anatomy, physiology, and disease
DESCRIPTION
Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease. Chapter 8: The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering. Integumentary System. Definition : comprised of skin and its accessory components including hair, nails, and associated glands. Vital Functions. Protection from pathogens - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND
DISEASE
Chapter 8: The Integumentary System:
The Protective Covering
![Page 2: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Integumentary System
Definition: comprised of skin and its accessory components including hair, nails, and associated glands.
![Page 3: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vital Functions Protection from
pathogens Balances fluid levels Stores fatty tissue for
energy supply Produces vitamin D
(with help from sun) Provides sensory
input Helps to regulate
body temperature
![Page 4: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Skin Largest organ; weighs
approximately 20 pounds; covers area about 20.83 sq.feet on an adult
Cross section of skin has three layers:EpidermisDermisSubcutaneous Fascia
![Page 5: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Three Layers Of Skin
![Page 6: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Epidermis Outside layer; made up of five or six even
smaller layers of tissue Contains no blood vessels or nerve
endings Cells on surface constantly shed, being
replaced with new cells from the stratum basale every 2–4 weeks
Outermost layer of dead cells, called stratum corneum, which are flat, scaly, keratinized epithelial cells
![Page 7: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Interesting Fact You slough off 500 million
cells every day, or about 1½ pounds of dead skin a year, allowing for rapid repair in case of injuries
![Page 8: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pathology Connection: Skin Color and Disease
Skin color can indicate disease Yellow skin (jaundice) may indicate liver disease
where the liver can’t break down bilirubin
Bronze color may indicate adrenal gland disease; malfunctioning adrenal glands can cause skin to produce excessive melanin
Bruised skin could indicate skin, blood, or circulatory problems
![Page 9: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Jaundice
![Page 10: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bruising
![Page 11: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dermis Layer below the epidermis is thicker
dermis layer
Contains: Capillaries Collagenous/elastic fibers Involuntary muscles Nerve endings Lymph vessels Hair follicles Sudoriferous glands (sweat) Sebaceous glands (oil)
![Page 12: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Interesting Fact Finger and toe prints arise from
this layer
![Page 13: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sudoriferous Glands Two main types of sudoriferous, or sweat,
glands Apocrine glands: found near hair follicles
in groin and armpits; become active around puberty and are believed to act as sexual attractants
Eccrine glands: found in greater numbers on palms, feet, forehead, and upper lip; are important in regulation of temperature
![Page 14: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Interesting Facts We have 3 million sweat glands
Sweat has no odor, but bacteria degrades substances in sweat over time into chemicals that give off strong smells commonly known as body odors
![Page 15: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sebaceous Glands Secrete oil, or sebum
Sebum keeps skin from drying out and (due to its acidic nature) helps destroy some pathogens on skin’s surface
![Page 16: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sweat and Sebaceous Glands
![Page 17: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Subcutaneous Fascia Innermost layer of skin, also known as
the hypodermis Composed of elastic and fibrous
connective tissue and fatty tissue Lipocytes (fat cells) produce fat that acts
as padding to protect deeper tissues and act as insulation for temperature regulation
Fascia attaches to muscles of body
![Page 18: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pathology Connection: Herpes
Lifelong viral infection that produces clusters of small fluid-filled sacs (vesicles/blisters)
Signs and symptoms usually come and go; stress and compromised immune system can lead to symptom flare
Several types of herpes
![Page 19: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Herpes Varicella Also known as chickenpox Spread by airborne particles or direct contact
Vesicles (blisters) can be found on face, trunk, and extremities
Vesicles associated with intense itching
![Page 20: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Herpes Varicella
![Page 21: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Herpes ZosterAlso known as shinglesDevelops when dormant chickenpox virus re-activates
Causes extremely painful blisters/rashes that follow course of a sensory nerve
Symptoms develop when stress, disease, trauma, or aging prevent immune system from keeping virus in check
![Page 22: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Herpes Zoster
![Page 23: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Herpes Simplex Type 1Causes “cold sores” or “fever blisters” around mouth or nose
Commonly develops after common cold or fever
![Page 25: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Herpes Simplex Type 1
![Page 26: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Herpes Simplex Type 2Causes genital herpes
Spread by direct contact
Most contagious when in active stage; however, can be spread during remission
![Page 27: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
HPV: Human Papilloma Virus
Causes warts (verruca); hypertrophy of keratin cells in skinCommon warts
Usually found hands and fingers Spread by scratching and direct contact Often disappear on their own
Plantar warts Found on sole of foot Tend to grow inward
Have relatively smooth appearance on surface
Can cause pain when walking Treatment: removal by surgery or
freezing
![Page 28: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Common Wart
![Page 29: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Plantar Wart
![Page 30: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HPV cont. Genital warts
Sexually transmitted and highly contagious
Associated with cervical cancerVaccine may help prevent cervical cancer associated with HPV
![Page 31: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fungal Infection: TineaTinea Pedis (athlete’s foot)
Fungal infection of foot Spread by direct contact with contaminated
surfaces (like locker room floors) Develops in warm, moist area between toes
Tinea cruris (jock itch) Fungal infection of groin area Mainly affects men Aggravated by increased perspiration, and
tight fitting garments
![Page 32: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tinea cont. Tinea corporis (ringworm)
Fungal infection of smooth skin areasAppearance: red, ring-shaped structure with pale center
THERE IS NO ACTUAL WORM involved Tinea unguium
Fungal infection under finger or toenailsIf untreated, results overgrown and thick nails with white/brittle appearance
![Page 33: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tinea Pedia
![Page 34: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tinea Corporis
![Page 35: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tinea Unguium
![Page 36: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CellulitisInfection of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Caused by StaphylococcusSource of infection often wound of some kind
![Page 37: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cellulitis
![Page 38: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lyme Disease
Etiology: Bacterial infection spread by deer tick bites
Signs and symptoms: “Bull’s eye” rash: red circle with lighter center; often very first presenting sign of infection; appears few days to several weeks following tick bite
Flu-like symptoms, fever, and chills Malaise Joint inflammation
![Page 39: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lyme Disease cont. Treatment (RX): antibiotics If untreated, can lead to
neurological, cardiovascular problems, arthritis
![Page 40: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
How Skin Heals Injury or wound develops Wound fills with blood; blood contains
clotting substances Clot forms causing scab WBCs enter and destroy any pathogens Fibroblasts come and begin pulling
edges of wound together Basale layer hyper-produces cells for
repair of wound
![Page 41: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Wound Repair
![Page 42: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Burns Types: heat, chemicals,
electricity, radiation, and thermal
Two factors affect assessments of damage:DepthAmount of area damaged
![Page 43: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
First Degree Burns First degree burns damage only
to epidermisS/S: redness and pain, but no blister
Pain subsides in 2–3 days; there is no scarring
Complete healing takes about one week
![Page 44: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
1st Degree Burn
![Page 45: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
2nd Degree Burn 2nd degree burns involve entire depth
of epidermis and portion of dermisS/S: redness, pain, and blisteringExtent of blistering dependent on
depth of burnBlisters heal within 10–14 days if no
complications; deeper burns take 1–3½ months
Scarring in second degree burns is common
![Page 46: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2nd Degree Burns
![Page 47: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3rd Degree Burns 3rd burns affect all three layers of
skinSurface of burn has leathery feel;
color will range from black, brown, tan, red, or white
Pt feels no pain; pain receptors are destroyed
Also destroyed: sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels
![Page 48: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3rd Degree Burns
![Page 49: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
4th Degree Burns Penetrate bone and cause bone
damage
![Page 50: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Rule Of 9’s Used to estimate extent of area damaged by
burns Body divided into regions, each given % of
body surface area: Head and neck: 9% Upper limb: 9% (2 x 9 = 18%) Front of trunk: 18% Back of trunk and buttocks: 18% Front of legs: 18% Back of legs: 18% Perineum (including anus and urogenital
region): 1%
![Page 51: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Assessing Degree of Burn
![Page 52: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Burn Complications and Treatments
Complications: Bacterial infections Fluid loss Heat loss
Treatments: Debridement: Removing damaged/dead
skin and tissue. Skin Grafting: replacing skin with new
skin: autograft: self vs. heterograft:donor
![Page 53: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Hair Hair composed of fibrous
protein called keratin Composed of shaft, root, and
follicle Sebaceous gland associated
with each hair follicle Color is dependent on amt. and
type of melanin you produce
![Page 54: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Pathology Connection: Alopecia
Etiology: any type of hair loss Causes: genetic, chemotherapy,
hormonal imbalance, stress, infection, and medication side effect
![Page 55: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pathology Connection: Pediculosis
Etiology: lice infestationS/S: lice and nits (egg deposits)DX: visual inspectionTX: Wash with medicated soap/shampoo, cleaning of all clothing, bedding, towels, combs, etc. to remove infestation
![Page 56: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Pediculosis
![Page 57: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Folliculitis Folliculitis
Etiology: bacteria (usually staphylococcus)
S/S: small pustules that form around base of hair follicle
DX: visual examination, site cultureTX: proper daily cleansing with
antiseptic cleanser, oral antibiotics (chronic or severe cases)
![Page 58: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
ScabiesEtiology: mitesS/S: elevated, grayish-white lines
(burrows), vesicle and pustule formation (due to bite, feces, ova of offending mite), intense itching
DX: visual inspectionTX: application of medicated
cream, all infected individuals must be treated to prevent re-infection
![Page 59: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Scabies
![Page 60: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Temperature Regulation Blood vessel changes:
Vasodilation exposes heated blood to external cooling air
Vasoconstriction keeps cooling of blood to minimum when it’s cold outside
Sweat glands excrete water onto skin = cooling through evaporation
By the time you feel thirsty you’re already dehydrating; you can potentially secrete 12 liters of sweat in a 24 hour period
![Page 61: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Temperature Regulation (cont.)
Shivering causes muscle activity that produces heat
Hairs on skin stand erect when arrector pili muscles contract; creates dead space insulating you, like a goose down jacket
![Page 62: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Temperature Regulation
![Page 63: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Skin LesionsMacule: discolored spot on skinWheal (urticaria): localized evanescent elevation of skin that is often accompanied by itching
Papule: solid, elevated area on skin
Nodule: larger papuleVesicle: small fluid filled sac (blister)
![Page 64: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Skin Lesions (cont.)Bulla: large vesiclePustule: pus-filled lesionUlcer: eating or gnawing away of
tissueCrust: dry, serous, brown, yellow,
red or green exuadationScale: thick, dry flake of cornified
epithelial cellsFissure: crack-like slit that extends
through epidermis into dermis
![Page 65: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Skin Lesions
![Page 66: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Decubitis UlcerEtiology: tissue injury from unrelieved
pressure upon a specific areaS/S: red, inflamed, crater-like lesion
usually located over bony prominenceDX: visual inspection, culturing of site
for infectionTX: preventative measures such as
turning and padding important; treat infection of the sore
![Page 67: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Decubitis Ulcer Stages
![Page 68: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Stage 1 Decubitis Ulcer
![Page 69: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Stage 2 Decubitis Ulcer
![Page 70: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Stage 3 Decubitis Ulcer
![Page 71: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Stage 4 Decubitis Ulcer
![Page 72: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Psoriasis Psoriasis
Etiology: possible genetic basis with attacks triggered by emotional stress, illness, sunlight, or skin damage
S/S: red skin with silvery patches, dry cracking skin with crusting, can be painful
DX: visual exam, patient hxTX: steroids, ultraviolet light
![Page 73: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Psoriasis
![Page 74: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Eczema Eczema
Etiology: genetic predisposition to allergies, stress
S/S: skin inflammation, redness, vesicles, scales, crusting, pustules
DX: visual exam, pt hxTX- no true cure: treat symptoms;
eliminate allergen, reduce stress, topical cortiosteroidal creams, skin moisturizers, antihistamines
![Page 75: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Eczema
![Page 76: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Malignant Melanoma Malignant melanoma
Etiology: occurs in melanocytes, excessive exposure to the sun
S/S: brown or black irregular patch that appears suddenly. A color or size change in a prexisiting wart or mole may also be an indication
DX: biopsy TX: surgical removal and the
surrounding area; chemotherapy
![Page 77: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568167b9550346895ddd0882/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Malignant Melanoma