anatomy & physiology chapter 1 section 1 levels of structural organization
TRANSCRIPT
Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 1
Levels of Structural Organization
Essential Question:What are the functions of the organ systems of the human body?
DEFINITIONS
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF BODY STRUCTURES & THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM
THE SCIENCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS
HISTOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE of TISSUES
STUDY OF EMBRYOS: FROM THE FERTILIZED EGG 8TH WEEK of DEVELOPMENT
LEVELS ofSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. CHEMICAL 2. CELLULAR3. TISSUES4. ORGAN5. ORGAN SYSTEM6. ORGANISM
Organ Systems of the Human Body:1. Integumentary System
components functions
SkinNailsHairSweat GlandsOil Glands
ProtectionRegulates
temperatureEliminates wasteVit. D synthesisContains sensory
receptors
2. Skeletal System
components functions Bones Joints Cartilage
Supports & protects body
Surface for muscles to attach
Movement Vit. D synthesis Stores minerals &
lipids Houses cells that
produce blood cells
Skeletal System
3. Muscular Systemcomponents functions Muscles:
Cardiac Smooth Skeletal
Produces Movement
Generates Heat
Nervous Systemcomponents function Brain Spinal cord Nerves Special senses
Vision Hearing Touch Smell Taste
Generate Action Potentials
Regulates body activities
Maintains homeostasis
Controls muscle & gland contractions
Interprets stimuli
Endocrine System
components functions Glands (& cells) that
produce Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Pancreas Adrenal Ovary Testis Thymus Parathyroid Pineal
Homeostasis Metabolism Growth &
development Reproduction Glucose, calcium,
phosphorous, iodine levels controlled
Lymphatic (Immune) System
components functions Lymphatic
Vessels & Fluid Spleen Thymus Lymph Nodes Tonsils
Returns proteins & fluid to blood
Transports lipids Fights infections Recognizes “self”
Cardiovascular System
components functions Blood Heart Blood Vessels:
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
Transports O2 &
nutrients to cells Carries CO2 &
wastes away from cells
Transports immune system factors
Regulates: pH Temperature Water balance
Respiratory System
components functions Lungs Nose / Throat Larynx Trachea Bronchial Tubes
Transfers O2 from air to blood & CO2 from blood to exhaled air
Regulates pH Produces sound
Digestive System
components functions Mouth/Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus Salivary Glands Liver / Gallbladder Pancreas
Physical & chemical digestion of food
Absorption of Nutrients
Elimination of solid wastes
Excretory (Urinary) Systemcomponents functions Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra
Produces, Stores, & Eliminates Urine
Regulates vol. & chemical composition of blood
Helps maintain normal pH
Helps regulate production of RBCs
Reproductive Systemcomponents functions Male
Testes Epididymis Ductus Deferens Penis
Female Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Uterus/ Cervix Vagina Vulva
Production of Gametes offspring
Hormone production that regulates reproduction & other body processes
Reproductive System
NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES INSPECTION PALPATION AUSCULTATION PERCUSSION
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques
AUSCULTATION PERCUSSION
LISTENING TO BODY SOUNDS TO EVALUATE FUNCTIONING OF CERTAIN ORGANS
TAPPING BODY SURFACES WITH FINGER TIPS & LISTENING TO RESULTING ECHO
WORK WITH A PARTNER AND DECIDE WHAT ARE THE BASIC LIFE PROCESSES OF LIVING HUMAN BEINGS. YOU HAVE 3 MINUTES
THERE ARE 6 BASIC LIFE PROCESSES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIVING HUMANS
1. METABOLISM2. RESPONSIVENESS3. MOVEMENT4. GROWTH5. DIFFERENTIATION6. REPRODUCTION
METABOLISM the sum of all
chemical reactions that occur in the body
1. Catabolism Breaking down
complex substances simpler parts
2. Anabolism Building up of
complex substances from simpler ones
RESPONSIVENESS THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT & RESPOND TO CHANGE
DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE BODY RESPOND IN CHARACTERISTIC WAYS:
Neurons send action potentials
Muscle fibers contract or relax
MOVEMENT INCLUDES MOTION OF: WHOLE BODY INDIVIDUAL
ORGANS CELLS ORGANELLES
GROWTH an increase in body size due either to: Increase in # of
cells Increase in size
of cells Both
DIFFERENTIATION IS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM UNSPECIALIZED SPECIALIZED
REPRODUCTION REFERS TO
EITHER1. NEW CELLS
MADE FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR, OR REPLACEMENT
2. PRODUCTION of a NEW INDIVIDUAL
Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 2
HOMEOSTASIS
Essential Question
How do negative & positive feedback systems help the body maintain homeostasis?
HOMEOSTASIS CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (BALANCE) IN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO CEASELESS INTERPLAY OF THE BODY’S MANY REGULATORY PROCESSES
BODY FLUIDS
An important part of maintaining homeostasis is keeping the volume & composition of body fluids within normal limits (wnl)
Body FluidsDivided into 2
compartments:
1. ICF Intracellular
fluid (inside cell)
2. ECF Extracellular
Fluid (outside cell)
ICF In the cytoplasm Contains
dissolved chemicals Enzymes Ions (Na+, K+,
Ca++, Mg++, H+) Glucose, Pyruvate
ECF Found as
Interstitial fluid (around cells) Plasmasmaller amounts: Lymph Cerebral Spinal
Fluid Synovial Fluid Aqueous Humor Vitreous Body
Control of Homeostasis There are constant disruptions to
homeostasis from external sources & from internal sources.
External Internal Temperature Blood Glucose O2 after race Strong Emotions
Most commonly the nervous system and/or the endocrine system are in charge of maintaining homeostasis in the bodyNervous System Endocrine System Quick responder Usually involves
sending action potentials to organs to counteract the deviation from balanced conditions
Slower responder Usually involves
secreting hormones (messenger molecules) into blood which delivers them to responding organ
Feedback Loops Is a cycle of
events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Feedback Systems1. Receptor
a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition & send input to a control center
2. Control Center Typically is the brain which sets range of
values w/in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, & generates output commands when necessary
3. Effector body structure that receives input from
control center & produces response that acts on controlled condition
Feedback responses are either negative or positive
Would you consider this feedback loop to be (+) or (-)?
Negative Feedback Loop Reverses the
change in a controlled
condition
Positive Feedback Loop Reinforces the
change in the controlled condition
Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions
A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function
A disease is a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Diagnosis is the science & skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions-2 A symptom is a subjective change in
body function that is not apparent to an observer
A sign is an objective change that can be measured by an observer
Epidemiology: the science that deals with why, when, & where diseases occur
Work with a partner and decide which of the following are signs and which are symptoms
Fever Rash Nausea Hunger Low blood sugar Anxiety Pain Itch
Signs & Symptoms
SIGNS SYMPTOMS
FEVER RASH LOW BLOOD SUGAR
ITCH NAUSEA ANXIETY HUNGER PAIN
Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1 Section 3
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the correct anatomical descriptive terms
for: cavities of the body, & the planes, sections, and
directional terms of the body?
Anatomical Position Subject is:
Standing erect, facing observer Head is level, eyes open & looking
forward, jaw relaxed Feet flat on floor & toes forward Arms at side with palms forward
What is wrong with these examples of “anatomical position”?
SUPINE BODY IS LYING FACE UP
PRONE BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN
REGIONAL NAMES
Regional Names1. Head
Face: front of head Skull: encloses & protects brain
2. Neck supports & attaches head to trunk
3. Trunk chest, abdomen, pelvis
4. Upper limbs shoulder, axilla, arm, lower arm, wrist, &
hand
5. Lower limbs buttock, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, & foot SEE HANDOUTS FOR COMPLETE LISTING
Directional Terms(many have opposite meanings)
1. anterior nearer to
front
2. superior toward head
or upper part of a structure
3. medial closer to
midline
1. posterior nearer to back
2. inferior away from
head or lower part of a structure
3. lateral farther from
midline
Directional Terms-2
1. proximal nearer to
attachment of limb to trunk
2. ipsilateral On same side of
body as another structure
3. superficial toward or at
surface
1. distal farther from
attachment of limb to trunk
2. contralateral on opposite side
of body as another structure
3. deep away from
surface
BODY PLANES are imaginary cuts
through the body or organs
Need to know: sagittal
midsagittal parasagittal
frontal/ coronal transverse/axial/
horizontal oblique
Body or Tissue Sections One flat surface of a 3-D structure or a cut along a plane
Body Cavities are spaces w/in the body that helps protect, separate, & support internal organs
bones, muscles, ligaments, and membranes help separate body cavities
The Vertebral Cavity formed by vertebrae
protects spinal cord & beginning of spinal nerves
The Thoracic Cavity formed by
ribs chest muscles sternum thoracic vertebrae
within it are 3 smaller cavities:
1. pleural cavity
2. pericardial cavity
3. mediastinum
The Thoracic Cavity
The Pleural Cavities there are 2, right, left
each surrounds a lung
serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called the pleura
Serous Membranes Covers the organs (viscera) of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & lines the walls of thorax & abdomen
Parietal layer: lines the walls Visceral layer: covers the organs
Serous Fluid: thin, watery, fluid separates the two reducing friction
The Pericardial Cavity surrounds heart
serous of pericardial cavity is the pericardium
Medistinum in central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs
extends from sternum to vertebrae & from neck to diaphragm
contains: heart thymus esophagus trachea large blood vessels
Mediastinum
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Contains: Stomach Spleen Liver Gallbladder Small Intestine most of Large
Intestineserous membrane
called peritoneum
Pelvic Cavity
Contains: Urinary Bladder part of Large
Intestine internal organs
of reproduction
Abdominopelvic Quadrants To insure
communication clinicians divide abdomen into 4 quadrants by drawing imaginary lines through umbilicus
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Regions & Quadrants of Abdomen
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYChapter 1 Section 4
MEDICAL IMAGING
Essential Question:How would you describe the
importance of medical imaging procedures in the
evaluation of organ functions and the diagnosis
of disease?
MEDICAL IMAGING 1. X-RAYS
AVAILABLE SINCE THE 1940’S shoot single barrage of X-Rays
through body producing image of interior structures on X-Ray sensitive film
X-Rays
Advantages Disadvantages
1. inexpensive2. quick3. simple to
perform4. provide
significant information
1. less detail than other options
2. chronic exposure causes cancer
2. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is computer-assisted radiography in
which x-ray beam traces an arc at many angles around a section of the body
result is a transverse section of body
CT Scan
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Visualizes soft tissues & organs with more detail
2. Can build 3-D views of structures
3. Effective as a screening tool
Expensive Equipment large
More highly skilled technicians required
CT Scan Machine
3. Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI
Body is exposed to high-energy magnetic field which causes all the protons (H+) in body fluids & tissues to align with poles of magnetic field
Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns & creates a color-coded image
MRI Image & Machine
MRI
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Shows finer detail for soft tissues
2. Safer (no x-rays)
3. Can measure blood flow (heart vessels, brain)
Expensive Large machine Cannot use for patients with metal in their body
Highly skilled technicians
4. Ultrasound or Sonogram High-frequency sound waves reflect
off body tissues Image may be still or moving
Ultrasound
Advantages Disadvantages 1. Small portable
machines2. Safe, even in
pregnancy3. Can observe
organs in action
1. Best for organs that have a pocket of fluid to create “echo”
2. Cannot go through bone
5. Positron Emission TomographyPET Scan
Positrons = + charged particle Patient is injected with substance that contains positrons
Positrons collide with (-) charged electrons in body tissues which produces gamma rays
Gamma rays are photographed by gamma cameras creating image
PET Scan
Advantages Disadvantages
1. can study the physiology of an organ
1. large machine2. expensive3. highly skilled
technicians
SINGLE-PHOTON-EMISSION COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
SPECT radioactive
substance is injected into a vein & carried to the tissue to be studied
computer constructs an image
greater the intensity of color on image the more active the tissue is
SPECT
Advantages Disadvantages
1. studies activity of organ or tissue
2. useful for heart, kidney, thyroid, lungs, liver
1. very expensive
2. large machine3. highly skilled
technicians
ENDOSCOPY visual examination of inside of body cavity or organs using a lighted instrument with lenses
image is viewed through an eyepiece or on monitor
Endoscopy Advantages Disadvantages
1. direct visualization so can biopsy, remove, or monitor pathology in tissue
1. invasive procedure so add risk of injury, infection, unintended damage to organ or tissue
Types of EndoscopyExamples Target 1. Colonoscopy2. Arthroscopy3. Laparoscopy
1. colon2. synovial joint3. abdominopelv
ic cavity