12 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 29: ecg and hearT block 570

ExErCiSE 21.13 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 30: abnorMal ecgs 571

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds 572ExErCiSE 21.14 aUScUlTaTion of hearT SoUndS 572

ExErCiSE 21.15 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 26: The Meaning of hearT SoUndS 573

Chapter 22The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation 579HISTOLOGy 582

Blood Vessel Wall Structure 582ExErCiSE 22.1 blood veSSel Wall STrUcTUre 583

Elastic Arteries 584ExErCiSE 22.2 elaSTic arTery—The aorTa 584

Muscular Arteries 584ExErCiSE 22.3 MUScUlar arTery 585

Arterioles 585ExErCiSE 22.4 arTeriole 585

Veins 586ExErCiSE 22.5 vein 586

Capillaries 587ExErCiSE 22.6 obServing elecTron MicrograPhS of caPillarieS 587

GROSS ANATOMy 590

Pulmonary Circuit 590ExErCiSE 22.7 PUlMonary circUiT 590

Systemic Circuit 591ExErCiSE 22.8 circUlaTion To The head and neck 591

ExErCiSE 22.9 circUlaTion To The brain 593

ExErCiSE 22.10 circUlaTion To The Thoracic and abdoMinal WallS 596

ExErCiSE 22.11 circUlaTion To The abdoMinal caviTy 599

ExErCiSE 22.12 circUlaTion To The UPPer liMb 604

ExErCiSE 22.13 circUlaTion To The loWer liMb 608

Fetal Circulation 613ExErCiSE 22.14 feTal circUlaTion 613

PHySIOLOGy 615

Blood Pressure and Pulse 615ExErCiSE 22.15 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 27: ecg and finger PUlSe 616

ExErCiSE 22.16 blood PreSSUre and PUlSe USing a STandard blood PreSSUre cUff 617

ExErCiSE 22.17 bioPac leSSon 16: blood PreSSUre 618

Chapter 23The Lymphatic System and Immunity 627HISTOLOGy 630

Lymphatic Vessels 630ExErCiSE 23.1 lyMPhaTic veSSelS 630

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT) 631ExErCiSE 23.2 TonSilS 632

ExErCiSE 23.3 Peyer PaTcheS 633

ExErCiSE 23.4 The verMiforM aPPendix 634

Lymphatic Organs 634ExErCiSE 23.5 The ThyMUS 634

ExErCiSE 23.6 lyMPh nodeS 636

ExErCiSE 23.7 The SPleen 639

GROSS ANATOMy 642

ExErCiSE 23.8 groSS anaToMy of lyMPhaTic STrUcTUreS 642

PHySIOLOGy 644

ExErCiSE 23.9 a clinical caSe STUdy in iMMUnology 645

Chapter 24The Respiratory System 651HISTOLOGy 654

Upper respiratory Tract 654ExErCiSE 24.1 olfacTory MUcoSa 655

Lower respiratory Tract 656ExErCiSE 24.2 The Trachea 656

ExErCiSE 24.3 The bronchi and bronchioleS 658

Lungs 659ExErCiSE 24.4 The lUngS 660

GROSS ANATOMy 661

Upper respiratory Tract 661ExErCiSE 24.5 SagiTTal SecTion of The head and neck 661

Lower respiratory Tract 663ExErCiSE 24.6 The larynx 664

xiContents


The Pleural Cavities and the Lungs 665ExErCiSE 24.7 The PleUral caviTieS 665

ExErCiSE 24.8 The lUngS 665

ExErCiSE 24.9 The bronchial Tree 668

PHySIOLOGy 669

respiratory Physiology 669ExErCiSE 24.10 MechanicS of venTilaTion 671

ExErCiSE 24.11 aUScUlTaTion of reSPiraTory SoUndS 671

ExErCiSE 24.12 PUlMonary fUncTion TeSTS 672

ExErCiSE 24.13 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 34: ph and hb-oxygen binding 676

ExErCiSE 24.14 Ph.i.l.S. leSSon 39: exerciSe-indUced changeS 678

Chapter 25The Urinary System 685HISTOLOGy 688

The Kidney 688ExErCiSE 25.1 hiSTology of The renal corTex 690

ExErCiSE 25.2 hiSTology of The renal MedUlla 691

The Urinary Tract 692ExErCiSE 25.3 hiSTology of The UreTerS 693

ExErCiSE 25.4 hiSTology of The Urinary bladder 694

GROSS ANATOMy 694

The Kidney 694ExErCiSE 25.5 groSS anaToMy of The kidney 694

ExErCiSE 25.6 blood SUPPly To The kidney 695

ExErCiSE 25.7 Urine-draining STrUcTUreS WiThin The kidney 698

The Urinary Tract 698ExErCiSE 25.8 groSS anaToMy of The UreTerS 698

ExErCiSE 25.9 groSS anaToMy of The Urinary bladder and UreThra 699

PHySIOLOGy 702

Urine Formation 702ExErCiSE 25.10 UrinalySiS 704

Acid-Base Balance 706ExErCiSE 25.11 a clinical caSe STUdy in acid-baSe balance 707

Chapter 26The Digestive System 715HISTOLOGy 718

Salivary Glands 718ExErCiSE 26.1 hiSTology of The Salivary glandS 719

The Stomach 720ExErCiSE 26.2 Wall layerS of The SToMach 720

ExErCiSE 26.3 hiSTology of The SToMach 722

The Small intestine 724ExErCiSE 26.4 hiSTology of The SMall inTeSTine 725

The Large intestine 726ExErCiSE 26.5 hiSTology of The large inTeSTine 726

The Liver 727ExErCiSE 26.6 hiSTology of The liver 727

The Pancreas 728ExErCiSE 26.7 hiSTology of The PancreaS 729

GROSS ANATOMy 729

The Gastrointestinal (Gi) Tract 729ExErCiSE 26.8 overvieW of The gi TracT 729

The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus 730ExErCiSE 26.9 groSS anaToMy of The oral caviTy, Pharynx, and eSoPhagUS 730

The Stomach 732ExErCiSE 26.10 groSS anaToMy of The SToMach 732

The Duodenum, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 734ExErCiSE 26.11 groSS anaToMy of The dUodenUM, liver, gallbladder, and PancreaS 735

The Jejunum and ileum of the Small intestine 736ExErCiSE 26.12 groSS anaToMy of The jejUnUM and ileUM of The SMall inTeSTine 736

The Large intestine 738ExErCiSE 26.13 groSS anaToMy of The large inTeSTine 739

PHySIOLOGy 741

Digestive Physiology 741ExErCiSE 26.14 digeSTive enzyMeS 743

ExErCiSE 26.15 a clinical caSe STUdy in digeSTive PhySiology 745

xii Contents


PArt vI | rEProductIon 751

Chapter 27The Reproductive System and Early Development 751HISTOLOGy 754

Female reproductive System 754ExErCiSE 27.1 hiSTology of The ovary 754

ExErCiSE 27.2 hiSTology of The UTerine TUbeS 758

ExErCiSE 27.3 hiSTology of The UTerine Wall 760

ExErCiSE 27.4 hiSTology of The vaginal Wall 761

Male reproductive System 761ExErCiSE 27.5 hiSTology of The SeMiniferoUS TUbUleS 761

ExErCiSE 27.6 hiSTology of The ePididyMiS 763

ExErCiSE 27.7 hiSTology of The dUcTUS deferenS 765

ExErCiSE 27.8 hiSTology of The SeMinal veSicleS 766

ExErCiSE 27.9 hiSTology of The ProSTaTe gland 767

ExErCiSE 27.10 hiSTology of The PeniS 768

GROSS ANATOMy 769

Female reproductive System 769ExErCiSE 27.11 groSS anaToMy of The ovary, UTerine TUbeS, UTerUS, and SUPPorTing ligaMenTS 769

ExErCiSE 27.12 groSS anaToMy of The feMale breaST 772

Male reproductive System 774ExErCiSE 27.13 groSS anaToMy of The ScroTUM, TeSTiS, SPerMaTic cord, and PeniS 775

PHySIOLOGy 777

reproductive Physiology 777ExErCiSE 27.14 a clinical caSe in reProdUcTive PhySiology 781

Fertilization and Development 783ExErCiSE 27.15 early develoPMenT: ferTilizaTion and zygoTe forMaTion 783

ExErCiSE 27.16 early develoPMenT: eMbryonic develoPMenT 784

appendix a-1

credits c-1

index i-1

xiii Contents


prefaceHuman anatomy and physiology is a complex yet fascinating subject,

and is perhaps one of the most personal subjects a student will encounter during his or her education. It is also a subject that can create concern for students because of the sheer volume of material, and the misconception that ª it is all about memorization.º The study of human anatomy and physiology really comes to life in the anatomy and physiology laboratory, where students get hands-on experience with human cadavers and bones, classroom models, preserved and fresh animal organs, histology slides of human tissues, and explore the process of scientific discovery through physiology experimentation. Yet, most students are at a loss regarding how to approach the anatomy and physiology laboratory. For example, students are often given numer-ous lists of structures to identify, histology slides to view, and ª wet labsº to conduct, but are given comparatively little direction regarding how to recognize structures, or how to relate what they encounter in the laboratory to the material presented in the lecture. In addition, most laboratory manu-als on the market contain little more than material repeated from anatomy and physiology textbooks, which provides no real benefit to a student. This laboratory manual takes a very focused approach to the labo-ratory experience, and provides students with tools to make the subject matter more relevant to their own bodies and to the world around them. Rather than providing a recap of material from classroom lectures and the main textbook for the course, this laboratory manual is much more of an interactive workbook for students: a ª how-toº guide to learning human anatomy and physiology through touch, dissection, observation, experimentation, and critical thinking exercises. Students are guided to formulate a hypothesis about each experiment before beginning physiol-ogy exercises. Diagrams direct students in how to perform experiments, and don' t just show the end results. The text is written in a friendly, conversational tone to put students at ease as they discover, organize, and understand the material presented in each chapter.

Organization

Because observation of histology slides, human cadavers or classroom models, and ª wet labº experiments are usually performed in separate physical spaces or at specific times within each laboratory classroom, chapters in this laboratory manual are similarly separated into three sections: Histology, Gross Anatomy, and Physiology. Each exercise within these chapter sections has been designed with the student's actual experience in the anatomy and physiology laboratory in mind. Thus, each exercise covers only a single histology slide, classroom model, region of the human body, or wet lab experiment. At the same time, within-chapter ª Concept Connectionº and ª Clinical Viewº boxes provide an opportunity to integrate the material from all three sections of each chapter. ª Learning Strategiesº boxes provide mnemonics, study tips, and other helpful hints to assist students in recall of pertinent information. In addition, ª Can You Apply What You've Learned?º and ª Can You Synthesize What You've Learned?º questions in Post-Laboratory Worksheets provide further opportunities for students to integrate the information and apply it to clinically relevant and practical situations. Organization of each chapter into a series of discreet exercises makes the laboratory manual easily customizable to any anatomy and physiology classroom, allowing an instructor to assign certain exercises, while telling students to ignore other exercises. Post-Laboratory Worksheets are also organized by exercise and are coded to Learning Objectives within the chapter, which makes it easy for an

instructor to assign questions that relate only to the exercises and/or Learning Objectives covered in their classroom.

Changes to the Second Edition

Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach Laboratory Manual, second edition, continues to serve as a resource for students both in and out of the lab, providing a ª how toº guide for learning anatomy and physiology. The interactive pages within serve as a stand-alone manual, while also complementing the textbook, McKinley/O' Loughlin/Bidle: Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach, second edition. Certain changes to the second edition of this lab manual have been applied throughout all chapters.

■ Word origins have been added to tables, where relevant.

■ Chapter opening pages now include a list of reference tables.

■ Ph.I.L.S. exercises throughout the manual have been updated to correlate with Ph.I.L.S. Version 4.0, including new screen captures to illustrate the software.

■ Pre-Laboratory Worksheets and Post-Laboratory Worksheets include a broader variety of question types.

■ Drawing circles have been enlarged throughout to allow more space for student drawings.

■ Tables have been reorganized to include headings and subheadings for ease of learning.

■ Chapters 25 and 26 have been reordered so that the urinary system is presented prior to the digestive system, in alignment with the McKinley/O'Loughlin /Bidle textbook.

■ Safety icons have been added throughout the manual to alert students to potential hazards in the lab.

■ New content has been added in numerous places throughout the manual, including:

■ three new clinical case studies

■ four new BIOPAC exercises

■ seven additional new exercises

■ thirteen new Concept Connection boxes

■ thirty new Clinical View boxes

■ thirty new Learning Strategy boxes

Changes by Chapter

The following is a list of the most significant changes by chapter in the second edition of this lab manual.

Chapter 1■ New Learning Strategy on studying anatomy and physiology

■ Safety icons emphasizing safe dissection techniques

Chapter 2■ New Figure 2.1 The Anatomic Position, Body Planes, and Directional

Terms

■ New Exercise 2.1B Sectioning a Specimen

■ New Figure 2.3 Sections Through a Sheep Heart

xiv


Chapter 3■ New Figure 3.3 Loading a Microscope Slide

■ Revised Figure 3.5 Estimating Specimen Size

■ Revised Concept Connection on the structure and function of cells

■ New Clinical View: Nail Fungus

Chapter 4■ Revised Exercise 4.2 Observing Mitosis in a Whitefish Embryo

to include space for students to sketch the phases of mitosis

■ Revised Figure 4.3 Classroom Model of a Generalized Animal Cell

■ Revised Exercise 4.3 Observing Classroom Models of Cellular Anatomy to include space for students to sketch a generalized cell with organelles

■ Moved Exercise 4.6 Ph.I.L.S. Lesson 1: Osmosis and Diffusion: Varying Extracellular Concentration to immediately follow laboratory exercises on osmosis and diffusion

■ New Learning Strategy on active and passive transport mechanisms

Chapter 5■ New Clinical View: Histopathology

■ New Table 5.1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue by Number of Cell Layers

■ New Learning Strategy on identifying a histological slide of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

Chapter 6■ New Exercise 6.2 Fingerprinting

■ New Clinical View: Fingerprinting

■ Revised Figure 6.11 Classroom Model of the Integument

■ New Concept Connection on apocrine sweat glands

Chapter 7■ Revised Concept Connection on bone density to include the

influence of pregnancy on calcium deposition

■ New Learning Strategy on the zones of the epiphyseal plate and bone growth

■ New Concept Connection on the influence of hormones on bone formation

■ Revised Clinical View: Bones and Mechanical Stress to include quadriplegics and their struggle with bone density loss due to a lack of stress and loading

Chapter 8■ New introductory text on bone markings

■ New Table 8.1 Bone Markings

■ New Learning Strategy on relating skeletal structure to function

■ New Learning Strategy on the word origins of bones and bone markings

■ Revised Table 8.2 The Axial Skeleton: Skull Bones and Important Bony Landmarks to include word origins

■ Revised Table 8.3 The Axial Skeleton: Anterior View of the Skull to include word origins

■ New Learning Strategy on visualizing structures as they travel through the foramina of the skull

■ Revised Figure 8.12 The Hyoid Bone

■ Revised Table 8.4 The Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column to include word origins

■ New Learning Strategy on learning the number of vertebrae in each region of the vertebral column

■ Replaced Clinical View: Spina Bifida with new Clinical View: Spondylolisthesis

■ New Concept Connection on the atlas and axis

■ New Learning Strategy on identifying vertebrae from each region of the vertebral column

■ Revised Table 8.5 The Axial Skeleton: Sternum and Ribs to include word origins

■ Revised Figure 8.23 A Typical Rib

Chapter 9■ New Concept Connection on learning the bony features of the

appendicular skeleton

■ Revised Exercise 9.1 Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

■ New Clinical View: Clavicular Fracture

■ Revised Exercise 9.2 Bones of the Upper Limb

■ Revised Figure 9.8 Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb

■ Revised Exercise 9.4 Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

■ Revised Learning Strategy on distinguishing a male versus a female pelvis

■ New Learning Strategy on determining distinctive features for each bone

■ Revised Exercise 9.5 Bones of the Lower Limb

■ New Learning Strategy on remembering the names of the tarsal bones

Chapter 10■ Revised introduction to more clearly explain joint classification

■ Reorganized Exercise 10.1 Fibrous Joints to be consistent with Table 10.2 Classification of Fibrous Joints

■ Revised Table 10.4 Components of Synovial Joints to include most relevant terms

■ Revised Exercise 10.4 Classification of Synovial Joints to include more detailed description of each type of synovial joint

■ New Learning Strategy on distinguishing synchondroses and synovial joints

■ New Learning Strategy on the structural classification of synovial joints

■ New Clinical View: Bursitis

■ Revised Concept Connection on movement of synovial joints to include the relationship between mobility and stability in a synovial joint

■ New Clinical View: Low Back Pain

Chapter 11■ Revised introduction to more concisely summarize the

muscular system and chapter organization

■ New Concept Connection on comparing the three types of muscle tissue

■ New Clinical View: Muscular Dystrophies

xvPreface


■ Reorganized the order of chapter topics and exercises: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

■ New Learning Strategy on the movements of synovial joints

■ New Learning Strategy on common architecture of skeletal muscles

■ Revised introductory text for the physiology of muscle tissue

■ Revised Concept Connection on cardiac versus skeletal muscle

■ New Exercise 11.15 BIOPAC Electromyography (EMG)

Chapter 12■ Reorganized Exercise 12.1 Muscles of Facial Expression

■ New Concept Connection on the facial nerves

■ Moved Exercise 12.3 Extrinsic Eye Muscles to Chapter 18

■ New Clinical View: Dysphagia

■ New Concept Connection on pulmonary ventilation

■ New Learning Strategy on learning the external and internal oblique muscles

■ New Clinical View: Athletic Pubalgia

Chapter 13■ Revised Gross Anatomy introductory text: Muscles That Act

About the Pectoral Girdle/Glenohumeral Joint

■ Revised Table 13.1: Muscles That Act About the Pectoral Girdle

■ Revised Exercise 13.1: Muscles That Act About the Pectoral Girdle/Glenohumeral Joint to include Exercise 13.1A: Muscles That Act About the Pectoral Girdle and Exercise 13.1B: Muscles That Act About the Glenohumeral Joint

■ New Clinical View: Winged Scapula

■ Revised Table 13.2: Muscles That Act About the Glenohumeral Joint

■ New Learning Strategy for remembering muscles in the forearm

■ Reorganized Table 13.6: Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Forearm

■ Revised Gross Anatomy introductory text: Muscles That Act About the Hip Joint/Thigh

■ New Learning Strategy to remember muscles in medial compartment of the thigh

■ Revised Table 13.8: Muscles That Act About the Hip Joint/Thigh

■ Revised Exercise 13.5: Muscles That Act About the Hip Joint/Thigh

■ Revised Exercise 13.6: Compartments of the Thigh

■ New Table 13.9: Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

■ New Table 13.10: Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

■ New Clinical View: Graciloplasty

Chapter 14■ New Concept Connection on somatic motor neurons

■ New Concept Connection on the excitability and conductivity of nervous tissue

■ Revised Table 14.3 Glial Cells to include headings for the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

■ New Clinical View: Peripheral Nerve Injury

■ New Learning Strategy on membrane potential

Chapter 15■ New Clinical View: Meningiomas

■ New Exercise 15.3 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

■ New Figure 15.5 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production and Circulation

■ Reorganized Table 15.3 Brain Structures Visible in Superficial Views of Whole or Sagittally Sectioned Brains

■ New Clinical View: Vasovagal Syncope

■ New Clinical View: Cranial Nerve Assessment

■ New Exercise 15.11 BIOPAC Electroencephalography (EEG), and corresponding figures for experiment setup and data collection

Chapter 16■ Chapter renamed The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes

■ Revised Table 16.1 Regional Characteristics of the Spinal Cord to include word origins

■ Reorganized Table 16.2 Histology of the Spinal Cord in Cross Section

■ Reorganized Table 16.5 Major Nerves of the Brachial Plexus

■ Revised Exercise 16.5 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses

■ Reorganized original Table 16.6 into Table 16.6 Major Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus and Table 16.7 Major Nerves of the Sacral Plexus

■ New Gross Anatomy section on somatic reflexes

■ New Exercise 16.6 Identifying Components of a Reflex on a Classroom Model (moved from chapter 17)

■ New section on Reflex Physiology

■ New Exercise 16.7 Patellar Reflex (moved from chapter 17)

■ New Clinical View: Babinski Reflex (moved from chapter 17)

■ New Exercise 16.8 Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflex

■ New Exercise 16.9 Plantar Reflex (moved from chapter 17)

Chapter 17■ Chapter renamed The Autonomic Nervous System

■ New Learning Strategy on the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

■ Revised introductory text for the Gross Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System

■ Revised Figure 17.2 Overview of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

■ New Clinical View: Pheochromocytoma

■ New Exercise 17.4 BIOPAC Galvanic Skin Response, and corresponding figures for experiment setup and data collection

Chapter 18■ Revised Table 18.2 Cells Associated with Taste Buds to include

word origins

■ New Concept Connection on olfaction and the ethmoid bone

■ Revised Figure 18.10 Skin

■ Revised Exercise 18.8 Gross Anatomy of the Eye to include Exercise 18.8A Accessory Structures of the Eye and Exercise 18.8B Internal Structures of the Eye

■ Revised Figure 18.11 Accessory Structures of the Eye (a) Classroom model

■ Revised Figure 18.12 Classroom Model of the Internal Eye

■ New Exercise 18.9 Extrinsic Eye Muscles (moved from Chapter 12)

xvi Preface


■ New Learning Strategy on remembering extrinsic eye muscle innervation

■ Revised Figure 18.13 Extrinsic Eye Muscles

■ New Clinical View: Pressure Changes in the Middle Ear

■ New Exercise 18.17D Color Blindness

■ Reorganized Exercise 18.18 Hearing Tests and Exercise 18.19 Equilibrium Tests

Chapter 19■ New Learning Strategy on hormones secreted by the anterior

pituitary gland

■ New Concept Connection on hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

■ Revised Figure 19.6 Adrenal Glands

■ New Clinical View: Anabolic Steroids

■ New Exercise 19.8 A Clinical Case in Endocrine Physiology

Chapter 20■ Reoriented Table 20.3 Leukocyte Characteristics for better readability

■ Revised Blood Diagnostic Tests to provide introductory text with each physiology exercise

■ Revised Figure 20.6 Separation of a Whole Blood Sample by Centrifugation

■ New Table 20.4 Normal Ranges for Laboratory Blood Tests

■ New Learning Strategy for learning the relative abundance of leukocytes in the blood

■ New Clinical View: Blood Type Abundance

■ New Exercise 20.10 Determination of Blood Glucose

■ New Figure 20.12 Blood Glucose Testing

■ New Clinical View: Hemoglobin A1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)

Chapter 21■ Revised Exercise 21.3 Location of the Heart and the Pericardium

■ New Learning Strategy on remembering the atrioventricular valves on the right versus the left side of the heart

■ Reorganized Table 21.3 Arterial Supply to the Heart

■ New Clinical View: Myocardial Infarction

■ New Exercise 21.9 Electrocardiography Using Standard ECG Apparatus

■ New Figure 21.19 Interpreting an ECG Tracing

■ New Exercise 21.10 BIOPAC Lesson 5: Electrocardiography I, and corresponding figures for experiment setup and data collection

Chapter 22■ New Concept Connection on endothelium

■ New Clinical View: Great Saphenous Vein and Varicose Veins

■ New Clinical View: Atherosclerosis in the Internal Carotid Artery

■ Revised Figure 22.11 Circulation to the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls

■ New Clinical View: Cardiac Catheterization via the Femoral Artery

Chapter 23■ Reorganized the order of chapter topics and exercises: thymus,

lymph nodes, and the spleen

■ New Clinical View: Appendicitis

■ New Table 23.5 Major Lymphatic Vessels of the Body

■ Revised Figure 23.13 Lymph Node and Its Components

■ New Clinical View: Mononucleosis

■ New Physiology section on the immune system

■ New Table 23.6 Cells of the Immune System

■ New Exercise 23.9 A Clinical Case Study in Immunology

Chapter 24■ New Learning Strategy on structure and function of the trachea

■ New Clinical View: Tuberculosis

■ New Learning Strategy to remember the lobes of the right versus the left lung

■ Revised Exercise 24.12 Pulmonary Function Tests to include Exercise 24.12A Wet Spirometry and Exercise 24.12B BIOPAC Lesson 12: Pulmonary Function Tests

Chapter 25■ Reorganized Table 25.1 Histological Features of the Kidney to

include headings and subheadings

■ New Clinical View: Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 26■ New Learning Strategy on distinguishing between gastric pits

and gastric glands

■ New Learning Strategy on distinguishing the three parts of the small intestine

■ Revised Figure 26.5 The Small Intestine

■ New Learning Strategy on histology of the pancreas

■ New Exercise 26.8 Overview of the GI Tract

■ New Figure 26.10 Overview of the Digestive System

■ Reorganized Table 26.6 Gross Anatomic Regions and Features Associated with the Stomach

■ Revised Figure 26.12 Classroom Model of the Stomach

■ Reorganized Table 26.7 Gross Anatomic Features of the Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, and Their Associated Ducts

■ Reorganized Table 26.9 The Cecum, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus

■ New Figure 26.17 The Cecum, Large Intestine, and Rectum

■ Revised Learning Strategy to a Concept Connection on motility in the GI tract

■ New Exercise 26.15 A Clinical Case Study in Digestive Physiology

Chapter 27■ New Learning Strategy on recognizing follicles in various

developmental stages

■ Reorganized Table 27.4 Components of the Uterine Tube

■ Reorganized Table 27.5 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

■ New Clinical View: Erectile Dysfunction

■ New Concept Connection on lactation

■ Revised Table 27.14 Pre-Embryonic Period

■ Revised Table 27.15 Stages of Embryonic Development

xviiPreface


The Muscular System: Muscle Structure and Function

11CHAPTER

OUTLINE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES

HISTOLOGY 250

Skeletal Muscle Tissue 250EXERCISE 11.1: HISTOLOGY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS 252

1 Identify skeletal muscle tissue through the microscope, and describe the features unique to skeletal muscle tissue

2 Name the visible bands that form the striations in skeletalmuscle tissue

EXERCISE 11.2: CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 253

3 Describe the layers of connective tissue that surround skeletalmuscle tissue

The Neuromuscular Junction 253EXERCISE 11.3: THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 255

4 De�ne motor unit and describe how the concept of a motor unit applies to neuromuscular junctions

Cardiac Muscle Tissue 255EXERCISE 11.4: CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE 255

5 Identify cardiac muscle tissue through the microscope, and describe the features unique to cardiac muscle tissue

6 Compare and contrast the structure of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues

Smooth Muscle Tissue 256EXERCISE 11.5: SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE 256

7 Identify smooth muscle tissue through the microscope, and describe the features unique to smooth muscle tissue

8 Describe how two layers of smooth muscle tissue act as antagonists

GROSS ANATOMY 257

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 257EXERCISE 11.6: NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES 257

9 Explain some of the logic behind the naming of skeletal muscles

EXERCISE 11.7: ARCHITECTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES 26010 Use anatomic terminology to describe the architecture

of skeletal muscles, and describe how the architecture of a skeletal muscle is related to its action

Organization of the Human Musculoskeletal System 261EXERCISE 11.8: MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS AND FASCIAL COMPARTMENTS OF THE LIMBS 26211 Describe the location and major actions of the major muscle

groups of the body

12 Describe the fascial compartments of the limbs, and explain the major actions associated with each fascial compartment

PHYSIOLOGY 264

Force Generation of Skeletal Muscle 264EXERCISE 11.9: MOTOR UNITS AND MUSCLE FATIGUE (HUMAN SUBJECT) 26513 Compare and contrast the characteristics of Type I, Type IIa,

and Type IIb muscle �bers14 Describe the sequence of motor unit recruitment15 Explain the relationship between motor unit recruitment,

muscle force, and fatigueEXERCISE 11.10: CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE(WET LAB) 26616 Describe the effect of adding ATP alone, ATP + salts, or salts

only on contraction of glycerinated muscle17 Explain the relationship between ATP supply to skeletal

muscle and rigor mortisEXERCISE 11.11: Ph.I.L.S. LESSON 5: STIMULUS-DEPENDENT FORCE GENERATION 27018 Describe the events of a muscle twitch19 Describe the relationship between stimulus intensity and

maximum isometric twitch force20 Describe the threshold voltage, and explain what happens

when suprathreshold stimuli are applied to skeletal muscleEXERCISE 11.12: Ph.I.L.S. LESSON 7: THE LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP 27121 Describe the relationship between muscle length and tension

for a maximal isometric contraction22 Describe what is happening at the sarcomere level when a

muscle contracts isometrically at its optimal lengthEXERCISE 11.13: Ph.I.L.S. LESSON 8: PRINCIPLES OFSUMMATION AND TETANUS 27423 Describe the relationship between stimulus frequency and

muscle tension24 Demonstrate the concepts of summation, incomplete tetanus,

and complete tetanusEXERCISE 11.14: Ph.I.L.S. LESSON 9: EMG AND TWITCHAMPLITUDE 27525 Describe the relationship between muscle tension and EMG

amplitude

EXERCISE 11tt.15: BIOPAC ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG) 27626 Describe the relationship between motor unit recruitment and

EMG amplitude

MODULE 6: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

247247

LM 1

00x

LM 4

00x

LM 4

5x

Root oftongue

Body oftongue

Apex of tongue

(c) Fungiform papilla (a) Dorsal surface of tongue

(b) Filiform papilla

(e) Foliate papilla

(d) Vallate papillaEpithelium Papilla

Dermis

Epidermis

Epithelium Taste budFiliform papilla

Epithelium Taste bud

LM 1

40x

Epithelium

Figure 18.3 Taste Buds. Gustation (taste) requires taste buds, which are associated with tongue papillae. (a) Dorsal surface of tongue, (b) Filiform papilla, (c) Fungiform papilla, (d) Vallate papilla, (e) Foliate papilla.

Features

The Eckel/Ross/Bidle: Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual works well as a complement to the McKinley/O' Loughlin/Bidle: Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrative Approach textbook, or to accompany any other anatomy and physiology text. Each chapter opener includes an outline that lists a set of learning objectives for the chapter.

■ A chapter Introduction opens with a real-life scenario that emphasizes the section of the body covered in the chapter, to connect the anatomy of our bodies with the physiology that helps us to perform day-to-day activities.

■ The laboratory manual exhibits the highest-quality photographs and illustrations of any laboratory manual on the market.

the learning system

xviii


CONCEPT CONNECTIONRecall that the gray matter of the spinal cord contains predominately neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. In addition, gray matter also contains various types of neurons (e.g., motor neurons, somatic sensory neurons, etc.), which are typically contained within a speci�ed area of the gray matter. For example, the posterior horn of the spinal cord contains predominately unmyelinated axons of somatic sensory neurons. The cell bodies for those sensory neurous are located in the posterior root ganglion, and their axons enter the spinal cord via the posterior root. The anterior horn of the spinal cord contains cell bodies for somatic motor neturons. Somatic motor neurons are the neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. Recall from chapter 11 that a motor unit is a motor neuron and

all of the �bers that it innervates. That somatic motor neuron becomes “excited” within the anterior horn of gray matter within the spinal cord, and its axon exits the central nervous system through the anterior root. It then joins a spinal nerve and ultimately travels to individual muscle �bers within a skeletal muscle. An action potential traveling along a somatic motor neuron will excite the muscle �bers, causing an increase in force production by the muscle. The lateral horns of gray matter in the thoracic and lumber regions of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons. Autonomic motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (see chapter 17). As with somatic motor neurons, the axons of autonomic motor neurons exit the central nervous system by traveling through the anterior root to a spinal nerve.

INTEGRATE■ The content of the laboratory manual is informed by the textbook, and both the textbook and the laboratory manual share similar pedagogic elements: Concept Connection, Learning Strategy, and Clinical View features from the text are also employed in the laboratory manual.

■ Integrate: Concept Connection boxes draw concepts from the classroom into the laboratory for a real-time review of how previously covered concepts relate to body systems.

■ Integrate: Learning Strategy boxes offer tried-and-tested learning strategies that consist of everyday analogies, mnemonics, and useful tips to aid understanding and memory.

■ Integrate: Clinical View sidebars reinforce facts through a clinical discussion of what happens when the body doesn' t perform normally.

■ Pre-Laboratory Worksheets at the start of each chapter consist of important refresher points to provide students with a ª warm-upº before entering the laboratory classroom. Some questions pertain to previous activities that are relevant to upcoming exercises, while others are basic questions that students should be able to answer if they have read the chapter from their lecture text before coming into the laboratory classroom. The goal of completing these worksheets is to have students arrive at the laboratory prepared to deal with the material they will be covering, so valuable laboratory time isn' t lost in reviewing necessary information. All Pre-Laboratory Worksheet questions are assignable within Connect.

LEARNING STRATEGYTo identify super�cial muscles and tendons, place your left palm on the medial epicondyle of your right humerus. In this position, the order of the muscles on your right forearm, from lateral to medial, is:

Index �nger—pronator teres (PT)

Middle �nger—�exor carpi radialis (FCR)

Ring �nger—palmaris longus (PL)

Pinky �nger—�exor carpi ulnaris (FCU)

While performing this exercise, �ex your wrist and digits to identify the tendons, from lateral to medial, of the �exor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and �exor carpi ulnaris.

INTEGRATE

Pronator teresFlexor carpi radialisPalmaris longusFlexor carpi ulnaris

(Left hand coversmedial epicondyle)CLINICAL VIEW

Piriformis SyndromeThe piriformis muscle is a “pear-shaped” muscle that lies in close proxim-ity to important structures within the gluteal region, such as the sciatic nerve, and the gluteal arteries and nerves. Piriformis syndrome is a pain-ful condition that results from in�ammation or overuse of the piriformis muscle. The incidence of piriformis syndrome is relatively common in athletes such as runners and cyclists, who may develop an imbalance in the strength of the piriformis muscle as compared to the gluteal muscles. Speci�cally, the syndrome occurs when the piriformis muscle (which

laterally rotates the thigh) is stronger than the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles (which are responsible for medial rotation of the thigh). As the piriformis muscle becomes in�amed or experiences spasms, it may also compress the underlying sciatic nerve, resulting in sciatica. Sciatica is a tingling, painful, or even numbing sensation that travels down the path of the sciatic nerve. Patients complain of shooting pain that runs from the gluteal region down the lateral aspect of the thigh, and toward the leg. Often the pain may be exacerbated when the body is held in certain positions, such as prolonged sitting or standing. The symptoms of piriformis syndrome can be reduced with the administration of anti-in�ammatory drugs and through stretching exercises.

INTEGRATE

These Pre-Laboratory Worksheet questions may be assigned by instructors through their course.

Chapter 14: Nervous Tissues Name: _____________________________

Date: ____________ Section: ___________

PRE-LABORATORY WORKSHEET

C

F

G

A

B

E

DH

I

J

1. For each structure listed, write the corresponding letter as labeled in the diagram.

axon

axon hillock

cell body (soma)

chromatophilic substance

dendrite

myelin sheath/neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell)

neuro�bril node (node of Ranvier)

nucleolus

nucleus

synaptic knobs

2. Match the description listed in column A with the corresponding cell type listed in column B.

Column A

1. cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system

2. cells that help reinforce the blood-brain barrier

3. glial cells found within peripheral nerve ganglia

4. cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system

5. cells that engage in phagocytosis in response to tissue injury

6. cells that line the ventricles of the brain

3. Match the description listed in column A with the corresponding connective tissue structure listed in column B.

Column A

1. surrounds a fascicle of axons

2. surrounds an individual axon

3. surrounds the entire nerve

Column B

a. endoneurium

b. epineurium

c. perineurium

Column B

a. astrocytes

b. ependymal cells

c. microglia

d. neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)

e. oligodendrocytes

f. satellite cells

347Chapter Fourteen Nervous Tissues

xixPreface


■ In-chapter activities offer a mixture of labeling exercises, sketching activities, table completion exercises, data recording and analysis, palpation of surface anatomy, and other sources of learning. In the gross anatomy exercises of this manual, structures such as cranial bones and muscles of the body are not always presented as labeled photos, since students already have labeled photos provided in their anatomy and physiology textbook. Instead, images are presented as labeling activities with a checklist of structures. The checklists serve two purposes: (1) they guide students to items they should be able to identify on classroom models, fresh specimens, or cadavers (if the laboratory uses human cadavers), and (2) they double as a list of terms students can use to complete the labeling activities. Answers to the labeling activities are provided in the Appendix. Thus, if a student does not know what a leader line is pointing to, or cannot remember the correct term, the Appendix serves as a resource for locating the correct answer.

■ Anatomy & Physiology Revealed® (APR) correlations, indicated by the APR logo, direct students to related content in this cutting-edge software.

■ Each chapter contains numerous tables, which concisely summarize critical information and key structures and serve as important points of reference while in the laboratory classroom. Most tables contain a column that provides word origins for each structure listed within the table. These word origins are intended to give students continual exposure to the origins of the language of anatomy and physiology, which is critical for learning and retention.

■ Numerous Physiology Interactive Lab Simulations© (Ph.I.L.S.) 4.0 exercises throughout the laboratory manual make otherwise difficult and expensive experiments a breeze, and offer additional opportunities to aid student understanding of physiology.

■ BIOPAC© exercises are included in chapters 11, 15, 17, 21, 22 and 24.

■ Post-Laboratory Worksheets at the end of each chapter serve as a review of the materials just covered, and challenge students to apply knowledge gained in the laboratory. The Post-Laboratory Worksheets contain in-depth critical thinking question types, and are perforated so they can be torn out and handed in to the instructor, if so desired. Assessment questions are organized by exercise, and are keyed to the Learning Objectives from the chapter opener outline.

■ ªD o You Know the Basics?º questions quiz students on the material they have just learned in the chapter, using a variety of question formats including labeling, table completion, matching exercises, and fill-in-the-blank.

■ ªC an You Apply What You've Learned?º questions are often clinically oriented and expose health-sciences students to problem solving in clinical contexts.

■ ªC an You Synthesize What You've Learned?º questions combine concepts learned in the chapter to ensure student understanding of each chapter's objectives.

7

8

1

5

6

3

2

4

Synovial JointsSynovial joints have a complex structure that includes a joint cavity filled with uid. The term synovial literally means “together with egg” (syn, together, + ovum, egg). This term refers to the uid inside the joint (the synovial uid), which has the consistency and appear-ance of egg white. The joint cavity filled with synovial uid allows

the articulating bones to move easily past one another with very little friction between the bones. The features of synovial joints are cov-ered in detail in the next several exercises. These include exercises covering the general structure of a synovial joint, categories of syno-vial joints, and the types of movements allowed by synovial joints.

EXERCISE 10.3

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT

1. Observe a model of a synovial joint, preferably a model of the knee joint. Identify the features of a typical synovial joint listed in table 10.4.

2. Label the components of a synovial joint in figure 10.3, using table 10.4 and the textbook as guides.

3. Optional Activity: 5: Skeletal System—Watch the “Synovial Joint” animation for a summary of synovial joint structure and types.

Figure 10.3 Diagram of a Representative Synovial Joint. Use the terms listed to �ll in the numbered labels in the �gure.

articular capsule

articular cartilage

�brous layer of articular capsule

ligament

periosteum

synovial (joint) cavity

synovial membrane

yellow bone marrow

Table 10.4 Components of Synovial Joints

Structure Description Word Origin

Articular Capsule

Consists of two layers: an outer fi brous capsule and an inner synovial membrane

arthron, a joint, + capsa, a box

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage found on the epiphyses of the articulating bones

arthron, a joint

Fibrous Layer of Articular Capsule

Dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the periosteum of the two articulating bones to each other; thickenings of the fi brous capsule form several joint ligaments

fi bra, fi ber

Synovial Cavity

A cavity within the joint that is lined by a synovial membrane and fi lled with synovial fl uid

syn, together, + ovum, egg, + cavus, hollow

Synovial Fluid

A viscous, oily fl uid located within the synovial joint; functions as a lubricant, to nourish the articular cartilage, and as a shock absorber

syn, together, + ovum, egg, + fl uidus, to fl ow

Synovial Membrane

Composed primarily of areolar connective tissue that forms the inner lining of the articular capsule and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage; responsible for the formation of synovial fl uid

syn, together, + ovum, egg, + membrana, a skin

235Chapter Ten Articulations

l l ligament y y yellow bone mallow bone mallow rrow

Do You Know the Basics?

Exercise 9.1: Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

1. The head of the humerus articulates with which bony landmark of the scapula? (Circle one.) 1

a. acromion

b. coracoid process

c. glenoid fossa

d. spine

e. suprascapular notch

2. The only point of articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the sternoclavicular joint. _____________________ (True/False) 2

3. Match the bones listed in column A with the corresponding joint listed in column B. 1 2 3

Column A Column B

____ 1. clavicle and scapula a. acromioclavicular joint

____ 2. humerus and ulna b. elbow joint

____ 3. scapula and humerus c. glenohumeral joint

____ 4. ulna, radius, and carpal bones d. wrist joint

4. Label the following diagram of an articulated shoulder girdle using the terms listed: 1 2

Right scapula and clavicle articulation, anterior view

Clavicle

Scapula

13

14

12

11

10

9

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Scapula Clavicle

acromion acromial end

coracoid process sternal end

glenoid cavity

inferior angle

infraglenoid tubercle

lateral border

medial border

spine

subscapular fossa

superior angle

supraglenoid tubercle

suprascapular notch

Chapter 9: The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton

POST-LABORATORY WORKSHEET

Name: ______________________________

Date: ____________ Section: ___________

The 1 corresponds to the Learning Objective(s) listed in the chapter opener outline.

225Chapter Nine The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton

xx Preface


Teaching Supplements

Answers to the Pre-Laboratory and Post-Laboratory Worksheets can be found within the Instructor's Manual for this Laboratory Manual within Connect, by accessing the McKinley/O' Loughlin/Bidle: Anatomy & Physiology, 2nd edition Instructor Resources. Image files for use in presentations and teaching materials are also provided for instructor use at this location.

Anatomy & Physiology Revealed®: An Interactive Cadaver Dissection ExperienceAvailable online at www.aprevealed.com, and as an APR application on Apple® and Android™ tablets, this amazing multimedia tool is designed to help students learn and review human anatomy using cadaver specimens. Detailed cadaver photographs blended with a state-of-the-art layering technique provide a uniquely interactive dissection experience. This easy-to-use program features the following sections:

■ Dissection: Peel away layers of the human body to reveal the structures beneath the surface. Structures can be pinned and labeled, just as in a real dissection lab. Each labeled structure is accompanied by detailed information and an audio pronunciation. Dissection images can be captured and saved.

■ Animation: Compelling animations demonstrate muscle action, clarify anatomical relationships, and explain difficult concepts.

■ Histology: Labeled light micrographs presented with each body system allow students to study the cellular detail of tissues at their own pace.

■ Imaging: Labeled X-ray, MRI, and CT images familiarize students with the appearance of key anatomical structures as seen through different medical imaging techniques.

■ Self-test: Challenging exercises let students test their ability to identify anatomical structures in a timed practical exam format or with traditional multiple choice questions. A results page provides an analysis of test scores plus links back to all incorrectly identified structures for review.

■ Anatomy Terms: This visual glossary of general terms includes directional and regional terms, as well as planes and terms of movement.

Instructors may customize APR 3.0 to their course by selecting the specific structures they require in their course, and APR 3.0 does the rest. Once the structure list is generated, APR highlights these selected structures for students. APR contains all the material covered in an A&P course, including these three new modules:

■ Body Orientation

■ Cells and Chemistry

■ Tissues

APR is now available in two new versions!

Anatomy & Physiology Revealed | Cat® and Anatomy & Physiology Revealed | Fetal Pig® are online interactive cat dissection and fetal pig dissection experiences that use cat photos or fetal pig photos, combined with a layering technique that allows you to peel away layers to reveal structures beneath the surface. Both Anatomy & Physiology Revealed | Cat and Anatomy & Physiology Revealed | Fetal Pig offer animations, histologic and radiologic imaging, audio pronunciations, and comprehensive quizzing.

xxiPreface


Physiology Interactive Lab Simulations© (Ph.I.L.S.) offers 42 lab simulations that may be used to supplement or substitute for wet labs. Users may adjust variables, view outcomes, make predictions, draw conclusions, and print lab reports.

McGraw-Hill LearnSmart Labs™THE Virtual Lab Experience

Based on the same world-class super-adaptive techn ology as LearnSmart, McGraw-Hill's LearnSmart Labs™

are must-see, outcomes-based lab simulations. LearnSmart Labs assess a student's knowledge and adaptively correct deficiencies, allowing the student to learn faster and retain more knowledge with greater success.

First, a student's knowledge is adaptively leveled on core learn-ing outcomes: questioning reveals knowledge deficiencies that are corrected by the delivery of content that is conditional on a student's response. Then, a simulated lab experience requires the student to think and act like a scientist: recording, interpreting, and analyzing data using simulated equipment found in labs and clinics. The student is allowed to make mistakesÐa powerful part of the learning experi-ence! A virtual coach provides subtle hints when needed, asks ques-tions about the student's choices, and allows the student to reflect upon and correct those mistakes. Whether your need is to overcome the logistical challenges of a traditional lab, provide better lab prep, improve student performance, or make your online experience one that rivals the real world, LearnSmart Labs accomplishes it all.

A c k n o w L E d g M E n t S

This laboratory manual is the product of the excellent work and dedication of a consummate group of talented professionals who have helped lead us through this publishing process. We are forever indebted to all of you for embarking on this journey with us.

We wish to thank McGraw-Hill for providing us the unique opportunity to share our enthusiasm for teaching anatomy and physiology through the pages of this laboratory manual.

From start to finish, this book has been carried through the able hands of product developers Donna Nemmers and Kristine Queck. April Southwood, Content Project Manager, kept everyone on track and managed countless details in the production process.

The beautiful design and line art that make this laboratory manual shine are products of a team of hugely talented designers and artists including David Hash at McGraw-Hill, and the fantastic EPS illustration team. Carrie Burger's direction and guidance were instrumental in bringing out the best of our photography program. Danny Meldung, of Photo Affairs, Inc. researched wonderful photos for this edition.

We thank all of the reviewers of the manual (listed below) for taking the time to review this manual and provide us with their insight and perspective, gained from years of experience in the classroom. We hope we have honored your suggestions for improvement, and we welcome continued feedback. We also thank the many students we have had the pleasure of interacting with over the years, for teaching us what works or does not work in the classroom.

The extent of our gratitude is limitless when it comes to the love, understanding, and support that our families, friends, and colleagues gave to us throughout this process. We are truly honored to live our lives in the presence of such wonderful people.

To the users of this laboratory manual: We sincerely hope we have created a learning resource that not only will excite you about the study of anatomy and physiology, but also will actively engage you in the laboratory as you learn about the wonders of the human body. We welcome your thoughts and suggestions for improvements.

Christine M. EckelDepartment of Life and Environmental SciencesCarroll [email protected]

Kyla Turpin RossDepartment of BiologyGeorgia State [email protected]

Terri Stouter BidleScience DivisionHagerstown Community [email protected]

xxii Preface


ReviewersAndrew E. Accardi

Central Carolina Technical College

Kyle BartowIndian River State College

Gladys BoldingGeorgia Perimeter College

Pamela K. ElfUniversity of Minnesota—Crookston

Theresa FeltenPolk State College—Lakeland

Joseph D. GarWest Kentucky Community and Technical College

Sylvester HackworthBishop State Community College

Steven B. HammerIndian River State College

Lesleigh HastingsWake Tech Community College

Karen Ramey HlinkaWest Kentucky Community and Technical College

Kathy Jo Ann JacksonMcNeese State University

Scott JohnsonWake Tech Community College

Karen Dunbar KareivaIvy Tech Community College—Northwest Region

Jessica Burr LeaCentral Carolina Technical College

Tiffany B. McFalls-SmithElizabethtown Community and Technical College

Jill Y. O’MalleyErie Community College

Justicia OpokuUniversity of Maryland—College Park

Jo RogersUniversity of Cincinnati

Connie E. RyeEast Mississippi Community College

Dee Ann SatoCypress College

Jackie ThomasWake Tech Community College

Joyce E.M. WallHousatonic Community College

Charles M. WatsonMidwestern State University

Martha T. WolfeElizabethtown Community and Technical College

Jennie L. YatesSt. Petersburg College—Seminole Campus

xxiiiPreface


anatomy & physiology laboratory manualanatomy and physiology laboratory 1 chapter 1 the...

Documents